AchariyaCollege of Engineering Technology(Approved by AICTE and affiliated to Pondicherry University)AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED INSTITUTIONDEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL

STAFF NAME : Mr.P.NANDHAKUMAR (AP/MECH)

SUBJECT & CODE : THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB - II & MEP 71YEAR / SEMESTER : IV / VII

DEPARTMENT : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

STAFF SIGNATUREHOD

SYllabusMEP 71 THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB - IIObjectives To Study the Performance of the Internal Combustion Engines. To Study the Performance of the Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning System. To Study the Performance of the Steam Boiler and Turbine Unit.

List of Exercises:1. Valve and port timing diagrams of 4 stroke and 2 stroke IC engines respectively

2. Tests on single cylinder petrol engine:(a) Load test (b) finding air-fuel ratio

3. Tests on multi-cylinder petrol engine: (a) Load test (b) Morse test (c) heat balance test

4. Tests on single cylinder 4 stroke diesel engine: (a) Load test (b) Finding air-fuel ratio (c) Retardation test

5. Test on multi-cylinder diesel engine: (a) Load test (b) Heat balance test

6. Engine exhausts gas analysis using Gas analyzer/ Gas Chromatograph.

7. Performance test on cooling tower.

8. Performance test on refrigeration system.

9. Performance test on air-conditioning system.

10. Performance test on a boiler.

11. Performance test on steam turbine.

12. Determination of dryness fraction of steam using calorimeter.

Contents

Ex. NoDateTitle of the ExercisePage no.Signature

1Port Timing Diagram of Single Cylinder 2 Stroke IC Engine

2Valve Timing Diagram of Single Cylinder 4 Stroke IC Engine

3Load Test on Single Cylinder Petrol Engine

4aLoad Test on Single Cylinder 4 Stroke Diesel Engine

4b Air - Fuel Ratio Test on Single Cylinder 4 Stroke Diesel Engine

4cRetardation Test on Single Cylinder 4 Stroke Diesel Engine

5Performance Test on Refrigeration Test Rig

6Performance Test on Air - Conditioning Test Rig

7Performance Test on Cooling Tower

8Performance Test on Boiler

9Performance Test on Steam Turbine

10Dryness Fraction Test of Steam using Calorimeter

Ex. No:Valve Timing Diagram Of A Single Cylinder 4 StrokeInternal Combustion Engine.Page No:

Date :

AIM: To draw the valve timing diagram of the four stroke compression ignition engine.

REQUIREMENTS:

1. Experimental engine 2. Measuring tape or Steel Rule3. Chalks

PROCEDURE:

1. Mark the direction of rotation of the flywheel. Always rotate only in clockwise direction when viewing in front of the flywheel.

2. Mark the Bottom Dead Center (BDC) position on the flywheel with the reference point when the piston reaches the lowermost position during rotation of the flywheel.

3. Mark the Top Dead Center (TDC) position on the flywheel with the reference point when the piston reaches the top most position during the rotation of flywheel.

4. Identify the four strokes by the rotation of the flywheel and observe the movement of inlet and exhaust valves.

5. Mark the opening and closing events of the inlet and exhaust valves on the flywheel.

6. Measure the circumferential distance of the above events either from TDC or from BDC whichever is nearer and calculate their respective angles.

7. Draw the valve timing diagram and indicate the valve opening and closing periods.

OBSERVATIONS & TABULATIONS:

Sl. NoDescriptionDistance in mmAngle in Degrees

1IVO Before TDC

2IVC After BDC

3EVO Before BDC

4EVC After TDC

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM :

FORMULA:

Angle = ( L / X ) 360 degrees

Where, L Distance from nearest dead center in mm X- Circumference of the Flywheel in mm

RESULT:

The given four stroke compression ignition engine is studied and the valve timing diagram is drawn for the present set of values.

Note : 1. The inlet port opening distance and closing distance from TDC are equal . 2. The exhaust port opening distance and closing distance from BDC are equal . 3. The transfer port opening distance and closing distance from BDC are equal .

Ex. No:Port Timing Diagram Of A Single Cylinder 2 StrokeInternal Combustion Engine.Page No:

Date :

Aim :

To draw the port timing diagram of given two stroke cycle petrol engine .

REQUIREMENTS:

1. Experimental engine 2. Measuring tape or Steel Rule3. Chalks

PROCEDURE:

1. Remove the ports cover and identify the three ports .

2. Mark the TDC and BDC position of the fly wheel . To mark this position follow the same procedure as followed in valve timing diagram .

3. Rotate the flywheel slowly in usual direction (usually clockwise ) and observe the movement of the piston

4. When the piston moves from BDC to TDC observe when the bottom edge of the piston . Just uncover the bottom end of the inlet port . This is the inlet port opening (IPO) condition , make the mark on the flywheel and measure the distance from TDC

5. When piston moves from TDC to BDC observe when the bottom edge of the piston completely covers the inlet port . This is the inlet port closing (IPC) condition . Make the mark on the flywheel and measure the distance from TDC .

6. When the piston moves from TDC to BDC , observe , when the top edge of the piston just uncover the exhaust port . This is the exhaust port opening [EPO] condition . Make the mark on the flywheel and measure the distance from BDC .

7. When the piston moves from BDC to TDC , observe , when the piston completely cover the exhaust port ,. This is the exhaust port closing condition [EPC] . Make the mark on the flywheel and measure the distance from BDC .

.

