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F O R E W O R D
This manual is a revision of an earlier report of the same type issued in 1955. This revised version includes current costs of labor, machinery, equipment and supplies, as well as additional information relative to engineering, training, safety, markets, sales, financial and economic factors.
This manual is designed to provide a general picture of the factors which must be considered in establishing and operating a small-scale factory of thie type. It should prove useful in creating interest in the subject, and serve to give enough understanding of the related considerations to help government officials, other leaders and businessmen to determine whether the potential deserves more-detailed attention.
However, it is important to note that in most cases plans for the actual development and installation of a plant will require expert engineering and financial advice in order to meet specific local situations. For further information and assistance, readers should contact their local Productivity Center, Indus- trial Institute, Servicio, or United States Operations Mission.
Mention of the name of any firm, product, or process in this manual is not to be considered a recomendation or endorsement by the International Cooperation Administration, but merely a citation that is typical in its field.
The original report was prepared by the Wolf Management Engineer- ing Company, Chicago, Illinois.
Technical information, as well as review, was provided by Tech- nical Enterprises, Inc., 31 South Street, New York 4 , New York.
This manual has been revised and rewritten by George H. Andrews Engineering Associates, Inc. 411 Southern Building, Washington 5, D. C.
April 1959
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
General Assumptions
The Market
Production Methods
Production Tools and Equipment
Production Capacity
Other Tools and Equipment
Furniture and Fixtures
Molding Materials
Thermoplastic Materials
Material Requirements
Plant Layout
Plant Site
Building
Power
Fuel
Water
Truck
Direct Labor
Indirect Labor
Supplies
Depreciation
Manufacturing Overhead
Manufacturing Cost
Manufacturing Unit
Unit Cost
Fixed Assets
Working Capital
Capital Requirements
Page
1
2
3
4
7
8
8
8
9
10
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
Page
Sales Revenue
Recapitulation of Costs, Sales and Profits
Budget Control
Budget Contro Accounts
Purchase Requisition
Voucher Check
Engineering
Training
Safety
S m r y
Export Markets
Marketing Problems
Economic Factors
Personnel
Laws and Regulations
Financial Factors
Financial Requirements of the Project
Short Term Bank Credit
Financial Plan
Glossary
Bib1 iography
Abbreviations
Salt and Pepper Shaker
Some Typical Molded Products
Injection Molding Machine
Basic Components of Injection Molding Machine
Plastics Granulator
Tool Room Equipment
Scrap Seperation
Flow Chart
Plant Layout
P L A N T R E Q U I R E M E N T S
T O S E T U P A N D O P E R A T E
A P L A S T I C S M O L D I N G P L A N T
INTRODUCTION
In planning a plastics molding business, just as in planning any other type of manufacturing operation, many factors must be con- sidered. Some of these are:
1. What are plastics and what is plastic molding? 2. What products are made of plastics? 3. What are the principal kinds of plastics and their uses? 4. What is the market for plastics products? 5. How much capital is required? 6. What about technical and operating problems? 7. What about costs? 8. Would a plastics molding plant be profitable?
In this prospectus, these and similar questions of concern to those interested in planning a small plastics molding plant are answered.
It has been assumed, for this prospectus, that the market for the products of any plastic molding plant which might be established will be primarily non-industrial. It has also been assumed that a hypothetical plan, if sound from the point of view of both economics and technical considerations, would be helpful. Accordingly, such a plan with the capital requirements limited to approximately $240,000 is presented.
The techniques of molding have developed along several lines, the mast c o m n being:
1. Compression molding 2. Injection molding 3. Transfer molding (a form of injection molding) 4. Impression molding
The injection method is recommended because the capital required is low and production rates high, and because the products may vary over a wide range of color, design and material. Also, if care is given to storing the scrap, such as flash, defective pieces, sprues, and runners, it may be completely reused simply by regrinding as required.
Injection molding is the process by which molding material is heated to a plastic state in a cylindrical chamber and forced under pressure, by the movement of a plunger, successively through a nozzle orifice, hole (sprue) and connecting channels (runners) and orif ices (gates) into the cavities of a relatively cool mold where it solidifies to form molded objects. See Figure 1.
GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS
I n order t o make r e a l i s t i c e s t i m a t e s i n t h i s manual, c e r t a i n assumptions a r e made. These a r e :
1. The c o s t s of t h e bu i ld ing and genera l f a c i l i t i e s a r e based on United S t a t e s p r i c e s .
2. Ma te r i a l c o s t s a r e based on s i z e s and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s of m a t e r i a l s used i n t h e United S t a t e s .
3. Labor c o s t s a r e based on the average f o r t h e i n d u s t r y a s r e c e n t l y publ ished by the United S t a t e s Bureau of Labor.
4. Adequate power and water a r e a v a i l a b l e a t t he p l a n t s i t e .
5. Adequate t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e a t t he p l a n t s i t e .
6. The p l a n t ope ra t e s t h r e e e i g h t hour s h i f t s a day, f i v e days a week, f i f t y weeks p e r year.
7 . No s p e c i a l p rov i s ion i s made f o r t he t r a i n i n g of new personnel. It i s assumed t h a t l e a r n e r ' s r a t e s a r e paid i n such cases .
8. The fol lowing i tems cannot be es t imated r e a l i s t i c a l l y :
A. Land va lue B. D i s t r i b u t i o n and s e l l i n g c o s t s C. I n - f r e i g h t and o u t - f r e i g h t D. Taxes
While genera l e s t ima te s w i l l be made of each of t he se i t ems , f o r t h e purpose of completing c o s t e s t ima te s , adjustment should be made i n accordance wi th a c t u a l l o c a l cos t s .
