Forging the National Forging the National EconomyEconomy

1790-18601790-1860

Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny: the belief by Americans that God : the belief by Americans that God had granted them this continent & beyond to subdue; led to had granted them this continent & beyond to subdue; led to

continuous frontier migrationcontinuous frontier migration! ! (the term originated in 1845)(the term originated in 1845)

1.1.Strength of American values & institutions justified moral Strength of American values & institutions justified moral claims to hemispheric leadership.claims to hemispheric leadership.

2.2.The lands of the North American continent (and later the The lands of the North American continent (and later the Caribbean) were “Destined” for political & agricultural Caribbean) were “Destined” for political & agricultural improvement led by the American people.improvement led by the American people.

3.3.Americans who supported expansion believed God and the Americans who supported expansion believed God and the constitution ordained our destiny of redemption & constitution ordained our destiny of redemption & democratization throughout the world.democratization throughout the world.

Columbiana, the female figure of America, leads Americans into the West and the future by carrying the Values of republicanism and progress while clearing natives peoples & animals (seen being pushedInto the darkness) to open the way for our “yearly multiplying millions”

Westward Expansion: Ingredient of the Market Revolution •By 1850, half of Americans were under the age of 30. American “restlessness” contributed to westward movement.

•1840 the demographic center of the American population crossed the Alleghenies.

•1860 Americans had moved across the Ohio River

Pioneer Life in the West• poorly fed, ill-clad, lived in shanties • were often victims of disease, depression, premature death• Women- most cut off from human contact; suffered breakdowns & madness• Men- life was tough & crude; “no-holds barred” wrestling• Pioneer Characteristics: poorly informed, superstitious, provincial, individualistic, neighborly (log rolling & barn raising) = “rugged individualism”

Pioneers shaped the Environment “Ecological Imperialism”•pioneers exhausted the land ---then moved on leaving barren fields• Kentucky- vast cane fields were burned= European grasses (Kentucky Bluegrass) thrived= ideal for livestock• 1820’s- American fur trappers were trapping all the way to the Rockies; the Rendezvous System was established• Rendezvous System: each summer traders from St. Louis traveled to the Rockies & waited for Indians & trappers to arrive with beaver pelts & swapped for eastern manufactured goods.• By the 1840’s- the beaver were mostly wiped out • Trade in Buffalo robes= virtual annihilation of buffalo (bison)•Americans still revered nature= the unspoiled west was a defining attribute

Christopher “Kit” Carson

Jim Bridger

A Natural Conservation Movement Began with ArtGeorge Catlin: a painter & student of Native American life was one of the first Americans to push for preservation of nature by our government. (1832 –South Dakota)• 1872- Yellowstone Park created

“Ball Play of the Choctaw-Ball up”, 1846-50G. Catlin

The US Population Growth• By the 1850’s, the population was doubling every 25 years• By 1860, there were 33 states• US was the 4th most populous nation in the western world (behind Russia, France, & Austria)• By 1860, 43 cities had populations of 20,000 or more- 300 cities had populations of 5,000 plus.• New York, New Orleans, Chicago- most populated cities

Rapid Urbanization Caused Problems• smelly slums, poor street lighting, inadequate law enforcement, impure water, improper sewage & garbage disposal• 1823- Boston= sewer system installed• 1842- NY- piped–in water• Political machines filled the vacuum created by a government that could not handle rapid urbanization.

5.3

mil

lion

Population Growth from 1620 to 1860

Immigration 1840-1860•1840-1850 over a million & a half Irish & almost the same number of

German immigrants arrived. Why did immigrants come to America?• Europe was running out of room (Old World population more than doubled in the nineteenth century)• to escape the European caste system = America as land of opportunity• escape state run churches• America had lots of land to farm, growing factories, low taxes, no compulsory military service • steamships= improved travel time (to 10 to 12 days)

The Irish- mid 1840’s “the Black Forties”1830- 1860- 2 million came to the US• potato famine in Ireland led many people to leave (2 million died)• came here poor = settled eastern cities & seaboard• NY- became largest Irish city in the world• did the most menial labor for little pay- competed with free blacks

ImmigrationImmigration

Major immigrant groupsMajor immigrant groups Irish Irish Germans Germans

National Origin National Origin of Immigrants:of Immigrants:

1820 - 18601820 - 1860

Immigration Immigration to the United to the United States, 1820-States, 1820-18601860

Settlements of Settlements of ImmigrantsImmigrants

•Irish in Northeastern cities: New York and Boston

•Germans would settle in Midwest

Hostility towards Immigrants• **“Nativism”- hostility towards immigrants by native-born Americans; feared competition for jobs & Catholic Church influence in American life.• “NINA”- No Irish Need Apply• Ancient Order of Hibernians- semisecret society founded in Ireland served as a benevolent society in America- helping

immigrants- led to the “Molly Maguire's”- miners labor union of the 1860’s & 1870’s in Penn. Coal mines.