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM :

8. When the piston moves from TDC to BDC observe, when the top edge of the piston just uncover the transfer port . This is the transfer port opening [TPO] condition . Make the mark on the flywheel and measure the distance from BDC

9. When the piston moves from BDC to TDC , observe , when the piston completely covers the transfer port. This is the transfer port closing [TPC] condition . Make the mark on the flywheel and measure the distance from BDC

Result :

The port timing diagram for the given two stroke cycle petrol engine was drawn.

OBSERVATIONS:No. of Cylinders, n =Speed, N =Brake Drum Diameter, D =Rope Diameter, d =Bore, DBore =Stroke, LStroke =Engine Displacement, V Swept =Engine Horse Power, BHP =Specific Gravity =Calorific Value of fuel (Petrol) =Orifice Diameter, Co-efficient of Discharge OBSERVATIONS TABLE :-Sl. No

Load in WattsTime Taken for 10 cc of Fuel Consumption(t)SecEngineSpeed(N)rpm

Voltage(V)VoltCurrent(I)AmpsVolt Amps(VI)Watts

1

2

3

4

5

Ex. No:Load Test on Single Cylinder Petrol Engine

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AIM:

To perform a load test on the given engine and to draw the performance characteristic curves.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. The engine test rig 2. Stop-watch 3. Hand tachometerPROCEDURE:

1. Start the engine at no load and allow idling for some time till the engine warm up.

2. Note down the time taken for 10cc of fuel consumption using stopwatch and fuel measuring burette.

3. After taking the readings open the fuel line to fill burette and supply fuel to run the engine from the fuel tank again.

4. Now load the engine gradually to the desired valve. This may be done by switching on the load switches.

5. Allow the engine to run at this load for some time in order to reach steady state condition and note down the time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption.

6. Note down the voltmeter and ammeter readings for the above conditions.

7. Repeat the experiment by switch ON additional load switches.

8. Release the load by switching OFF the load switches slowly one by one and stop the engine.

9. Tabulate the readings as shown and calculate the result.

CALCULATIONS:-

FORMULAE USED:1. Torque, = 9.81 W R Effective N-m .Where R Effective = (D + d)/2 m, and W (Load) = (S1 S2) Kg,

2. Brake Power, BP = (2 N T) / 60,000 kWWhere N = rpm, T = Torque N-m

3. Total fuel consumption, TFC = (X / Time) specific gravity of fuel ( 3600/1000) Kg/hr.

4. Specific fuel consumption, SFC = TFC / BP Kg/kW-hr .

5. From the graph between Brake Power and Total Fuel Consumption, the FRICTIONAL POWER (FP) is found by extrapolation method.Frictional Power in kW.6. Indicated power = Brake Power (BP) + Frictional Power (FP) kW .

7. Mechanical efficiency = Brake Power (BP) / Indicated Power (IP) 100%

8. Brake thermal Efficiency=BrakePower(BP)/(TFCCalorificValue) 100%

9. Indicated thermal efficiency = [Indicated Power (IP) /(TFC Calorific Value)] 100%

IndicatedThermalEfficiencyIth%

BrakeThermalEfficiencyBth%

Mech EfficiencyMech%

Indicated PowerIP(kW)

Frictional PowerFP(kW)

Specific Fuel ConsumptionSFC(Kg/kW-hr)

Total FuelConsumptionTFCKg/hr

BrakePowerBP(kW)

Torque(N-m)

Sl. No12345

GRAPHS:

B.P. Vs T.F.C. B.P. Vs S.F.C. B.P. Vs Mechanical efficiency B.P. Vs Brake Thermal efficiencyB.P. Vs Indicated Thermal efficiency

RESULT: Load test on the given engine is performed and performance characteristic curves are drawn.From the graph drawn between B.P and T.F.C, Friction Power is calculated by willians line method.

OBSERVATIONS:Engine HP : Friction Power : Engine Speed : Specific Gravity of Diesel (S) : Alternator : Calorific Value of Diesel (Cv) :

OBSERVATIONS TABLE :-Sl. No

Load in WattsTime Taken for 10 cc of Fuel Consumption(t)SecEngineSpeed(N)rpm

Voltage(V)VoltCurrent(I)AmpsVolt Amps(VI)Watts

1

2

3

4

5

CALCULATIONS:Maximum Power = Engine Power in kW.Engine Power = 5 HP (Given), (1 HP = 750 Watts)For 5 HP = 3750 WattsTherefore, Maximum Power = 3750/1000 = 3.75 kW.

Ex. No:Load Test on Single Cylinder 4 Stroke Diesel Engine

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Date :

AIM:

To conduct a Performance load test on single cylinder 4 stroke diesel engine and to find its performance characteristics curves on given Electrical Loading arrangements.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. The engine test rig 2. Stop-watch 3. Hand tachometer

PROCEDURE:

1. Start the engine at no load and allow idling for some time till the engine warm up.

2. Note down the time taken for 10cc of fuel consumption using stopwatch and fuel measuring burette.

3. After taking the readings open the fuel line to fill burette and supply fuel to run the engine from the fuel tank again.

4. Now load the engine gradually to the desired valve. This may be done by switching on the load switches.

5. Allow the engine to run at this load for some time in order to reach steady state condition and note down the time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption.

6. Note down the voltmeter and ammeter readings for the above conditions.

7. Repeat the experiment by switch ON additional load switches.

8. Release the load by switching OFF the load switches slowly one by one and stop the engine.

9. Tabulate the readings as shown and calculate the result.

CALCULATIONS: (Continuation..)