I n f a c t , a l l c o s t e s t i m a t e s contained i n t h i s manual should be ad jus t ed t o conform t o l o c a l condi t ions .
9. Columns a r e provided i n t he t a b l e s included i n t h i s manual t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e conversion of c o s t f i g u r e s t o conform wi th l o c a l cos t s .
TWE MARKET
P l a s t i c s meet s o many of t he needs of people everywhere t h a t t he market i s no t on ly very good bu t i s expanding cons tan t ly . For example, i n t he United S t a t e s , s a l e s of molded p l a s t i c p roducts have increased a s shown on the f 01 lowing page.
Dollar Volume of Molded Plastic Products in the United States
Year - Sales
While some of this increase resulted from the rise in average unit price, by far the greater part was due to the increase in the number of units sold. The new applications made each year and the new materials which are made available from time to time indicate thatthe upward trend may be expected to continue for quite some time.
The market for molded plastic products in the countries which do not produce them in significant quantities is now better than it is in the United States; and it should be pointed out that since market saturation is so far in the future for these countries, the potential sales volume of any one firm will be limited more by the creative, productive, and marketing abilities of its own organization than by market saturation.
Plastics molders usually may be grouped by the trade channels through which their products reach the market, such as:
1. Consumer molding: The molded parts are used as components of the products marketed, for example, molded knobs used by radio manufacturers.
2. Proprietary molding: The firm making the molded products also markets them. Toys, games and novelties are good examples.
3. Custom molding; The molder makes molded products to order for his customers who may market them in any of several channels. Lipstick cases are an example.
As may be expected, of course, some firms combine two or even all three of these channels.
Inasmuch as the molding techniques suggested in this prospectus are limited to the injection method, the marketing effort will need to cover only the products which can be made by that method. A few of the thou- sands of different products now being made by this process are illus- trated in Figure 1A.
One of the very first things to be undertaken, even before the final decision to go ahead is made, is a market survey. From a good study of this kind, it is possible to learn, in as definite a fashion as possible:
1. What the potential market volume is for each type of product.
2. How best to reach the market. 3. What the price restrictions are. 4. What the customers' preferences are as to finish,
color, design, and appearance.
Such a survey can usually be made in a relatively short time and will preclude many errors which might otherwise result in loss of capital, even to the point of jeopardizing the whole effort.
Those interested in planning a plastics molding plant should not make the mistake of assuming that the marketing function is less important than production, merely because production has been given more space in this prospectus than marketing.
While it is feasible to present information as to production require- ments in some detail, the information as to marketing unfortunately must be very brief, The effects of location, time, and business conditions should be carefully studied before any commitments are made to set up a new plant.
In the United States, most firms start out by manufacturing for firms which already have a market and the organization to maintain it, and which can furnish the dies. Then, as they learn more about the desires of the buying public and about the trade channels, they begin to develop proprietary specialties. Of course, it follows that they then must be prepared to increase their merchandising effort sufficiently to move their production of new items.
PRODUCTION METHODS
Injection Molding
This process calls for specially designed equipment which will heat the molding material to the proper temperature in a heating chamber and then force it into the mold under high pressure where it takes on the shape of the mold and is cooled enough to "set."
Temperatures, pressures, and time have to be very closely controlled. FOP these reasons, the best results are obtained when the presses are controlled a~tomatically. As soon as the molded pieces have "set," they are removed from the press, along with the sprues and runners so that the mold is clear for the next "shot."
Success in injection molding is based on four factors:
1. Loading
The molds must be so made that they can be loaded with minimum skill, effort, loss of time, and contamination. The materials must be closely controlled as to uniformity and amounts, in order for the finished pieces to be mar- ketable. If the materials are not uniform, undesirable flaws in appearance or strength will result.
I f the amount is l e s s than i t should be, even by a very small amount, t he f i n i shed p ieces w i l l be "short" o r incomplete. I f t he amount i s i n excess of normal, t he re w i l l be excess ive " f lash" o r m a t e r i a l forced o u t around t h e edges of the d ie . Excess m a t e r i a l may a l s o choke the g a t e s , sprues , o r runners , causing "short" pieces .
2. Temperatures and Timing
Var i a t i ons i n riming r e s u l t i n temperature changes, which i n t u rn may scorch t h e m a t e r i a l o r cause s h o r t sho t s , ex- c e s s i v e f l a s h i n g , o r i n f e r i o r appearance.
3 , Proper Pressure
The m a t e r i a l must move r a p i d l y through s e v e r a l r e s t r i c t e d openings, such a s t he nozzle , sprue, runners and g a t e s , on i t s way from the hea t ing u n i t . I f t h e p re s su re drops, t h e p i ece p a r t s w i l l be imper fec t ; i f t h e p re s su re i s too high, f l a s h i n g o r even damage t o t he d i e s w i l l r e s u l t .
4. E j ec t i on Without D i s t o r t i o n
Piece p a r t s must be allowed t o cool t o t h e proper temper- a t u r e before any a t tempt i s made t o remove them from t h e press . Otherwise, they w i l l be warped o r i r r e g u l a r .
Dies - The d i e s f o r i n j e c t i o n molding machines a r e expensive, t h e c o s t s averag- i ng from $2,000 t o $3,000 each f o r d i e s f o r molding non- technica l and non- indus t r i a l items. The investment i n d i e s is s o high t h a t t h e dec i s ion t o make a d i e , o r t o have i t made, should be based on t h e b e s t p o s s i b l e e s t ima te s of p o t e n t i a l s a l e s .
I n t he United S t a t e s t h e r e a r e many molding p l a n t s wi th s e v e r a l d i e s o u t of use f o r t h e reason t h a t t h e market f o r which these d i e s were made has passed i t s peak. Many of t he se d i e s may be borrowed r en t ed , o r even purchased a t very low r a t e s . Many molding p l a n t s i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s a r e tak ing advantage of t h i s s i t u a t i o n , and t h e p r a c t i c e is recommended.
