Upload
hoangque
View
217
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
F O R G I N G T H E N AT I O N A L E C O N O M Y :
1 7 9 0 - 1 8 6 0
C H A P T E R 9
A P U S H I S T O R Y
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
• Students will be able to
– Identify the causes of westward migration
following the War of 1812.
– Explain the rise of the market economy and
how this change affected where Americans
lived and how they were living.
– Describe the rise of industrialization.
– Evaluate the reasons for the increases in
urban poverty during this period.
– Explain how the market economy and
industrialization altered and influenced
familial and community relationships.
GRADING RUBRIC:• For this lesson, you will be graded using the following rubric:
Points Earned: Explanation:
3Student clearly explains the reasons for the growth of the market economy, providing and explaining at least 3 examples of transportation changes that would further the market economy.
2Student explains the reasons for the growth of the market economy and supports his/her explanation by identifying at least 2 examples of transportation changes that would further the market economy.
1Student somewhat explains reasons for the growth of the market economy; however the student could only identify at 1 examples of a transportation change that would further the market economy. Discussion of this change was minimal.
0Student did not submit a writing assignment or could not explain a reason for the growth of the market economy by identifying or explaining an example of transportation changes that would further the market economy.
WORKING THE LAND: THE AGRICULTURAL BOOM
• The removal of the Indians and the high prices escalating
demand for wheat and corn drew more settlers than ever
into the Old Northwest.
• What increased the land grab in the Old Southwest?
– Eli Whitney’s cotton gin (1793)
– The boundless need of the British textile industry for
raw cotton
• After the War of 1812
– Southeasterners poured into Alabama and Mississippi
– What effect does this have?
• INCREASE the prices of land
• TRIPLING the nation’s cotton production
• Cotton will account for 66.6% of America’s foreign
export by 1836!!!
TH
E G
RO
WT
H O
F T
HE
MA
RK
ET
EC
ON
OM
Y
• High crop prices after the War of 1812 tempted more
farmers than ever to switch from subsistence farming to
commercial agriculture!
• Commercial agriculture will open up new opportunities
for Western farmers.
• Does this truly benefit these farmers?
– NO! This practice will open them up to GREATER
risks!
– Many will have to borrow money to buy lands
– This was necessary to survive until the first
commercial crops arrived!
• Could the farmers work their way out of debt?
– YES! HOWEVER – this was difficult because the debt
made these farmers vulnerable to the fluctuations in
price, supply, and demand in world markets.
FEDERAL LAND POLICY
• How did land policy impact America?
– Jeffersonian Republicans introduced land policies
aimed at a speedy transfer of the public domain to
the FARMERS!
– Between 1800 and 1820, the government cut the
minimum price per acre.
– The minimum number of acres that could be
purchased was also reduced.
• How does this work for America?
– Most of the government land was sold at auction
– Speculators often bid the prices UP (far above the
minimum pricing)
• What ENCOURAGED speculation?
– The easy availability of credit!
THE SPECULATOR AND THE SQUATTER• How do squatters enter this picture?
– Poor settlers who did not have the money to buy at
auction simply squatted on government lands.
• What power did Squatters have here?
– They exerted pressure on Congress to grant them
preemption rights over speculators.
– Were they granted rights? YES – 1841
• What type of agriculture will squatters practice?
– COMMERCIAL – this is chosen to gain enough
money to purchase their existing lands from the
government.
• What is the reality?
– After exhausting the soil’s fertility growing cash
crops, the squatters often moved on to new lands.
THE PANIC OF 1819• How do we define a panic?
– A sudden, widespread alarm concerning finances,
often resulting in a rush to SELL!
• What caused this panic?
– The land boom collapsed and crop and western
land prices DROPPED
– Speculators were ruined
• Did this lead to a depression?
– YES! The Depression of 1819
• How did the nation respond?
– The National Bank tightened credit
– Called in the notes of the overextended western
banks
• How does this impact the nation?
– The hard times experienced by agriculture and
industry had a long-term political effect!