FORMULAE USED:1. Brake Power (BP) = kW Where, V=Voltage in VoltsI =Current In Amps2. Total Fuel Consumption (TFC) = x x 3600 kg/hrWhere,X =10 cc of fuel consumptiont= Time taken for Fuel Consumption of 10ccs=Specific Gravity of Diesel = 0.83 gm/cc3. Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) = Kg/kW hr

4. Maximum Power = Engine Power in kW.

5. Friction Power (FP) = 1/3 Of Maximum Power output in kW

6. Indicated Power (IP) = Friction Power (FP) + Break Power(BP) in kW

7. Mechanical Efficiency = X 100 in %

8. Brake Thermal Efficiency = X100 % Where, Calorific Value of Diesel (Cv) = 43,000 kJ/hr9. Indicated Thermal Efficiency = X 100 %Where,Calorific Value of Diesel (Cv) = 43,000 kJ/kg

Indicated ThermalEfficiencyIth (%)

Brake ThermalEfficiencyBth (%)

MechanicalEfficiencymech(%)

IndicatedPowerIP(kW)

Specific Fuel ConsumptionSFC(Kg/kW-hr)

Total Fuel Consumption TFC(Kg/hr)

BreakPowerBP (kW)

Sl. No

12345

GRAPHS:

B.P. Vs T.F.C. B.P. Vs S.F.C. B.P. Vs Mechanical efficiency B.P. Vs Brake Thermal efficiencyB.P. Vs Indicated Thermal efficiency

RESULT:The Electrical Load Test Performance test on Diesel Engine is done and performance characteristic curves are drawn.

OBSERVATIONS:Engine Speed, N = rpmNo. of Cylinders, n = Bore Diameter, Dbore = mStroke Length, Lstroke = mCalorific Value of Fuel, C.V. = KJ/KgGas Constant, R = KJ/Kg . KAmbient Temperature, ta = oCAtmospheric Pressure, Pa = Bar Orifice Diameter, do = mCo-efficient of Discharge, Cd = Specific Gravity of fuel, fuel = Kg/m3Density of Water, water = Kg/m3Brake Drum Diameter, D = mRope Diameter, d = m orBelt thickness, t Belt= m

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:

Sl. NoEngine Speed,N(rpm)Dynamometer SpringBalance Readings, (Kg)Time taken for 10 cc of fuel,t(Sec)

ManometerReading,h(m)

S1(Kg)S2(Kg)

CALCULATIONS:

Ex. No:Air - Fuel Ratio Test on Single Cylinder 4 Stroke Diesel Engine

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Date :

AIM:To perform constant speed performance test on a Four-Stroke Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine and Determine the Air Fuel Ratio of the given engine test rig.APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. The engine test rig 2. Stop-watch 3. Hand tachometerPROCEDURE:1. Before starting the engine check the fuel supply, lubrication oil, and availability of cooling water.2. Set the dynamometer to zero load.3. Run the engine till it attains the working temperature and steady state condition. 4. Adjust the dynamometer load to obtain the desired engine speed. Note down the fuel consumption rate.5. Change the dynamometer load so that the engine speed Change, to maintain the engine speed constant fuel consumption increases.6. Note down the fuel consumption rate, speed, air inlet temperature, at this load setting.7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 for various loads.8. Disengage the dynamometer and stop the engine.9. Do the necessary calculation.

FORMULAE USED:(i) Torque, T = 9.81 x W x R Effective N-m. Where R Effective = (D + d)/ 2 or (D + tBelt)/ 2 m, and W (Load) = ( S1 - S2) Kg,

(ii) Brake Power, B P = ( 2N T ) / 60, 000kW ; Where N = rpm, T = Torque N-m,(iii) Fuel Consumption, m f = ( 50 ml x 10 -6 x Fuel ) / ( t ) Kg/Sec.Here; 1 ml = 10-3 liters, and 1000 liters = 1 m3

CALCULATIONS: (Continuation..)

Here; 1 ml = 10-3 liters, and 1000 liters = 1 m3So, 1 ml = 10-6 m3(iv) Brake Mean Effective Pressure, BMEP = (BP x 60,000)/ ( L Stroke x A x N) N/ m2; Where L Stroke = Stroke m, A (Cross Section of the Cylinder) = ( D2Bore)/ 4 m2,N (Number of Power Strokes/ min.) = N/ 2 per min.; For Four-Stroke Engine.= Nper min; For Two-Stroke Engine., andN = rpm.(v) Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, BSFC = ( m f x 3600 ) / B P Kg/ kW . hr(vi) Mass of the Air, m Air = Cd Ao 2 g h Air Water Kg/ Sec ; Where Cd ( Co-efficient of Discharge ) = 0.6, Air = ( Pa x 102 ) / ( R x Ta ) Kg/ m3 Ao ( Area of Orifice ) = ( do2)/ 4 m2,Pa = 1.01325 Bar, R = 0.287 KJ/Kg . K, Ta = ( ta + 273 ) K, ta = Ambient Temperature OC(vii) Air Fuel Ratio, A/F = ( m Air / m f ) Kg/ Kg of Fuel(viii) Mechanical Efficiency, mechanical = BP / IP

mech%

A/FRatio

AirConsumptionRate(Kg/hr)

BMEP(N/m2)

BSFC(Kg/kW-hr)

FuelConsumptionRate,mf(Kg/hr)

BrakePower,BP(kW)

Sl. No

GRAPHS:

B.P. Vs BMEPB.P. Vs BSFCB.P. Vs Mechanical efficiency B.P. Vs Air Consumption rateB.P. Vs Fuel Consumption rateB.P. Vs A/F ratio.