L i s t s of i n j e c t i o n molders a r e a v a i l a b l e i n l i b r a r i e s , o r through p e r i - o d i c a l pub l i she r s , s e e s e l e c t e d re fe rences . -Many s u p p l i e r s of equipment o r of molding m a t e r i a l s w i l l be glad t o assist i n g e t t i n g information. Advertioements i n t he t r a d e p r e s s w i l l u sua l ly produce the names of s e v e r a l molders wi th unused d ies . I n o rde r t o eva lua t e market p o s s i b i l - i t i e s more thoroughly, t he p l a n t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e should r eques t samples of a l l p i ece p a r t s be fo re making any commitments.
Once the n a t u r e of t h e market becomes apparent , t h e next s t e p i s t o secure d i e s a s suggested above. I f s u i t a b l e d i e s a r e no t a v a i l a b l e , then new des igns must be worked ou t , p r e f e r ab ly w i th a small number of c a v i t i e s i n t he f i r s t d i e . Then, wi th adequate samples t o develop t h e market, l a r g e r m u l t i p l e c a v i t y d i e s can be made t o supply t h e market.
Dies must be kept i n r e p a i r and, of course, p roper ly s to red between runs on s u i t a b l e racks and pro tec ted from r u s t and o t h e r damage.
A t y p i c a l four -cavi ty d i e f o r i n j e c t i o n molding i s shown i n Figure 1.
F in i sh ing and Inspec t ing
It i s customary, when the ope ra to r s ope ra t e only one molding machine, f o r them t o remove ga t e s , runners , sprues and f l a s h i n g , and then t o i n spec t and pack the f in i shed pieces.
Of course, those p i eces r equ i r ing a d d i t i o n a l f i n i s h i n g ope ra t ions , such as pa in t ing and assembly, may have t o be handled d i f f e r e n t l y .
Suppl ie re of m a t e r i a l s u sua l ly w i l l be of much assist- ance i n working o u t t he d e t a i l s of such t reatment methods.
PRODUCTION 'FOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
Description
Air Compressor - 2 hp., 60 gal.
Die Truck
Drill Press - #3 Spindle
Band Saw and Filer
Engine Lathe, 14"
Counting Scale
Arbor Press
Oven - 4-0" X 72"
Granulator - 3 hp. For grinding scrap
Bench Grinder
Injection Molding Machine - 4 oz.
Injection Molding Machine - 8 oz. Milling Machine
Surface Plate - 18" X 24"
Benches, stools, furniture, and material handling equipment
Dies
Die Stock
Total
Estimated Cost
Ac tual Cost
The two injection presses listed will mold, at maximum rate, 175 pounds per hour. Experience indicates that good wanage- ment will achieve about 62 per cent of this, or 108 pounds per hour. By operating three eight-hour shifts per day, five days per week, total weekly production will be approximately 12,960 pounds. The annual production, 50 weeks per year, will be approximte 1 y 648,000 pounds.
OTHER TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
Estimated Actual Description cost Cost
Cutting Tools $ 700
Hand Tools 200
Lubricants 100
Pick-up Truck 2,500
Total
FUEZNITUBE AMD FIXTURES
Estimated Number Unit Total Actual
Description Required Cost cost Cost
Desks and Chairs 3 $120 $360
File Cabinets
Typewriter
Adding Machine 1 150 150
Total $ 840
MOLDING MATERIALS
As usually supplied to the molding plant, the molding material consists of a binder, a filler, and color. They are usually referred to by the binder. Some of the binders are: cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, gn?yssyrene, polymethyl methacrylate. Fillers such as asbestos, wood flour, chopped cloth, glass fibers, mica and lignin enriched cellulose are widely used. The colors vary over a wide range of pure colors and their combina- tions. The use of dry colors will help to minimize inven- tories of molding materials.
Molding materials are supplied in the form of powder, pellets, or granules. Some of the more widely used ther- moplastics, their characteristics and some products made from each type are shown on pages 10 and 11.
Since the characteristics and the prices of plastics molding materials vary over such a wide range, it is advisable to procure, before ordering equipment or materials, as complete a catalog file as possible. This file will be so useful in so many ways that an extra ef- fort should be made to make it quite complete and also to keep it up-to-date, as many new materials are made available every year. The names and addresses of sup- pliers of these materials can be found in periodicals, libraries, reference books, or through comercia1 organ- izations such as chambers of commerce or boards of trade.
Moisture absorption by these materials, prior to molding, is a problem. They must be kept as dry as possible; in fact, it is necessary in many cases to provide storage facilities and drying equipment by which temperatures and humidity can be controlled. The suppliers of the plastic materials will supply information as to these requirements.
Scrap (defective pieces, flash, runners and sprues) must be stored in containers so that it can be separated by color, material and manufacturer. This is necessary in order for the products to be uniform in color, appear- ance and characteristic. See Figure 6.
THERMOPLASTIC MOLDING MATERIALS
Materials Characteristics
Cellulose Easily molded, wide color Acetate range, non-inflanrmable,
strong, good dielectric, opaque or transparent, re- sists salt water, weak acids and abrasion, and light weight.
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate
Cellulose Nitrate
High tensile strength, dimensional stability, low moisture absorption, transparent or opaque, non-inf lammable, and wide color range.
Tough, water-resistant, easily fabricated and cemented, opaque, trans- lucent and transparent, good color range, and in£ lammable.
Ethyl High strength, low den- Cellulose sity, good dimensional
stability, light weight, works easily, excellent electrical properties, re- sists alkali, good impact resistance at low tem- peratures.