• Irish remained in low paying jobs- moved up by buying property• many were attracted to politics– New York’s Tammany Hall• Irish dominated city police departments • The US politicians often fired verbal volleys at London because it pleased Irish voters so much

The German Immigrants 1830-1860• million & a half came• most arrived with some material goods– most pushed to the Mid-west (Wisconsin) • German contributions: Conestoga wagon, Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree • Characteristics:•tended to be isolationists, better educated (supported public schools-kindergarten)• native born Americans disliked them—they drank beer on the Sabbath

Political Parties Emerge to Oppose Immigration• arguments- they are taking our jobs, they are Catholic• 1849- The Order of the Star Spangled Banner- later developed into the American Party or “Know-Nothings”; called for restrictions on immigration & naturalization & laws deporting paupers.• Due to Nativism, many Roman Catholic immigrants set up a separate education system to prevent Protestant indoctrination in public schools• By 1850- Catholics were number one denomination

Violence against immigrants• 1834- Boston; Catholic convent burned by a mob• 1844- Philadelphia; Irish Catholics vs. nativists- two Catholic churches burnt down, 13 citizens killed, 50 wounded.• Why were such violent episodes not more frequent?• the American economy provided immigrants a way to make a living without really jeopardizing native populations• without immigrants- the US might have missed the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution- Modern Factory system1750- British inventors perfected machines for mass production of textiles and protected their industry through secrecy.• many of these machines used steam power • affected agricultural production, communication, & transportation Why was America slow to embrace the Industrial Revolution?• land was cheap= immigrants not willing to coop up in smelly factories= labor was scarce• Capital was not plentiful= raw materials undeveloped, undiscovered, unsuspected. • US could not produce goods of high quality to compete with British manufacturers = British had a monopoly on textiles machinery= tried to keep technology secret.

The Factory System comes to America• Samuel Slater- “Father of the Factory System”; backed by Quaker capitalist Moses Brown, built textile machines based on British models= 1791- 1st efficient American machine to spin cotton thread • Eli Whitney 1793- developed the cotton-gin= 50 times more effective than hand picking seeds from cotton= cotton becomes profitable= South more dependent on slavery

Eli Whitney: The Cotton Gin,

1791

Effects of the Cotton Gin:1.Raising of cotton became highly profitable.2.Revived Slavery in the South (slavery had been dying out since the Revolution) Important!!!3.Southerners cleared more & more land…bought more & more slaves.4.Cotton growing moved into the Deep South of Alabama & Mississippi5.Northern Textile factories prospered as they spun Southern cotton into cloth**The Industrial Revolution in America was driven by Textile Production!

•

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin Invented 1790

Growth of “King Cotton”To the Deep South

The Northeast Became an Industrial The Northeast Became an Industrial CenterCenter

Factories (mostly Textiles) first flourished in New England then Factories (mostly Textiles) first flourished in New England then spread to NY, NJ, Penn.spread to NY, NJ, Penn.1.1.Rocky soil made farming difficult & manufacturing attractive.Rocky soil made farming difficult & manufacturing attractive.

2.2.Dense populations= labor force, markets.Dense populations= labor force, markets.

3.3.Shipping brought capital (money) & ports allowed import of raw materials & Shipping brought capital (money) & ports allowed import of raw materials & export of finished products.export of finished products.

4.4.Rapid Rivers provided water powerRapid Rivers provided water powerDuring the War of 1812, Americans had to manufacture; “Buy American” was During the War of 1812, Americans had to manufacture; “Buy American” was a popular slogan.a popular slogan.End of the War, Britain dumped cheap products into the US=MANY American End of the War, Britain dumped cheap products into the US=MANY American businesses went bankruptbusinesses went bankrupt1816 Tariff –gave some protection to American factories.1816 Tariff –gave some protection to American factories.