TR
AV
ER
SIN
G T
HE
LA
ND
: TH
E
TR
AN
SP
OR
TA
TIO
N
RE
VO
LUT
ION
• Before 1820:
– available transportation
facilities were
unsatisfactory
– Existing roads were
adequate for transporting
people – NOT goods
– Bulky load with horse-
drawn wagons moved
slowly and cost a great
deal
– The rivers west of the
Appalachian Mountains
flowed north to south.
• Beginning in 1820:
– The nation experienced a
TRANSPORATION
REVOLUTION!
STEAMBOATS, CANALS, AND RAILROADS:
• How did river transportation change?
– 1807: Robert Livingston and Robert
Fulton introduced the steamboat (the
Clermont)
– Livingston and Fulton gained a
monopoly on ferry services between
New York and New Jersey.
– Rivers became a ‘two-way street’ for
commerce
– Steamboats altered the way that travel
happened
• Gibbons v. Ogden: Congress could
regulated interstate commerce in
navigation!
– State granted monopolies collapsed!
– From 1817 to 1855: steamboats
operating on western rivers increased
from 17 to 727! Making travel easier.
• Steamboats assume a vital role along the
Mississippi-Ohio river system.
– Before these vessels, keelboats (covered flatboats)
were used.
– These were difficult to use because you had to
push them with oars.
– It would take a keelboat 3-4 months to make the
journey to New Orleans.
– A steamboat could make the trip in 25 days!
• Steamboat passengers travelled in luxury!
– Cabins and lounges were available.
– Skylights, chandeliers, and velvet-upholstered
furnishings were used.
• What would replace roads and turnpikes as the focus of
investment? Canals!
– The cost of canal construction was considerably higher!
– Canals offered the chance to connect the Mississippi-Ohio
river systems and the Great Lakes with eastern markets.
– Canals could reduce shipping costs between $.20 and $.30 a
ton per mile. (this cost savings would lessen over time.)
• The Erie Canal:
– Constructed between 1817 and 1825.
– Connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie.
– Produce from the Ohio could reach New York City along a
continuous stretch of waterways.
– This canal’s completion began the canal boom of the 1820s
and 1830s.
• What ended canal projects? An economic depression in the mid
1830s.
• What is replacing the canals? RAILROADS!
LITH
OG
RA
PH
OF
TH
E E
RIE
CA
NA
L AT
LOC
KP
OR
T
RAILROADS AND AMERICA:• In 1825: The world’s first commercial railroad began
operation in ENGLAND!
• How did this move impact America?
– By 1840: Americans had laid some 3,000 miles of
track (roughly equivalent to the total mileage of
canals)
– Cities lacking major water connections turned to
railroads to gain a share on the western market.
• Is there an advantage to a railroad or a canal?
– Railroads had significant advantages!
• Cheaper to construct than a canal!
• Could achieve a faster speed.
• Could reach more markets.
– Early railroads ran between cities in the East.
– More passengers were carried than freight.
WHICH IS BETTER: CANALS OR RAILROADS?
CANALS:
• Canals had been
constructed by state
governments.
• Expensive to construct
– cheap to maintain.
• Lasted for decades.
• Transport prices
remained low.
RAILROADS:
• Most railroads were
constructed by private
corporations seeking
quick profits.
• Cost-cutting measures
were used in
construction: expensive
to maintain.
• Transport prices were
higher than canals.
Prompt:
In a well-written paragraph, explain how transportation
changes would increase the growth of the market economy in
the United States from 1790-1860. Cite specific examples to
support your answer.
Points Earned: Explanation:
3Student clearly explains the reasons for the growth of the market economy, providing and explaining at least 3 examples of transportation changes that would further the market economy.
2Student explains the reasons for the growth of the market economy and supports his/her explanation by identifying at least 2 examples of transportation changes that would further the market economy.
1Student somewhat explains reasons for the growth of the market economy; however the student could only identify at 1 examples of a transportation change that would further the market economy. Discussion of this change was minimal.
0Student did not submit a writing assignment or could not explain a reason for the growth of the market economy by identifying or explaining an example of transportation changes that would further the market economy.