Polymethyl High transparency and Methacrylate light transmission,
strong, rigid, dimen- sional stability, good dielectric, resists water and weather, light weight non-inflammable, and un- limited color range.
Typical Products
Buckles, buttons, clock cases, combs, costume jewelry, handles, fishing lures, fountain pens, latches, pulls, kitchen accessories, toys, and vanity cases.
All items shown for Cellulose Acetate, plus others requiring high strength, such as tool handles, hose fittings, pistol grips, whistles, bugles, and hinges.
Ping pong balls, domi- noes, piano keys, buckles, novelties, jewelry, combs, fountain pens, and handles.
Refrigerator trays, toys, tool handles, novelties, games, and decorations.
Bathroom fittings, bowls, vases, cake and pastry knives, blades and handles, cosmetic con- tainers, dentures, brushes, jewelry, tables, chairs, stools, and kitchenware.
Thermoplastic Molding Materials - Continued
Haterials Characteristics
Polystyrene Resists chemical action, low specific gravity, dimensional stability, very low water absorp- tion, high-low tempera- ture strength, high light transmission; and un- limited color range.
Shellac Easily molded, tough, hard, and low cost.
Typical Products
Electric light fittings, molded tiles, dishes, bowls, display units, jewelry and cigarette boxes, knobs, combs, jewelry, buttons, and cosmetic containers.
Records and electrical insulators.
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
The equipment suggested, allowing for a loss of production time of 38 per cent because of delays, breakdowns, repairs, necessary adjustments, and die-changing, and assuming three sRifts of 40 hours per week, should produce approximately 12,960 pounds of molded products per week, or 648,000 pounds per year,
In the United States where molding materials are usually delivered one to five days after ordering, it is good practice to have on hand enough materials for 60 days' operation. In other areas where deliveries rriy not be so prompt, this margin should be correspondingly increased.
The amount of each material to be held in reserve will depend upon orders on hand or anticipated availability of dies and similar factors. This materials inventory should be carefully determined in order to avoid waste and delays and to minimize the amount of capital tied up in inventory.
Current prices in the United States of the principal kinds of injection molding materials are a8 follows:
Estimated Price
Material Per Pound
Polyethylene Polystyrene Cellulose acetate Cellulose acetate butyrate
Actual Cost
For estimating purposes, an average price of $0.50 has been assumed. The annual cost of direct materials is estimated at $324,000.
PLANT LAYOUT
The floor plan shown in Figure 7 can be adjusted to meet local re- quirements, assuming there ate no serious handicaps as to lighting, ventilation, floors, or supporting columns.
In general, it is well to lay out the plant so that production materials and shipping containers enter at one corner near where they are to be stored, and so that they proceed in a path generally following around the walls until they arrive at a point about where they entered. This arrangement, while not rigidly required, is desirable, as it eliminates excessive handling of parts in process. See Figures 7 and 8.
PLANT SITE
In order to provide space for eventual expansion a site of level well drained land comprising about 10,000 square feet would be desirable. The site should be located as advantageously as possible with respect to transporation facilities, power, water, fuel, sources of material, labor and markets. The cost of the site is estimated at $1,000,
BUILDING
A one-story building 50 feet x 70 feet or about 3,500 square feet will be required. The building may be constructed from any suitable local material. It must be well ventilated, lighted, heated and should have a substantial concrete floor. The cost of the building including the boiler, plumbing and wiring is estimated at $5.00 per square foot or approximately $17,500.
POWER
The connected load is approximately 75 kilowatts. The annual cost of power is estimated at $9,000.
It is estimated that the fuel consumption for production, heating and sanitary purposes will amount to $1,800.
About 15 gallons of running water per minute will be required for cooling the molds. The cost of water is estimated at $1,500.
TRUCK
A one-ton pick-up truck is included in other tools and equipment. The cost of the truck driver is shown in indirect labor and the cost of gas, oil and maintenance is shown in supplies.
DIRECT LABOR
Description
Lead men
Mold maker
Apprentice mold maker
Utility man
Operators - female (2 per shift)
Total
Description
Manager
Bookkeeper
Clerk - Receiving and Shipping
Truck Driver and Utility man
Total
Number Required
Estimated Hourly Annual Actual Rate Cost Cos t
INDIRECT LABOR
Estimated Number Hourly Annual Actual
Required Rate Cost Cost
SUPPLIES
Item
Lubricants
Hand Tools
Dies
Maintenance Materials
Repair Parts
Office Supplies
Pick-up truck rnain- tenance
Total
Estimated Actual Cost Cos t
$ 150
150
34,220
2,000
2,000
200
DEPRECIATION
Estimated Years Item Cost Life
Building $17,500 20
Production Tools and Equipment 52,780 10
Other Tools and Equipment
Furniture and Fixtures 840 10
Pick-up Truck 2,500 4
Total
Estimated Actual Per Year Per Year
MANUFACTURING OVEMiEAD
Item
Depreciation
Indirect Labor
Supplies
Power
Fue 1
Water
Estimated Actual Cost Cost
Total $77,482
In estimating the cost of manufacture, it has been assumed that one new die per month would be required, whether rented, made outside the plant, or made by plant personnel. Dies made out- side the plant, in the United States, cost from $3,000 to $12,000. The steel for dies made in the plant will average from $250 to $300 per die.
The costs of manufacture can be reduced considerably by buying scrap molding material. Some of the more common materials can be bought currently for $0.18 per pound.
MANUFACTURING COST
Item
Direct Materials
Direct Labor
Manufacturing Overhead
Estimated Actual Cost Cost
Total $ 448,082
MANUFACTURING UNIT
The manufacturing unit for plastics of the type produced is one pound.