RESULT:The Air Fuel Ratio of the given engine test rig are found and respective graphs are drawn.

OBSERVATIONS:Engine Speed, N = rpmNo. of Cylinders, n = Bore Diameter, Dbore = mStroke Length, Lstroke = mCalorific Value of Fuel, C.V. = KJ/KgGas Constant, R = KJ/Kg . KAmbient Temperature, ta = oCAtmospheric Pressure, Pa = Bar Orifice Diameter, do = mCo-efficient of Discharge, Cd = Specific Gravity of fuel, fuel = Kg/m3Density of Water, water = Kg/m3Brake Drum Diameter, D = mRope Diameter, d = m orBelt thickness, t Belt= m

TABULATIONS:

Sl. No.Drop in Speed, N (rpm)Time taken in, t(Sec)(With out Load Condition)Time taken in, t(Sec)(With 50% Load Condition)

CALCULATIONS:

Ex. No:Retardation Test on Single Cylinder 4 Stroke Diesel Engine

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Date :

Aim:To conduct the retardation test on a single cylinder diesel engine and to find the Frictional Power and there by the Mechanical Efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. The engine test rig 2. Stop-watch 3. Hand tachometerPROCEDURE:1. Calculate Wmax2. Check the engine for no load, coolant supply, fuel levels.3. Start engine, allow it to run for 3 minutes.4. Adjust fuel rack to obtain 1500 rpm.5. Cut off fuel supply by pulling fuel rack level and simultaneously note down time taken for a fall in speed of 200 rpm. Soon after speed falls by rpm restore fuel supply immediately so that engine does not stop.6. Repeat step 5 for a fall in speed of 400, 600 and 800 rpm.7. Now apply Wmax gradually.8. Repeat steps 5 and 6.9. Remove load gradually, run engine for 3 minutes, stop the engine by cutting of fuel supply and close coolant supply.FORMULAE USED: Braking Torque (Tb)= (W-S) X Rm

Brake power (BP) = Frictional Torque (Tf)= Frictional Power (Fp) = Indicated Power (Ip)= BP + FPMechanical Efficiency (mech)= X 100

RESULT TABLE:

Sl. NoDrop in Speed, N (rpm)

Brake Power, BP(kW)FrictionalPower,FP(kW)IndicatedPower,(IP)(kW)MechanicalEfficiencymech%

GRAPHS:

B.P. Vs Frictional PowerB.P. Vs Mechanical efficiencyDrop in Speed Vs Time

RESULT:The retardation test on a single cylinder diesel engine is done and to determined the Frictional Power and there by the Mechanical Efficiency.Various Curves are drawn between B.P Vs Friction Power, Mechanical Efficiency and Drop in Speed Vs Time.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:FinalEnergy meter readingEf

Final Water TempTf

Pressure ReadingsP4

P3

P2

P1

Temp. Readings, (K)T4

T3

T2

T1

Initial Energy meter readingE0

Initial Water TempT0

Quantity of Water in Evaporator(Kg)

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Ex. No:Performance Test on Refrigeration Test Rig

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AIM:

To conduct a performance test on a refrigerator test rig with R134 A (non CFC) refrigerant to determine the Co efficient of Performance (COP).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Refrigeration Test Rig.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fill up the evaporator tank with a known quantity of water (say 8-10 liters).2. Switch on the compressor.3. Switch about 5 minutes (after steady state had set in) note the initial energy meter reading and water temperature in the evaporator.4. After a known period of time, say 30 minutes note down the energy meter reading and water temperature, physically stir the water to ensure that the temperature is uniform in the water tank.5. Calculate the COP.

Note:

1. Since COP depends upon the evaporator temperature and condenser temperature, the calculate COP (which is an average value) will be different for varying evaporator, condenser and water temperatures.2. Refrigerant pressures from the pressure gauges and temperature from the thermocouples can be used to study the vapour pressure at various points in the refrigerant cycle and prepare a enthalpy-pressure diagram.

Warning:

When the compressor turns off (by the thermostat) or is switched off manually, do not turn on the power immediately. Allow a few minutes for the pressure in the compressor inlet and outlet to equalize.

The time delay provided in the voltage stabilizer is for this purpose only.Immediate starting will cause undue load on the compressor and may even lead to burnt out.

RESULT TABLE:

Sl. NoRefrigerationEffect/hourEnergyInputTheoreticalCOPActualCOPRelativeCOP

Where,

Evaporator outlet Temperature - T1

Condenser inlet Temperature - T2

Condenser outlet Temperature - T3

Evaporator inlet Temperature - T4

Evaporator outlet Pressure (Compressor inlet) - P1

Condenser Pressure (high Pressure) - P2 = P3

Evaporator inlet Pressure (after throttling) - P4

FORMULAE USED:

To Find Theoretical COP :