•By 1840, 400 million pounds of southern cotton fed over 1000 factories (mills) By 1840, 400 million pounds of southern cotton fed over 1000 factories (mills) mostly in New Englandmostly in New England

•The South had very few factories because their capital (money investments) The South had very few factories because their capital (money investments) were wrapped up in slaves & land.were wrapped up in slaves & land.

•1830s, Industrialization

grew throughout the North…

•Southern cotton shipped to Northern

textile mills therefore; both economies were interdependent.

The Growth of Cotton Textile ManufacturingThe Growth of Cotton Textile Manufacturing, 1810, 1810––18401840

•Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

•Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories.

•Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry.

•Children aged 7-12 were first employees. Later women added. He housed them and

provided religion & education

Samuel Slater was the "Father of the "Father of the American Factory American Factory

System."System."

The Lowell MillsThe Lowell MillsThe Lowell MillsThe Lowell MillsBegun by The Boston Associates (investment group) & led by Begun by The Boston Associates (investment group) & led by Francis Lowell. Built on the Charles River, Waltham, Mass.Francis Lowell. Built on the Charles River, Waltham, Mass.First textile mill in the nation to have cotton-to-cloth First textile mill in the nation to have cotton-to-cloth production under ONE roof.production under ONE roof.Recruited young New England Girls (Lowell Girls) who lived Recruited young New England Girls (Lowell Girls) who lived in company boarding houses, worked 80 hours per week six in company boarding houses, worked 80 hours per week six days a week. days a week. Work day began at 5:00am until 7pmWork day began at 5:00am until 7pm

Francis C. LowellFrancis C. Lowell (a British (a British ““traitortraitor””) came over here to ) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul MoodyMoody

Together they improved the mill and invented a power Together they improved the mill and invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturingloom that revolutionized textile manufacturing

• Lowell Girls - typical “profile”• Factory Girls Association

• Lowell Girls - typical “profile”• Factory Girls Association

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

Early Early Textile Textile LoomLoom

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses

The Lowell System Lowell,

Massachusetts, 1832

Young New England farm girlsYoung New England farm girls Supervised on and off the jobSupervised on and off the job Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a

dayday Escorted to church on SundayEscorted to church on Sunday

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

Eli Whitney & Interchangeable PartsEli Whitney & Interchangeable Parts

The factory system flourished and embraced numerous The factory system flourished and embraced numerous other industries like manufacturing of firearms.other industries like manufacturing of firearms.Eli Whitney wanted to mass produce guns for the US Eli Whitney wanted to mass produce guns for the US Army.Army.Up to this point in history…each part of a firearm had Up to this point in history…each part of a firearm had been hand tooled.been hand tooled.Eli Whitney decided to have machines make each part Eli Whitney decided to have machines make each part of the gun so that each part would be as much alike as of the gun so that each part would be as much alike as another= several guns could be disassembled & another= several guns could be disassembled & reassembled using the parts of each reassembled using the parts of each ((INTERCHANGEABLE PARTSINTERCHANGEABLE PARTS))Widely adopted to many other factories making other Widely adopted to many other factories making other products products

Samuel Colt’s Revolver—basis for modern mass production

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer1840s

Sewing Machine

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer1840s

Sewing Machine

Invented by Elias HowePerfected by Isaac Singer

Gave boost to northern industryEffect: foundation for ready-made clothing industry

&Drove many home seamstresses into the factory

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1835 – Telegraph1835 – Telegraph

In 1835 Samuel Morse invented theTelegraph machine which transmittedElectric pulses over long distances•He also invented “Morse Code”, aType of language by which peopleCould communicate using the telegraph•1844- ran wire from Washington to Baltimore (40 miles) and tapped out a Message “What Hath God Wrought?”

The Rise of CorporationsThe Rise of Corporations Technological Changes brought changes in the form Technological Changes brought changes in the form

& legal status of business organization.& legal status of business organization.

1.1.Limited LiabilityLimited Liability- permits an investor to risk no - permits an investor to risk no more than his share of a corporation’s stock in more than his share of a corporation’s stock in cases of legal claims.cases of legal claims.

Encouraged individual investments in businessesEncouraged individual investments in businesses The Boston Manufacturing Associates The Boston Manufacturing Associates (earliest (earliest

investment capital companies)—dominated textiles, investment capital companies)—dominated textiles, railroads, insurance, & banking.railroads, insurance, & banking.