UNIT COST
The unit cost of manufacturing is
or approximately $.6915 per pound 648,000
FIXED ASSETS
Item
Land
Building
Production Tools and Equipment
Other Tools and Equipment
Furniture and Fixtures
Pick-up Truck
Total
Item
Estimated Cost
WORKING CAPITAL
Estimated Cost
Direct Materials - 60 days $ 54,000
Direct Labor - 30 days 3,900
Manufacturing Overhead - 30 days 6,500
Reserve for Sales Collections - 30 days 54,000
Total $ 118,400
CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
Iten
Fixed Assets
Working Capital
Total
Actual Coat
Actual Cost
Estimated Actual Cost Cost
SALES WEWE
Custom molders (those molding for other firms) find that prices usually range from $1.00 to $1.30 per pound. Proprietary items will usually bring much higher prices. In projecting estimated revenues, the lower figure of $1.00 has been used.
At $1.00 per pound the annual gross sales would be 648,OO X $1.00 or $648,000.
RECAPITULATION OF COSTS, SALES AND PROFITS
Estimated Item Cost
Direct Materials $ 324,000
Direct Labor 46,600
Manufacturing Overhead 77,482
Total Manufacturing Cost $ 448,082
Interest on Loans $ 6,000
Insurance
Legal
Auditing 3,600
Unforeseen Expense 15,918
Total Administrative Cost 29,918
Sales Connnissions, Travel Freight Out, Bad Debts, Discounts and Allowances
Profit before Taxes
Total Annual Gross Sales
Actual Cost
BUDGET CONTROL
A requis i t ion form designed t o provide accurate records of procurement and indicate the purpose of procurement with the l e a s t amount of time and e f f o r t i s shown on the following page.
This form has an account number fo r each type of the various expendi- tu res which the manager w i l l review i n de t a i l , monthly or oftener, i n order t o control h i s expenses. Sme items, such a s power and water, are usually under contract and a re eas i ly checked by reference t o monthly b i l l s . For simplification, items (marked with an as te r i sk below) a r e m i t t e d frm the purchase requis i t ion. Variations i n the labor costs a r e eas i ly reviewed by examination of the payroll vouchers The simplified type of control thus provided makes cer ta in t h a t the manager can control expenditures pranptly.
Following =the requis i t ion form, a sample voucher check i s shown. Voucher checks should be used for the payment of all expenditures and the appropriate book account number placed on each voucher.
A t the end of each month the manager w i l l receive a statement of all expenditures broken down by budget accounts. I f the expenditures ex- ceed the budgeted monthly allowances of any of the accounts, the bookkeeper w i l l k n i s h the manager with a break-down of a l l expendi- tu res r e l a t i ve t o the budgeted accounts exceeded. A l l these supporting data can be secured by reference t o the purchase requis i t ions and the check vouchers. This reference w i l l enable the manager t o determine what caused the over-expenditure and take corrective action.
If a t any time during each month it becames apparent t h a t expenditures w i l l exceed any of the budget accounts, the bookkeeper w i l l bring t h i s t o the a t tent ion of the manager fo r h i s information and action.
BUDCrET CONTROL ACCOUNTS
Monthly Monthly Annual Account Number Ekpense Budget Budget Actual
Administrative $ $ 1,166 Sales 3,333 Direct Materials 27,000 Supplies 326 Powe fl 7 50 Water+ 125 m e 1 150 Unforeseen Expense 1,328 ( ~ e s e r v e ~ c c o u n t ) ~ i r e c t Labor+ 3,883 46,600 Indirect Labofl 1,588 19,000 Depreciation ( ~ e s e r v e A C C O ~ ~ ~ ) --- 6,962
Note: Administrative includes interest on loans, insurance, legal and auditing.
30 MATERIALS a 60 UNFORESEEN EXPENSE
INDICATE BELOW THE USE OF MATERIALS
DIRECT MATERIALS MAINTENANCE SERVICES
PURCHASE REQUISITION
I MAINTENANCE MATERIALS OPERATING SUPPLIES
10 ACMINISTRATION 0 40 SUPPLIE
2 0 SALES 50 U T I L I T I E
COMPANY NAME
I QUOTES I REQUISITIONED BY
DATE
QUANTITY
I
PLEASE ORDER TH3SE MATERIALS OR SERVICES
DESCRIPTION
I
QUOTES FROM I
I
APPROVED BY.
I
QUOTE I I ORDER NO. FROM
I
' DELIVERY WANTED
ORDER DATE
UNIT TOTAL
R. W. MITCHELL MANUFACTURING COMPANY 1422 BOSWORTH STREET. S. E.
ANYWHERE* U. S. A- 1 9 No. 10000
L _I
TO FIRST NATIONAL BANK ANYWHERE, U. S . A.
R. W. MITCHELL MANUFACTURING COMPANY
my S A M P L E C H E C K VICE PRESIDENT
--- - . . - - - -. - -
ACCOUNT NUMBER
Sample voucher check to be used for the payment of all expenditures in connection with Budget Control.
R. W. MITCHELL MANUFACTURING COMPANY
ENGINEERS
The services of professional engineers a re desirable i n the design of t h i s plant, even though the proposed plant i s small.
A correct design i s one which provides the grea tes t econcany i n the investment of f'ur~ds and es tabl ishes the basis of opera- t ion t h a t w i l l be most prof i table i n the beginning and w i l l a l so be capable of exgansion without expensive a l t e r a t i on .
The addresses of professional engineers who special ize i n indus t r ia l design, same of wham may be wil l ing t o undertake such work on low cost projects overseas, can be secured by reference t o the published cards i n various engineering magazines. They ma$ a l so be reached through t h e i r national organizations, one of which is the
National Society of , Professional Ehgineers 2029 K S t ree t , Northwest, Washington 6, D. C.