To find the theoretical COP using P - h Chart.Convert the pressure gauge readings to absolute pressures in bar. Note. Note 14.5psi = 1kg.Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure in kg + 1.03 bar.From P-h diagram for R134A-State 1 - Compressor inlet/evaporator outletP1 = bars ; T1 = deg C ; h1 = kJ/KgState 2 Compressor outletP2 = bars ; T2 = deg C ; h2 = kJ/KgState 3 Evaporator inlet (before throttling)P3 = barsSat liquid h3 = kJ/KgState 3 Evaporator inlet (after throttling)P4 = bars ; h4 = h3 = kJ/KgTheoretical COP = (h1 h4)/(h2 h1)To Find Actual COP :

Refrigeration Effect = W(T0 Tf) kWWork Input = (Ef E0) 860.4 kWActual COP = Refrigerating Effect/Work InputTherefore,Relative COP = COP Actual/COP Theoretical

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:Thus the performance test on a refrigerator test rig was done and theoretical COP, Actual COP, Relative COP are Calculated for the given test rig.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:Temperature Readings(C)T4

T3

T2

T1

Pressure reading s(bar)P4

P3

P2

P1

In sideCondition(C)WBT

DBT

Out sideCondition (C)WBT

DBT

Time taken for 10 rev. energy meter reading

Manometer Reading(h2)mm

(h1)mm

Sl. No

Ex. No:Performance Test on Air - Conditioning Test Rig

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Date :

Aim: To conduct a performance test on an air conditioning test rig to determine the coefficient of performance (COP).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Air Conditioning Test Rig.

PROCEDURE:1. Switch on the mains. Switch on the condenser fan and blower.2. Keep the manually operated valves in proper position.3. Switch on the compressor and allow the unit to stabilize by adjusting the airflow through the duct.4. Note the ambient dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures.5. Turn on the air conditioner and set the thermostat at the required temperature.6. After steady state had set in, note the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures of the conditioned/chilled air in the duct.7. Measure the air velocity with the U tube using the water manometer connected to the U tube.8. Note the time taken for 10 revolutions of energy meter disc to calculate the input energy.9. Calculate the experimental COP.FORMULAE USED:

To find the Theoretical COPTo find the theoretical COP using P - h Chart.Convert the pressure gauge readings to absolute pressures in bar. Note. Note 14.5psi = 1kg.Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure in kg + 1.03 bar.

RESULT TABLE:Sl. NoRefrigerationEffect/hourEnergyInputTheoreticalCOPActualCOP

Where,T1 = compressor outlet temperatureT2 = Condenser outlet temperatureT3 = Temperature after Expansion ValveT4 = Compressor inlet temperatureP1 = Delivery pressure at compressor P2 = condenser outlet pressure Liquid line yellow colorP3 = Pressure after Expansion valve inlet blue colorP4 = Compressor inlet pressure suction green color

Plot different state points on the P-h chart using the absolute pressure and temperature readings. Note the enthalpy at each point. P1, T1 corresponds to point 1, and P2, T2, P3,T3 and P4,T4 corresponds to points 2,3, and 4 respectively.State 4 1 represents the adiabatic compression.State 3 4 represents the isobaric evaporation.Theoretically sub cooling and super heating of suction vapour states is neglected.From P-h chart H1 = Kj/kg H2 = Kj/kg H3 = Kj/kg H4 = Kj/Kg

COP of Theoretical air conditioner = To find out the COP of Experimental Air conditionerCOP of Experimental air conditioner = Where,Total heat removed by the air conditioner (H) =ma x (h1 h2) kJWhere.ma = Mass of the air = Density of air ( a ) X volume of air (Va )a = density of air = 1.16 kg/m.Volume of air = Va = Cd x a (m3/sec) Va = volume of airCd = Co-efficeint of discharge =0.6a = orifice in ma = (d2) in m2g = 9.81

h =[ () .m]

CALCULATIONS:

h1 = Enthalpy of Air condition 1h2 = Enthalpy of Air Condition 2Using psychometric chartCondition 1 refers to ambient and 2 refer to the air conditioned/chilled air.Ambient dry bulb temperature = T1DAmbient wet bulb temperature = T1wChilled dry bulb temperature = T2DChilled wet bulb temperature = T2wAlternatively,enthalpy of air at condition 1 ( h1) = kJ/kgenthalpy of air at condition 2 (h2) = kJ/kgInput energy to the Air Conditioner Input energy (E) = kW. n = number of rev N = Energy meter constant = 750 rev/kwhr t = time taken for 10 revolutions of energy meter disc.

RESULT: Thus the COP of Performance of air condition test Rig was been found.

OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATIONS:1. Pipe diameter d1 = mm2. Orifice diameter d2 = mmSl. NoInletWaterTemp.T1InletWaterTemp.T2Inlet conditionsOf airOutlet conditionsOf airTime for a litre of waterin t ManometerReadingsInmm

CCWBT(C)DBT(C)WBT(C)DBT(C)Sech1h2

Ex. No:Performance Test on Cooling Tower

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Date :

AIM:To conduct performance test on cooling tower and determine humidification efficiency and energy efficiency.APPARATUS REQUIRED:1. Cooling tower set up2. Thermometer 3. Stop watchPROCEDURE:1. Connect the water and power supply to the equipment.2. Adjust the flow rate of water and air .3. Switch on the heater and adjust the power input to the heater allow the unit to stabilize.4. Note the manometer reading.5. Note the water flow rate using stop watch.6. Repeat the experiment for various flow rate and power input.FORMULAE USED:Over all efficiency of the tower = 100

Where,

T1 Inlet water temp CT2 outlet water temp CWBT (Inlet) - wet bulb temp C

Humidification Efficiency = 100Where,

W1 specific humidity of air at inlet condition (ie. DBT,WBT)W2 specific humidity of air at outlet condition (ie. DBT,WBT) W3 maximum possible unit to which air be humidified up to saturation Conditions.

