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7/31/2019 Forming a New Life
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MATA KULIAH : PSIKOLOGI PERKEMBANGAN I
DIBUAT TAHUN : 2012
STASTUS PERBAIKAN : BARU
TAHUN PERBAIKAN : ---DOSEN : MARIA, M.PSI PK-FP-02-08
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Forming A New Life
1. Conceiving New Life
2. Mechanisms of Heredity
3. Nature & Nurture: Influences of
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id)
Heredity and Environment
4. Prenatal Development
5. Monitoring & Promoting PrenatalDevelopment
2012 by [email protected]
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Forming A New Life
Fertilization = conception
Zygote = one-celled organism resulting from fertilization
Dizygotic twins = 2 ovum / 1 unfertilized ovum splits + 2 sperm
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id)
Monozygotic Twins = 1 ovum + 1 sperm and then splits
2012 by [email protected]
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Forming A New Life
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Genetic Code
Chromosomes
Genes Human Genome
The basic functional units of heredity are the genes, which are
made ofDeoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA).
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id) 2012 by [email protected]
DNA carries the biochemical instructions, or genetic code, that
governs the development of cell functions.
Each gene is located by function in a definite position on a
particular chromosome.
The complete sequence of genes in the human body is called
human genome.
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Forming A New Life
Autosomes Sex chromosomes
Alleles
Homozygous
Heterozygous Dominant inheritance
Recessive inheritance
Human has 23 pairs of chromosome (22 pair of autosomes + 1 pair
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id) 2012 by [email protected]
o sex c romosomes ema e , pr a ee page
Alleles : gene that can produce alternative expression of a
characteristic (ex: dimples).
Alleles A (from mother) + Alleles A (from father) = homozygous
Alleles A (from mother) + Alleles a (from father) = heterozygous
A = dominant inheritance; a = recessive inheritance Page 59
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Forming A New Life
Autosomes Sex chromosomes
Alleles
Homozygous
Heterozygous Dominant inheritance
Recessive inheritance
Phenotype vs Genotype
Human has 23 pairs of chromosome (22 pair of autosomes + 1 pairof sex chromosomes XX female XY ria See a e 58
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id) 2012 by [email protected]
Alleles : gene that can produce alternative expression of a
characteristic (ex: dimples).
Alleles A (from mother) + Alleles A (from father) = homozygous
Alleles A (from mother) + Alleles a (from father) = heterozygous
A = dominant inheritance; a = recessive inheritance Page 59
Phenotype = observable; Genotype = genetic make up of a person.
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Forming A New Life
See page 62 Birth defects
Incomplete dominance
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id)
Sex-linked inheritance
See page 64 Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
Down Syndrome
Genetic counseling & Testing
2012 by [email protected]
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Forming A New Life
Behavioral genetics: quantitative study of relative hereditary and
environmental influences of behavior.
Heritability (keturunan): Statistical estimate of contribution of
heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given
population.
Concordant: Term describing tendency of twins to share the same
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id)
trait or isor er.
Reaction range: potential variability, depending on environmental
conditions, in the expression of a heredity trait.
Example: body size Canalization: Limitation on variance of expression of certain
inherited characteristics.
Example: eye colour, baby growing up processes
2012 by [email protected]
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Forming A New Life
Genotype-environment interaction: The portion of phenotype
variation that results from the reactions of genetically different
individuals to similar environmental conditions.
Example: Allergic reactions.
Genotype-environment correlation: Tendency of certain genetic and
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id)
, y ,
reactive (evocative), or active.
Niche-picking: tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to
seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype.
Nonshared environmental effects: The unique environment in which
each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences
that affect one child differently than another.
2012 by [email protected]
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Forming A New Life
Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment:
Physical and Physiological Traits
Obesity
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id)
Intelligence
Personality and Psychopathology
Temperament Schizophrenia
2012 by [email protected]
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Forming A New Life
Stages of Prenatal Development
o Germinal (fertilisasi 2minggu)
o Embryonic (2-8 minggu)
o Fetal (8 minggu kelahiran)
Environmental Influences: Maternal Factors
o Nutrition & Maternal Weight
BAHAN
UNTUK
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id)
o a nu r on
o Physical Activity and Strenuous Work
o Drug Intake (Medical drugs, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, NAPZA)
o Maternal Illness (AIDS, Rubella, Toxoplasmosis, etc)
o Maternal Anxiety, Stress and Depression
o Outside Environmental Hazards
Environmental Influences: Paternal Factors
o Quality of sperm (age, etc)
2012 by [email protected]
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Forming A New Life
See Page 89
Care should begin before pregnancy to identify the risks. Such
care should include the following:
1. Physical examinations taking of medical and family histories
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id)
2. Vaccinations for Rubella and Hepatitis B
3. Risk Screening for genetic disorder and infectious diseases
such as Sexual Transmitted Diseases
4. Counseling woman to avoid smoking and alcohol, maintain ahealthy body weight, and take folic acid supplements.
2012 by [email protected]