Manufacturers of indus t r ia l equipment employ engineers familiar with the design and in s t a l l a t i on of t h e i r specialized products. These manufacturers are usually wil l ing t o give ~ r o s p e c t i v e cus tmers the benef i t of technical advice by those engineers i n determining the s u i t a b i l i t y of $heir equipment i n any proposed project . The e q u i p e n t manufacturers a l so know, and can recanmend, professional engineers i n pr ivate pract ice , who a re wi l l ing and able t o provide appropriate consulting services.
TRAINING
Manufacturing an infer ior quali ty of product during the t ra in ing period could create* sa les resistance t h a t might be d i f f i c u l t t o cope with l a t e r . To avoid such poss ib i l i t i es , the qual i ty of the product should be maintained at all times, including the t ra in ing period.
In sane areas sk i l led operators may be available local ly . In other aseas all the operators may have t o be trained.
If sk i l led operators a re not available, adequate t ra ining would be assured by using one or more of the following methods:
A. I f the plant i s designed and in s t a l l ed by a cmpetent engineering f i r m , the contract should be negotiated, i f possible, on a turn-key basis. On this basis the contrac- t o r agrees t o operate the plant and produce the qual i ty and quantity of the product s ta ted i n the contract for an agreed period of time. Such a contract would assure adequate personnel training, since full quantity and quality could not be produced w i t h an untrained organization.
B. The engineering firm that designs and i n s t a l l s the plant can usually make t ra ining arrangements t o have key personnel placed, for t ra ining purposes, i n a foreign industry t h a t produces the same type of product. This would provide t ra ining for the key personnel while the plant i s being instal led.
C. I f neither of the abwe methods i s ppssible, then qual i f ied and experienced individuals should be employed for the key
'
positions, e i the r permanently or teaporarily, t o perfom the key operations and a s s i s t i n t ra in ing the organization, even i f they must be secured outside the country.
D. The manager should have years of successful experience i n this type of business and be fully qual i f ied i n all phases of management, including the t ra in ing of employees.
There is always danger of accident and injury i n any indus t r ia l plant . Because of th i s , the manager should take specif ic action t o bring t o the a t ten t ion of each employee the importance of safety precautions and in- t e l l i g e n t f i rs t a id .
Pract ical ly all machines have safety appliances, and the manager should see t ha t these are i n good working condition and t h a t the operators a r e making f u l l use of them.
In addit ion t o constant watchfulness t o malie sure t h a t a l l practicable safety precautions are taken, f i r s t a id supplies should be readily available. One cmple t e f i r s t a id k i t should be maintained near the manager's off ice , and others a t appropriate places throughout t he plant . Sane of the employees should be t ra ined t o pro- vide f i r s t a id service.
The use of accident posters i n the plant have proved t o be of value i n reducing accidents. It i s recamended t h a t such posters be used, and t h a t some d i r e c t specia l act ion be taker, by the manager, a t l e a s t once each month, t o bring t o the a t ten t ion of a l l personnel the importance of sa fe ty precautions.
A f i r e brigade should be established and each member t ra ined as t o h i s responsibi l i ty i n case of f i r e . Fire dril ls should be conducted periodically.
It i s r ecmended t h a t the employees be encouraged t o o f f e r suggestions o r r ecmenda t ions r e l a t i ve t o preven- t i on of accidents, removal of f i r e hazards and maintaining general i n t e r e s t i n all safety factors .
A small plant, b u i l t and operated according t o the assumptions made i n t h i s manual would be a prof i table undertaking.
There a r e sane determinations, however, t h a t should be made before a decision is reached t o bui ld and operate such a plant . Among the necessary determinations t o be made a r e those with respect t o the following items :
MATERIAIS AND SUPPLIES
1. Are all materials and supplies available locally? 2. I s the l oca l material market competitive? 3. Are sa t i s fac tory delivery of l oca l materials assured at reason-
able prices? 4. materials and supplies must be imported? 5 . Are they available i n world markets a t competitive prices? 6. Would p rmpt delivery of imported materials and supplies be
assured so t ha t large inventories would not be required?
MARKET FACTORS
1. I s there already a demand for the product? A. Who are the pr incipal consumers? B. Who a re possible new consumers?
How i s demand for the product now sa t i s f ied? A. By l oca l production? I f so, what i s the volume of annual
production? B. What percentage of consumption is f i l l e d by l o c a l produc-
tion? C. By imports? I f so, what i s the volume of annual imports? D. What percentage of consumption is met by imports? E. F'rm what areas a re imports derived?
3. What i s the estimated annual increase i n l o c a l consumption over the next f i ve years?
A. How were such estimates made? B. By reference t o o f f i c i a l f igures on population growth,
family budgets, imports, etc.? C. By consultation with t rade o r industry, minis t r ies ,
associations, bankers, camnercial houses, wholesalers, r e t a i l e r s , i ndus t r i a l consumers, etc.?
SUMMARY (continued)
4. If the product i s already being manufactured, can the exis t ing and estimated future l oca l market absorb production of the new plant without price-cutt ing or other dislocations?
5. Would the estimated sales pr ice and quali ty of the new product make it competitive with an imported equivalent?
A. After adjusting cost t o l oca l conditions, i s the estimated sales price of the product so high t h a t t a r i f f protection i s necessary t o protect it frm imports?
EXPORT MARKETS
1. Could the product cmpete i n export markets on the basis of price, qual i ty and dependability of supply?
2. Can export markets fo r the product be developed? 3. I f so, i n what areas and i.n what annual volume? 4. What procedures would be necessary t o develop export markets? 5. !&at would it cost?
MARKETING PROBLEMS
1. In calculating costs of the product, has adequate allowance been made fo r the expense of a sa les department, advertising and pro- motion t h a t m i g h t be required?
