Foundations of American Education: Perspectives on Education in a Changing World, 15e 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Standards,

Foundations of American Education:Perspectives on Education in a

Changing World, 15e

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Chapter 11Standards, Assessment, Standards, Assessment,

AccountabilityAccountability

Foundations of American Education, 15eJohnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.11-2

Struggle over standardsStruggle over standards Education standards affect teaching and Education standards affect teaching and

learning processlearning process Teachers, determine how to ensure standards Teachers, determine how to ensure standards

are metare met Student learning centralized in standards-based Student learning centralized in standards-based

educationeducation Statements describing what students should Statements describing what students should

know and doknow and do Business leaders, policymakers, parents have Business leaders, policymakers, parents have

divergent ideasdivergent ideas

Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al 11-2



Purpose of StandardsPurpose of Standards National standards for global competivenessNational standards for global competiveness Real-world standards, work and function in Real-world standards, work and function in

societysociety Opportunity-to-Learn standards, adequate Opportunity-to-Learn standards, adequate

resources, etc.resources, etc. Content standards, what students should know Content standards, what students should know

and doand do Standards for 21Standards for 21stst Century Skills Century Skills Today, all states have content standards of some Today, all states have content standards of some

varietyvariety

11-3Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al



2121stst Century Skills Century Skills Global AwarenessGlobal Awareness

Financial, economic, business, entrepreneurial Financial, economic, business, entrepreneurial literacyliteracy

Civic LiteracyCivic Literacy

Health Literacy Health Literacy




Federal Role in StandardsFederal Role in Standards Meeting of Governors, Charlottesville, Virginia Meeting of Governors, Charlottesville, Virginia

(1989)(1989) Goals 2000: Educate America Act (1994)Goals 2000: Educate America Act (1994) NCLB, reauthorization of the ESEANCLB, reauthorization of the ESEA NCLB requires establishing standards, NCLB requires establishing standards, All students expected to meet proficiency, AYPAll students expected to meet proficiency, AYP Schools receive ranking including, needing Schools receive ranking including, needing

improvementimprovement Schools required to test students annuallySchools required to test students annually




Future of standardsFuture of standards Standards drive education todayStandards drive education today

Several unresolved questions about standards Several unresolved questions about standards including:including: How will school organization, use of time, graduation How will school organization, use of time, graduation

requirements, power and relationships change?requirements, power and relationships change? Can standards be covered and still maintain Can standards be covered and still maintain

commitment toward thematic, interdisciplinary commitment toward thematic, interdisciplinary instruction?instruction?




AssessmentsAssessments Assessment, gathering, interpreting information, Assessment, gathering, interpreting information,

feedbackfeedback Assessments design to help students learnAssessments design to help students learn Formative, determine what students learn, plan next Formative, determine what students learn, plan next

stepssteps Summative, make final judgments about standards Summative, make final judgments about standards Assessment of learning, assessment for learningAssessment of learning, assessment for learning Diagnostic assessments, developmental comparisonDiagnostic assessments, developmental comparison




Types of AssessmentsTypes of Assessments Norm-referenced, comparison to a norm groupNorm-referenced, comparison to a norm group Criterion-referenced, criteria for accomplishmentCriterion-referenced, criteria for accomplishment Summative or capstone, demonstrates overall Summative or capstone, demonstrates overall

masterymastery Performance, demonstrate specific proficiencyPerformance, demonstrate specific proficiency Competency, closely related to real eventCompetency, closely related to real event Authentic, tasks based on relevant problems, Authentic, tasks based on relevant problems,

contextscontexts Rubrics, scoring guide, analytic or holistic Rubrics, scoring guide, analytic or holistic




Authentic Assessment Authentic Assessment ConsiderationsConsiderations Consider learning standards, benchmarks, and Consider learning standards, benchmarks, and

objectivesobjectives

Make sure tasks are complex, motivating, rich, Make sure tasks are complex, motivating, rich, relevantrelevant

Ask multiple varieties of questionsAsk multiple varieties of questions

Identify indicators, things that can be observed Identify indicators, things that can be observed




Principles for High-Quality Principles for High-Quality AssessmentsAssessments Base Assessment on learning standards Base Assessment on learning standards Represent performances of understanding Represent performances of understanding

authenticallyauthentically Embed assessments in curriculum and Embed assessments in curriculum and

instructioninstruction Provide multiple forms of evidence about student Provide multiple forms of evidence about student

learninglearning Evaluate standards without unnecessary Evaluate standards without unnecessary

standardizationstandardization Involve local educators in designing and scoring Involve local educators in designing and scoring

assessmentsassessments11-10

Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al



Assessment AccommodationsAssessment Accommodations Allow access without changing test constructAllow access without changing test construct

Determine accommodation based on:Determine accommodation based on: Student’s disability Student’s disability AgeAge Nature of the assessmentNature of the assessment Skill and subject being taughtSkill and subject being taught

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Assessments and Fairness Assessments and Fairness Standardized test ignore lived experiences of Standardized test ignore lived experiences of

studentsstudents

Often bias low-income students Often bias low-income students

Validity, whether item measures intended Validity, whether item measures intended objectiveobjective

Reliability, consistency of information about Reliability, consistency of information about learninglearning


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AccountabilityAccountability Stakeholders holding schools accountableStakeholders holding schools accountable

Student assessments provide informationStudent assessments provide information

Schools must use multiple assessmentsSchools must use multiple assessments

Conflicting concerns over national test, curriculumConflicting concerns over national test, curriculum


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Technology & Student LearningTechnology & Student Learning Technology allows for tracking student Technology allows for tracking student

assessmentsassessments Allows teachers to make decisions on future Allows teachers to make decisions on future

lessonslessons NWEA, PLATO, Tugston, data-management NWEA, PLATO, Tugston, data-management

systemssystems Value-added model compares growth, account Value-added model compares growth, account

for characteristics such as povertyfor characteristics such as poverty Growth model, relies on multiple measures of Growth model, relies on multiple measures of

performanceperformance


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Testing ChallengesTesting Challenges Standards have overall positive effect on Standards have overall positive effect on

educationeducation

Standards movement has unintended challenges Standards movement has unintended challenges including:including: High Stakes element problematic for schools, studentsHigh Stakes element problematic for schools, students Teachers and principals pressured to cheatTeachers and principals pressured to cheat Teaching to the testTeaching to the test Assumption that same test appropriate for all studentsAssumption that same test appropriate for all students Increased teacher burdenIncreased teacher burden


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Documents

Foundations of American Education: Perspectives on Education in a Changing World, 15e 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Standards,