Foundations To Instructional Design

& Media SelectionProduced by

Dr. James J. Kirk

Professor of HRD

Western Carolina University

Some Things You Will Learn

• The definition of instructional design

• Current practices, trends, and issues in instructional design

• Key concepts and terminology

Instructional Design Foundations

What Is Instructional Design?

Instructional Design Is...

• The activity of planning and designing for instruction.

also

• A discipline associated with the activity of planning and designing for instruction.

Instructional Design Includes

• Establishing A Need For Training

• Analyzing & Defining The Audience

• Specifying Media Based On Sound Instructional Development Decisions

Past ID Emphasis Was On Skills Training

Current ID Emphasis Is On Cognitive

Other Trends In Instructional Design Include...

• Viewing Instruction/Learning As A Subsystem Of An Organization

• Viewing Instruction As A Helping Role

• Using, Creating, Distributing, Delivering, And Evaluating Learning Activities

Instruction/Learning As A Subsystem Of An Organization

Production Management

Technology Financial

Communications LearningLearning

Instruction As A Helping Role

Technology In The Design & Delivery Of Learning Activities

Other Trends In Instructional Design Include...

• Using Just-In-Time Instructional Design And Just-In-Time Instruction

• Using Self-Directed Learning Systems

• Using Performance Learning Systems

Using Just-In-Time Instructional Design And Just-In-Time

Instruction

JIT Instructional Design

PresentationPresentation FeedbackFeedback

ActivitiesActivities

Self-Directed Learning Systems

Performance

Cognitive Principles For Designing Instruction

• Responding To Performance Need

• Providing Relevant And Clear Instruction

• Providing Appropriate Amount of Help

• Staying Out Of The Learner’s Way

• Motivating Learners

Cognitive Principles For Designing Instruction

• Fostering A Supportive Learning Climate

• Making Training Problem-Centered

• Providing Opportunity For Practice

• Helping Learners Assume Control Of Their Learning

• Providing Learners Feedback

Some Cognitive Models For Instructional Design Are

• Cognitive Apprenticeships

• Case-Studies

• Functional Context

• Microworlds

• Simulations

Cognitive Apprenticeships

Emulating opportunities for extended practice that apprentices have while working under a master craftsperson.

Case-Studies

The presentation of real or fictional situations

Functional Context

Instruction that begins

Microworlds

A Computer-based simulation with opportunities for manipulation of content and practice of skills.

Simulations

A model of any process or activity that represents the controls, methods, and consequences of human operator actions.

Media Foundations

Two Types of Media

Instructional

Instructional Media

Media that has a direct link between the course developer and students.

Instructional Media

• Checklists & Flowcharts

• Actual Objects

• Workbooks

• Sound Slide Sets

• Immediatens

Introduction To HRD

Instructional Aids

Media that is produced for and used by the instructor in teaching.

Instructional Aids

• Mock-ups

• Handouts

• Teleconferencing

• Slides & Transparencies

• Computer Managed Instruction

• Role Plays

Media Classes

• Performance Aids

• Physical Objects

• Print

• Audio

• Projected Still Visuals

• Computer/Multimedia

• Simulators

Done Before Selecting Media

• Establish Need For Training

• Analyze/Decide To Select Media Based On Sound Instructional Development Principles

Requirement Of Selected Media

• Fit Students’ Learning Needs

• Copy Real Working Conditions

• Be Available & Justifiable

• Be Cost Effective

• Fit Learners’ Age, Culture, & Learning Habits

• Practical For Packaging, Implementing, & Updating

Used To Refine Media Selection

• Capability With Trainees Backgrounds

• Age Of Participants

• Local Production Capabilities

• Facilities

• Budgets

Steps In The Media Selection Process

Step One

Will your message be instruction or information?

Is purpose to achieve measurable

Yes No

Instruction Information

Will media be usedby the instructor?(or directly provide

the instruction)

No learning objectives!Select media to present the desired information.

Step Two

How will you communicate the message?

Will media be used by the instructor?(or directly provide the instruction)

NoYes

Instructional Aids Instructional Medium

Step Three

What are the characteristics of your lesson?

Will media be used by the instructor?(or directly provide the instruction)

NoYes

Instructional Aids Instructional Medium

Determine learning domain Determine learning domain

Step Four

What media appears promising?

Determine learning domain

Determine learning domain

Make initial selection from instructional aids.

Make initial selection from instructional medium.

Step Five

Is the promising media the best suited for this instruction?

Make initial selection from instructional aids.

Make initial selection from instructional medium.

Review advantages and disadvantages of selected

instructional aids.

Review advantages and disadvantages of selected

instructional medium.

Consider Other Choices.

Step Six

Plan the developmental testing of medium & lesson materials?

Review advantages and disadvantages of

selected instructional aids.

Review advantages and disadvantages of selected

instructional medium.

Consider Other Choices.

No

Yes

Media is ok.

Develop materials.

ASSURE MODEL

Analyze Learners

State Objectives

Select Media & Materials

Utilize Materials

Require Learner Performance

Evaluate/Revise

Multimedia

Telecommunications Media

Some Things You Have Learned

• The definition of instructional design

• Current practices, trends, and issues in instructional design

• Key concepts and terminology