2. Do consumer prejudices against loca l ly manufactured products ex i s t?
A. I f so, why? B. Would they apply t o the new product? C. I f so, how could they be overcme and what
would it cost t o do so?
3. marketing and d i s t r ibu t ion f a c i l i t i e s for t he product ex i s t? A . I f not, can they be s e t up? B. What would it cost t o do so?
4. W i l l t he product be sold to: A. Wholesalers? B. Retailers? C . Direct t o consumer? D. Other industries? E. Government?
SUMMARY (continued)
ECONWIC FACTORS
How much foreign exchange (and i n what currency) is required t o import machinery, equipent and supplies:
A. How much foreign exchange (and i n what currency) i s required for annual in teres t payments and amortization of any loans contracted t o import machinery and equip- ment, or for payment of royalties and technical services?
B. How much foreign exchange (and i n what currency) i s required for annual import of raw materials and supplies?
C. What are estimated annual foreign exchange earnings and i n what currencies?
D. Has careful consideration been given t o the possibi l i ty of depreciation i n the foreign exchange value of the local currency?
E. Has careful consideration been given t o the possibi l i ty of import controls, or res t r ic t ions on avai labi l i t ies of foreign exchange necessary t o operate the business?
F. What benefits would the new business bring t o the econcrqy i n the use of loca l raw materials: i n employment and i n technology?
G. Do dependable f a c i l i t i e s ex i s t fo r transportation, power, fuel, water and sewage? (1) If not, can existing deficiencies be eliminated
sat isfactori ly? (2) What would be the cost t o do so?
PERSONNEL
1. Is there an adequate labor supply near the plant location? A. If not, how can the problem be solved?
2. Can the problem of training competent management and super- visory personnel be solved?
A. Also, the training of sk i l led labor? B. I s technical advice available in the locality? C. If not, where can it be obtained and what xi11 it cost?
LAWS AND REGULATIONS
1. Do existing labor laws, government regulations, l a w s and taxes favor establishment of new business?
A. If not, can existing obstacles be remwed? B. If so, how and when?
SUMMARY (continued)
FINANCIAL FACTORS
1. Technical advice on select ion of machinery and equipnent. A. In select ing the machinery and equipnent fo r the
new plant, have reputable and cmpetent engineers and technicians been consulted?
B. Have they been asked for advice on the most sui table types of machinery and equipnent fo r the process and local i ty?
C. Have they careful ly canpared costs of various suppliers? D. Credit terms offered purchasers?
FINANClAL REQUIRENEFE OF THE PRaTECT
1. In estimating t@e cos t of the project, has carefu l considera- t i o n been given to:
A. The e f fec t on costs of delays i n construction schedules? B. In delivery and in s t a l l a t i on of machinery and equipnent? C. In import of essen t ia l raw materials and supplies?
2. In calculating cash flow and working cap i t a l requirements, has careful consideration been given to:
A. Maintaining adequate inventories of r a w materials? B. Supplies and spare parts? C. Seasonal f luctuations i n the business? D. The time required t o l iqu ida te c red i t sa les t o
custcmers and bad debts? E. The period necessary t o get the plant i n to
production? F. Cash required t o amortize i ts pr inciple loans?
3 . I f the econmy is i n a period of in f la t ion , has full allowance been made for the influence of r i s ing prices and wages on the cost of the project and on working cap i t a l requirements?
SHORT TERPl BANK CREDITS
1. H a s it been possible t o make arrangements w i t h l oca l banks t o finance short-time working cap i t a l requirements of the business?
FINANCIAL PIAN
1. Has a def in i te plan t o finance the project been worked out? A. I s su f f i c i en t cap i t a l available locally? B. I f not, what i s the plan t o obtain the required
capital?
GLOSSARY
"A" Stage Resins
Acryl ic
Alkyd
Amino
Aminoplas t
"B" Stage Resins
Bagasse
Blending
B l i s t e r
Bubble
Burned
"C" Stage Resins
Cast
Catalys t
F i r s t r eac t ion s t age of t h e m - s e t t i n g r e s i n s , when they a r e s t i l l so lub le and f u s i b l e ; t he s t age a t which they a r e used f o r impregnation.
Generic name f o r p l a s t i c s made from a c r y l i c ac id o r i t s de r iva t ives .
Resin with a coa l t a r , napthalene and benzene base.
Used as a combining term i n the names of chemical compounds, i t i n d i c a t e s the presence of chemicals derived from annnonia.
The term used t o descr ibe r e s i n s made from amino compounds.
Intermediary s t age of thenno-set t ing r e s i n s a t which they s o f t e n when heated, and swell i n con- t a c t wi th l i q u i d s , but do no t e n t i r e l y fuse o r d isso lve . T h e m - s e t t i n g powders a r e i n t h i s s t age before molding.
Fibrous by-product of sugar cane.
The mixing of a l l i ng red ien t s of a molding com- pound by mechanical means.
Undesired, rounded e l eva t ion on the su r face of a p l a s t i c , with e i t h e r more o r l e s s sharp ly defined boundaries, somewhat resembling i n shape a b l i s t e r on the human skin. A b l i s t e r may bur s t and become f l a t t ened .
I n t e r n a l , sphe r i ca l void, o r a trapped globule of a i r o r o the r gas, e scpec ia l ly i n a t ransparent o r t r ans lucen t p l a s t i c .
Apparent thermal decomposition of a p l a s t i c evidenced by d i sco lo ra t ion o r some d i ~ t o r t i o n o r des t ruc t ion of i t s surface. See a l s o Discolorat ion.
I n f u s i b l e and inso lub le f i n a l s t age of thenno- s e t t i n g r e s ins .