2. 2. Laws of “Free IncorporationLaws of “Free Incorporation”– allowed ”– allowed businessmen to create their own corporations businessmen to create their own corporations without applying to state legislatures for charters of without applying to state legislatures for charters of incorporation. incorporation.

Workers as “Wage Slaves” Develops•industrialization ended the master craftsman & apprentice relationships= factory work became impersonal• slum like communities grew up around factories • workers worked for low wages, long hours in unsanitary buildings• labor union were forbidden• many of the nation’s workers were children (under age 10) • 1820’s-1830’s- states granted working men the vote= fight to get 10 hour work day, higher wages• employers fought workers demand for 10 hour days• workers used the strike in the 1820’s & 1830’s= employers hired strikebreakers (“scabs”)• 1842- Commonwealth v. Hunt- Supreme Court ruled that unions were not illegal conspiracies.

Women & the Economy• Farm women & girls played important role in pre-industrial economy= factories undermined these activities like spinning, churning butter etc.• factories offered work to young women & economic independence• “Factory Girls”= worked 6 days a week, low wages, 12-13 hours a day (Boston Assoc. Lowell, Mass mills employed women & children)• forbidden to join unions, escorted to church• Catharine Beecher- urged women to consider teaching = teaching became feminized.** Factory jobs were unusual for women•Vast majority of working women were single; marriage caused them to leave work for the “home sphere” to work as wives & mothers = “cult of domesticity”(society glorified role of homemaker)

Effects on Families•Love--- not parental arrangement became basis of marriage=parents still had veto power• families became more close-knit & affectionate= home as emotional refuge•Families became smaller= less children (end of 1700’s 6 family member average to 5 at end of 1800’s)

Industrial Growth’s Effects Industrial Growth’s Effects on Familyon Family

Industrial Growth’s Effects Industrial Growth’s Effects on Familyon Family

Fertility Rates (number of births among women aged 14 Fertility Rates (number of births among women aged 14 to 45) dropped by half from the end of the Revolution to 45) dropped by half from the end of the Revolution (1783) through the 1800’s.(1783) through the 1800’s.Birth control was taboo—but some form was being Birth control was taboo—but some form was being usedused““Domestic FeminismDomestic Feminism”: Women were making active ”: Women were making active decisions to reduce family size (shows growing power decisions to reduce family size (shows growing power & independence of women while wrapped in “Cult of & independence of women while wrapped in “Cult of Domesticity”).Domesticity”).Smaller families becameSmaller families became::Child centered (parents have fewer children= more time to Child centered (parents have fewer children= more time to lavish them with attention).lavish them with attention).Discipline changed—a new permisssivenessDiscipline changed—a new permisssiveness in child rearing (the child’s will was not to be broken, but shaped)in child rearing (the child’s will was not to be broken, but shaped)The family operated as a kind of republic—children raised to be The family operated as a kind of republic—children raised to be independent & make their own decisionsindependent & make their own decisions

The Revolution in Agriculture• Ohio-Indiana, Illinois= was becoming the nation’s breadbasketEarly Pioneers: cleared forests and planted corn (versatile crop) which could be fed to hogs or distilled into liquor. Both products could be transported more easily than bulky grain.•Most western produce was floated down Mississippi River to feed the “Cotton Kingdom”.•Western farmers looked for new ways to cultivate more land.Problem of the western farmer:How to cultivate thick mat of soil which snagged & broke wooden plows.

1837- John Deere (Illinois) produced a STEEL BLADE PLOW (broke tough soil easily) and pulled by a team of horses not oxen

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

In 1831 at Steeles Tavern, Virginia, Cyrus McCormick demonstrated his reaper.Significance:•Allowed a single farmer to do the work of five men.•Subsistence farming gave way to food production for domesticAnd foreign markets.•Large scale, specialized, cash crop agriculture emerged•Made ambitious capitalists out of humble farmers.Effects: led to indebtedness by famers who bought land & machines with loans.•Soon produced larger crops than the south•Could only be moved north or south on rivers

The Transportation RevolutionThe Transportation Revolution

1789-when Constitution was launched, primitive methods of 1789-when Constitution was launched, primitive methods of travel were still in use:travel were still in use:Stage coaches & wagons traveled rough muddy pathsStage coaches & wagons traveled rough muddy paths