CALCULATIONS:

The characteristic of the tower =

Where,

h = hi + h0

hi = h h2 Inleth0= h1 h2 outlet

The mass flow rate of air ma = Where,

w = 1000 Kg/m3

a = 1.16 Kg/m3

g = 9.81 m/s2

h = (h1 h2)

Cpw = 4.178 kJ/Kg K

Ratio of mass flow rate of water and air =

Energy transferred = ma ha

ha - Rise in enthalpy (ie . h2 h1 )

Energy Input = mw Cpw t

mw = w a v

where,

a = 3.14 10-3v = 50/1000 = 0.05

RESULT TABLE:

Sl. NoOver all efficiency of tower (%)HumidificationEfficiency(%)Ratio of mass flow rate of water and airEnergy efficiency(%)

Energy Efficiency = 100

RESULT:Thus the performance test on a refrigerator test rig was done and the results are tabulated.

OBSERVATIONS: 01. Initial reading of water meter : w 1 lts 02. Final reading of water meter : w 2 lts 03. Time for above : t 1 sec 04. Initial level in diesel tank : L 1 cm 05. Final level in diesel tank : L 2 cm 06. Time for above : t 2 sec 07. Steam pressure : P1 bar 08. Boiler room Temperature : Tr C 09. Feed water inlet temperature : Tr C 10. Feed water Temp after economizer : T 1 C 11. Flue gases temperature entering Economizer : T 2 C 12. Flue gases temperature leaving Economizer : T 3 C 13. Steam temperature : Ts C 14. Calorific value of Diesel : CV = 41,870 kj/kg 15. Maximum flow of Air from blower: 1200 cfm 16. Opening of Blower suction: .. % = ..

RESULT TABLE:Sl. NoWeight of water evaporated per hourWwWeight of fuel consumed per hour

WfAmount of steam generated

InputPowerto Boiler

IbpInputPowerto Boiler

BbpBoilerEfficiency

th

Kg/hrKg/hrKg/Kg of fuelkWkW%

Ex. No:Performance Test on Boiler

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AIM:To conduct the performance test on a steam boiler. To determine the boiler efficiency and tabulated the heat balance sheet to the given test rig.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:Steam boiler fully automatic, oil fired,600 kg/hr, non IBR with all mountings. (Make TECHNO THERM G4 TECK)

SAFETY MEASURES AND PRECAUTIONS FOR STEAM LAB : 01. Donot run boiler without soft water, it may choke coil, by formation of scale, and efficiency will drop. 02. If by any default boiler stops,a hooter comes into action, this time open panel cover, and push reset button. 03. Run boiler at least once a week, run turbine also. 04. Drain out all condensate from pipe line, turbine, steam trap after use. 05. Daily check water, fuel levels 06. Check oil level in feed water pump , turbine periodically.

PRESETTING,PRECAUTIONS AND OBSERVATIONS:

a. Fill up water in overhead tank. b. Fill up diesel in fuel tank and close the lid. c.Check electrical connections,and observe rotation of direction of pump motor,blower motor and feed water pump motor d.Ensure all three phase power with neutral .This is indicated by Glowing of 3 lamps R,Y ,B along with Control e. RTD sensor to be placed in its location.

PROCEDURE:a. Open water valve and fuel tank valve.b. Open auxillary valve and close main steam valve.c. Put on Mains and observe lamp glow for all three phase and control circuit.d. Put the controller rotary switch to WATER position( 1) .Now pump starts and water flows inside coil and comes out of boiler through auxiliary valve.e. Once water comes out freely(Observed Outside lab),set valve at about 4 bar

CALCULATIONS:

a. Now change control switch position to FIRE.(2)b. Now boiler starts with all its sequence of operations,and after 3-4 minutes steam comes out.Wait until pressure raises to 10 bar and temperature to say 170 degree.c. Boiler may stop as it would have triggered pressure switch,at this point open the valve completely. Now boiler is ready for test.d. Adjust pressure to say 6 bar, and see that boiler is running without stop.e. Note down water meter reading with respect to time, note down fuel consumption with respect to time. Note down all temperatures, pressure readings.f. Repeat experiment for different valve openings and pressureg. If difficulty is faced in maintaining low pressure, main steam valve may be opened, and open pipe and valves fitted for calorimeter. Here close needle valve of calorimeter.

FORMULAE USED:

01. Weight of water evaporated per hour Ww kg/hr

( w 1 w 2 ) x 3600 Ww = -------------------------- kg/hr t1

02. Weight of fuel consumed per hour Wf kg

a x b x ( L1- L2) x f x 3600 Wf = ----------------------------------------- kg/hr t2 x 1,00,0000 Where a x b = area of tank in cm2 = 40 x 40 = 1600 sq.cm L1 and L2 in cms f = Fuel Density = 0.8 kg/lit t2 = Time required for fuel consumed from L1 to L2 in seconds