New methods had to be developed if raw materials were to New methods had to be developed if raw materials were to be transported to factories & products delivered to be transported to factories & products delivered to consumersconsumers..1790’s—1790’s—Lancaster Turnpike Lancaster Turnpike (Penn.) built by private (Penn.) built by private company; 62 miles from Philadelphia to Lancaster.company; 62 miles from Philadelphia to Lancaster.Returned 15% annual dividends to stockholders.Returned 15% annual dividends to stockholders.Turnpike building boom that lasted 20 years= helped with Turnpike building boom that lasted 20 years= helped with westward settlement.westward settlement.Faced opponents—states rights supporters opposed federal Faced opponents—states rights supporters opposed federal aid for local road projectsaid for local road projects

The Transportation Revolution

• The National Road (Cumberland Road)- started 1811 ended 1839; Western Maryland to Vandalia Illinois- completed in 1852—591 miles

The Steamboat: steamboat craze overlapped turnpike craze.•1807 Robert Fulton & The Clermont -chugged from NY up the Hudson 150 miles to Albany in 32 hours= waterways became two way transportation arteries= By 1860 1000 steamboats on Mississippi River= opened West & South (river rich) to trade• Erie Canal (1825)- linked Great Lakes with Hudson River.• Erie Canal= lowered cost of transporting goods (ex: ton of grain from Buffalo fell from $100 to $5) = land values around canals increased & cities developed (Rochester & Syracuse.• 1828- 1st Railroad appeared in US; BY 1860- 30,000 miles of track crisscrossed the US• Cyrus Field (1858) trans-Atlantic telegraph cable- replaced in 1866 by heavier cable

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

1ST ATTEMPT•LASTED 3 WEEKS•REDUCED COMMUNICATION TIME•FROM 10 DAYS TO A FEW MINUTES

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONTRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION

Robert FultonRobert Fulton’’s s ClermontClermont plies the plies the Hudson RiverHudson River

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Internal Improvements•Helped unite the country as well as improve the

economy and the infant industry.

•Because of the British blockade during the War of

1812, it was essential for

internal transportation improvements.

National National Market Market

EconomyEconomy: :

Inland Inland Freight Freight

Rates, 1790-Rates, 1790-18651865

Shipping & Pony Express• Clipper ships-long, narrow & swift hauled high value cargo faster• Clipper ships eclipsed by British iron tramp steamers (slower, steadier, more reliable.• 1858- stagecoaches carried citizens from Missouri to California.• 1860- Pony Express established to carry mail 2,000 miles from Missouri to California (later obsolete because of Samuel Morse & telegraph).

Transportation Binds the nation • Until 1830- produce from west region went southward on to the ports of New Orleans. (Steamboats bound west & south together)• canals & RR radiated east= robbing Mississippi River of traffic= NY became a major seaport (joined west & east together) The Continental Economy- each region specialized in a particular type of economic activity: South- cotton to export to NE & Britain• West- grain & livestock to feed factory workers in the East & Europe•East- made machines & textiles for South & West

•Telegraph revolutionized communication

•Would replace the Pony Express by

1861

The Market Revolution•Dramatic Change: transformed a subsistence economy of scattered farms & workshops to national network of industry & commerce.

Families: traditional women’s work became devalued= home was no longer the center of economic production= became a sphere for women

Increased prosperity to all American's= widened gulf between rich & poor (John Jacob Astor left $30 million at his death in 1848)• unskilled workers shifted town to town= myth of social mobility??• US provided more opportunity than the OLD WORLD.

New Questions New Questions The new market economy created vast wealth for some The new market economy created vast wealth for some and raised new questions about winners & losers.and raised new questions about winners & losers.

Should the government regulate monopolies?Should the government regulate monopolies?

Who should own technologies & networks that made Who should own technologies & networks that made America hum in the 1840’s & 1850’s?America hum in the 1840’s & 1850’s?

The Supreme Court:The Supreme Court:Chief Justice John Marshall & court protected contract Chief Justice John Marshall & court protected contract rights by requiring state governments to grant rights by requiring state governments to grant ““irrevocable chartersirrevocable charters” (made it difficult for new ” (made it difficult for new companies to get into a business)= monopolies formedcompanies to get into a business)= monopolies formed