03. Amount of steam generated in kg per kg of fuel We

Ww We = --------- kg/kg of fuel Wf

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:CREDIT SIDEDEBIT SIDE

Sl. NoDescriptionKJ%Sl. NoDescriptionKJ%

1

Heat InputHi

1Heat UtilizedHb

2Heat in flue gasesHf

3UnaccountedLossesHr

04. Input power to boiler I bp kW

I bp = Wf x CV kW

05. Output from boiler B bp kW

a. Enthalpy at outlet condition at outlet temp,pressure h1 kj/kg

h 1 = h f1 + (x X h fg ) kJ/kg Where x = dryness faction of steam From steam tables find out other values

b. Enthalpy at inlet pressure and temperature h 2 kj/kg from tables

Ww ( h 1 h 2 ) Boiler output B bp = ----------------------- kW 3600

06. Boiler efficiency th %

B bp th = -------- x 100 % I bp

HEAT BALANCE SHEET PER MINUTE:

A. CREDIT side : Heat supplied by burning of fuel Hi kJ

H i = (Wf x CV)/ 60 KJ/min

B. DEBIT side :

01. Heat utilized in raising steam H b KJ/min

H b = [Ww ( h1 h2)] / 60 kJ/min

CALCULATIONS:

2. Heat lost in flue gases H f kJ/min

Wg = weight of flue gases = Wa + Wf kg/min

Amount of air supplied = Wa kg/hr As blower supplies 1200 cfm of air to boiler and opening is about 30% Hence air supplied to boiler = 1200 x 0.3 cfm Wa = (1200 x 0.3 x 1.27) / ( 35.28 ) Kg/min = 12.95 kg/min

Wg = Wa +( Wf/ 60) kg/min H f = Wg x Cp x ( T2-Tr) kJ/min

C. HEAT LOST IN RADIATION Hr

Hr = H i - ( H b + H f) KJ/min

RESULT:Thus the performance test on a steam boiler test rig was done and the results were tabulated.

OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATIONS:

Sl. NoPARTICULARSREADINGS

12345

1Inlet pressure : P1 bar

2Exhaust pressure : P2 bar

3 Inlet temperature turbine :T6 C

4 Exhaust Temperature-turbine : T7 C

5Cooling water inlet temp-condenser : T8 C

6Cooling water outlet temp- condenser: T9 C

7Condensate temperature-condenser T10C

8Vacuum at condenser : V1 mm of mercury

9Time for 100 litres of water condenser- t1sec

10Turbine speed : N rpm

11Dryness faction : x

12Spring balance reading : F Kg

13amount of condensate collected : Cv litres

14Time for above : t2 sec

15Flow meter Pressure 1 : Pf1 Kg/sq.cm

16Flow meter Pressure 2 : Pf2 kg/sq.cm

17 Change in level for fuel for 10 minutes : L2 - L1 cm

Ex. No:Performance Test on Steam Turbine

Page No:

Date :

AIM:To conduct the performance test on a steam turbine. To determine the turbine power and efficiency and the results are tabulated.APPARATUS REQUIRED: A single stage,impulse ,De laval type,horizontal shaft mounted,with double side bearings.SAFETY MEASURES AND PRECAUTIONS FOR STEAM LAB : 01. Donot run boiler without soft water, it may choke coil, by formation of scale, and efficiency will drop. 02. If by any default boiler stops,a hooter comes into action, this time open panel cover, and push reset button. 03. Run boiler at least once a week, run turbine also. 04. Drain out all condensate from pipe line, turbine, steam trap after use. 05. Daily check water, fuel levels 06. Check oil level in feed water pump , turbine periodically.

PROCEDURE: EXPERIMENT WITHOUT CONDENSER :

a. Close inlet valve to condenser and open exhaust valve completely.b. Open drain valve at bottom of turbine, water which is condensed will flow out,and keep it open.c. Set speed at about 3000 rpm.in rpm controller. d. Set Potentiometer of Eddy current Dynamometer(ECD) to Zero e. Ensure main steam valve is totally open and auxillary valve closed f. Switch ON control panel g. Slowly open control valve ,(at inlet of turbine),observe slow rotation of shaft,Irrespective of valve opening valve.h. Now turbine picks up speed,if it is less than 3000,increase speed by more valveopening.Adjust it for set speed.Even if speed increases,rpm controller make solenoid valve to open,and excess steam is let out,which brings down speed.This is NO load condition.With this speed,observe Spring balance reading

CALCULATIONS:

Note down all readings of speed,temperatures,pressures,steam flow meter.i. Now apply load by rotating pot of Eddy control device clockwise and here speed may drop, increase the speed by further opening of valve to set speed .Note down all above readingj. Repeat experiment,for different loads.

EXPERIMENT WITH CONDENSER:a. Close exhaust valve and open condenser valve .(2 inch Ball valves)b. Start water circulation pumpc. Start condensate extraction pump.d. All other procedure is same as abovee. Hold measuring jar and collect condensate ( Conversion of steam allowed into turbine into condensate) measure the quantity with respect to time.Say note down time required for 2 litres in seconds.f. Once the experiment is over,Stop Condensate collection pump first,then allow water circulation in the shell for about 5 minutes and then stop this circulation pump.

FORMULAE USED:

01. Turbine Output BP in KW

BP = {2 x x N x F x R x 9.81} / 60,000 KW

Where F = Spring balance reading in Kg R = Torque arm distance = 200 mm = 0.2 m N = Turbine speed ,in RPM

02. Blade Velocity Vb in m/sec

Vb = ( x D x N ) / 60 m/sec

Where D = Mean Diameter of Impeller = 0.22 m

03. Area of Jet Aj in sq.m 2 Aj = ( /4 ) x d sq.m

Where d = dia of nozzle = 7 mm = 0.007 m

CALCULATIONS: (Continuation.)

04. Steam flow rate With Condenser Experiment Qs Cu.m /sec

01. Condensate collected Cv litres 02. Time t2 in sec for collection

Qs = ( Cv / t2 ) Kg /sec

Qs = ( Cv/t2) x Specific Volume of steam Vs in cu.m/sec

Normally Vs= 0.245 cu.m/kg

05. Steam Flow rate using Flow meter Qs cu.m/sec

_____________________ Qs = Ao x Cd x 2 x g x [( Pf1 ~ Pf2) x 10] cu.m/sec 2 Ao = Area of orificemeter = ( /4 ) x do sq.m

do = 19 mm = 0.019 m Cd= 0.62 Pf1 and Pf2 Pressure gauge reading of flow meter 06. Velocity of Jet V in m/sec

V = Qs / Aj m/sec

With data of V, Vb, inlet ,out let angle,nozzle angle draw Velocity Diagram

And determine values of Vw, Vw1 in m/sec

07. Blade efficiency b { 2 (Vw + Vw1) Vb } x 100 % b = ----------------------------- (V)2 where Vb = Linear velocity of moving blade m/sec V = Absolute velocity of inlet steam m/sec Vw = Velosity of whirl of inlet m/sec Vw1= Velosity of whirl at outlet m/sec

RESULT TABLE:Sl. NoTurbineOutputBP (kW)BladeVelocityVb (kW)Steam flowRateCu.m/sBladeEfficiencyb%StageEfficiencyst%TurbinePower(kW)

08. Stage efficiency st % { (Vw + Vw1) Vb } x 100 % st = ------------------------ J x g x (h1 h2) where Vb = Linear velocity of moving blade m/sec h1 and h2 enthalpy value already determined Vw = Velosity of whirl of inlet m/sec Vw1= Velosity of whirl at outlet m/sec J = 427 K.cal/kg g = 9.81 m/sq.sec

09. Power Produced by Turbine Theoretical P kW

P = { Qs x (Vw + Vw1) Vb } x 0.746 kW -------------------------------------- [ J x 75 ]

GRAPHS:

Pressure Vs BP

RESULT:Thus the performance test on a steam turbine test rig was done and the results were tabulated.

OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATIONS : Sl. NoPARTICULARSREADINGS

123

1Pressure at inlet to calorimeter P1( kg/sq.cm)

2Pressure after throttling P2( Kg/sq.cm)

3Temperature at inlet T4(C)

4 Temperature after throttling T5(C)

5Moisture collected from seperator m (ml)

6Condensate collected M (ml)

Take above readings from say 2 kg/sq.cm , and then for 3 , 4 and 5 kg/sq.cm As pressure after throttling is not shown consider temperature of T5 and find out values of hf2 , hg3 , and hfg2 and tabulateRESULT TABLE:Sl. NoPressureP1hf2kJ/kghfg2kJ/kgTemperatureT5 Chg3kJ/kgX1X2X

Where,Dryness Fraction of steam at Separating Calorimeter x1Dryness fraction of steam at Throttling calorimeter x2Actual Dryness Fraction x

Ex. No:Dryness Fraction Test of Steam using CalorimeterPage No:

Date :

AIM:To conduct the dryness fraction test of steam using calorimeter and determine the dryness fraction value of the given steam for the specified condition.APPARATUS REQUIRED:A calorimeter with Separator and Throttling Unit.

PROCEDURE:a. Once boiler trial is over, close auxiliary valve and open main steam valve, completely.b. Adjust steam valve along with needle valve of calorimeter to get pressure say 1.5-2.0 bar.Now sample is taken from continuous flowing steam.c. allow water to the condenser.d. Now wait for 5 minutes, so that systems comes to thermal equilibrium. e. Observe sufficient condensate flows out,and collected in measuring jar(2 liters) Throw this condensate collected.f. Mark level of water in separator and keep measuring jar below condenser to collect condensate simultaneously.g. After about 2 minutes or sufficient condensate is collected in jar,close needle completely.Aloow complete conversion into condensate and collected in the jar.h. Note down all readings of temperature and pressure.i. Now boiler is stopped fully.j. Allow entire remaining steam in pipes to go outside through this bypass valve at calorimeter.k. After completely letting out steam ,open needle valve of calorimeterl. Measure quantity of condensate collected from condenser and note down it as M mlm. Empty the jar and hold it below drain valve of gauge glass set of separator unit.n. Open drain valve,now moisture collected start filling jaro. Open valve until water level in the gauge glass reaches marked level.p. Measure quantity of moisture collected in the jar and note it down as m mlq. Calculate DRYNESS FACTION of the steam, using formulae.

CALCULATIONS:

FORMULAE USED:

01. Dryness Fraction of steam at Separating Calorimeter x1

x1 = ( M / M + m )

02. Dryness fraction of steam at Throttling calorimeter x2

a. At inlet pressure P1 kg/sq.cm from steam table find out

hf2 , hfg2 in kj/kgb. Either for throttling pressure P2 or for temperature T5 find out value hg3 in Kj/kg

c. As hf2 + ( x2 X hfg2 ) = hg3

Hence find value of dryness fraction x2

03. Actual Dryness Fraction x = x1 X x2

GRAPHS:

Pressure Vs Dryness Fraction

RESULT:Thus the dryness fractions of the given steam was determined and results were tabulated.