Fabr ica t ion method f o r p l a s t i c ma te r i a l , cons i s t - ing of pouring i t i n t o a mold and cur ing by hea t without pressure.
Substance t h a t , without undergoing any change i t s e l f , i n i t i a t e s o r accelerates a chemical ac t ion .
Cei iu io se
Cel lu lose Acetate
Cei lu lose Acetate Butyrate
Cel lu lose N i t r a t e
Chalking
Cold Molding
Compression Molding
Crazing
Curing
Cycie
Disco lora t ion
Dished
Domed
Dry -Spo t
Dull -Surf ace
Substance which forma the s o l i d s t r u c t u r e of p l an t s .
P l a s t i c s made from a combination of a c e t i c ac id , anhydride and co t ton l i n t e r s . Also used t o desc r ibe a rayon yarn o r f a b r i c wi th t he same base.
P l a s t i c s made from a c e t i c and b u t y r i c a c i d s , and co t ton l i n t e r s .
P l a s t i c s made from n i t r i c and su lphur i c a c i d s and co t ton l i n t e r s .
Dry, cha lk - l i ke appearance o r depos i t on t h e su r f ace of a p l a s t i c .
Fab r i ca t i on method i n which a p l a s t i c compound i s shaped a t room temperature and cured by baking.
Permanent shaping of p l a s t i c o b j e c t s i n molds by the a p p l i c a t i o n of hea t and pressure .
Fine c racks which may extend i n a network over o r under t he su r f ace of o r through a p l a s t i c .
Heat s e t t i n g of a r e s ino id .
One complete opera t ion of a molding press .
Departure e i t h e r from an i n i t i a l o r from what should be a complete un i formi ty of c o l o r shade i n a p l a s t i c ob j ec t . I n t he l a t t e r sense , where they apply, use the more d e f i n i t e terms Mott le , Segregat ion o r Two-Tone.
Symmetrical d i s t o r t i o n of f l a t o r curved s e c t i o n of p l a s t i c which causes i t a s normally viewed t o be concave o r accentua tes i ts concavi ty . See a l s o Warp.
Symmetrical d i s t o r t i o n of f l a t o r curved s e c t i o n of p l a s t i c which causes i t a s normally viewed t o be convex, o r accentua tes i t 8 convexity. See a l s o Warp.
Area of incomplete su r f ace f i l m on laminated p l a s t i c s , o r i n laminated g l a s s , an a r e a over which t h e i n t e r l a y e r and t h e g l a s s have n o t become bonded.
Lack of g l o s s o r l u s t e r i n t h e s u r f a c e of a p l a s t i c approaching a mat te o r sandblas ted f i n i eh .
Ethyl Celluiose
Extrusion Molding
Filler
Filler-Specks
Fish-Eye
Flash
Foreign-Matter
Forming
Frosting
Gloss
Granular Structure
Haze, Internal
Haze, Surface
Plastics made by treating cotton linters or wood pulp with sodium hydroxide and ethyl chloride or sulphate.
The manufacture of rods, tubes, strip or profile rods, by forcing a heat-softened plastic molding compound through a shaped orifice.
Various inert materials which are added to a plastic to give it different characteristics such as toughness, impact strength, and opacity.
Visible specks of a filler used, such as wood- flour or asbestos, which stand out in color con- trast against a background of plastic binder. It should be stated whether the specks are visible before or only after removal of the surface film.
Small globular mass in a transparent or translu- cent plastic which has not disappeared or blended completely into the surrounding material, creat- ing somewhat the appearance of a fish's eye.
Excess molding compound forced out from a mold when it is closed.
Particles of substance included in a plastic which seem foreign to its composition.
Application of force to a heat-softened plastic to give it a desired shape. The operation may consist of simple bending or twisting, or of shaping over a wooden mold.
Crystal or frost-like growth or deposit on the surface sf a plastic.
Brightness or luster of a body proceeding from a smooth surface.
Apparent incomplete fusion of and at least par- tial retention of their original form by the particles from which a plastic is formed, either within or on its surface.
Indefinite cloudy appearance within a transparent plastic.
Indefinite cloudy appearance on the surface of a plastic. See also more definite tern, Chalking, Frosting, and Lubricant-Bloom.
Impression Molding
Injection Molding
Laminated Sheet
Lubricant-Bloom
Melamine
Mica-Specks
Monomer
Mottle
Nylon
Open Bubble
Optical-Distortion
Orange Peel
Phenolic
Pin-Hole
P i t
Fabrication method used for pr"sducing hollow, seamless articles with polythene.
Fabrication of plastic objects by forcing the heat-softened plastic powder into a cold mold of the desired shape.
Two or more sheets of thermoplastic material bonded together by heat and pressure.
Irregular, cloudy, greasy exudation on the sur- face of a plastic.
Plastic or resin with a base of lime, coke, calcium carbide and nitrogen.
Small mica-like spots on the surface of the plastic due to presence of volatile matter dur- ing injection.
Simplest repeating structural unit of a polymer.
Desired or accidental mixture of colors or shades of a color giving a more or leas distinct or complicated pattern of specks, spots, or streaks of color.
Synthetic linear super-polymer monofilaments, yarn and plastic.
Bubble which has broken partly through the sur- face of a plastic. See also Bubble, Pin-Hole.
Property of distorting objects viewed through a transparent plastic, due to its non-uniform optical character and not to its shape.
Uneven surface somewhat resembling an orange peel.
Generic name covering any plastic of which phenol is the chief ingredient.
Undesired, small, sharp or conical elevation on the surface of a plastic, the form of which re- sembles a pimple in the common sense. See also Blister . Tiny but apparently very deep hole in the sur- face of, or through a thin section of plastic, which usually is round and has a rounded edge,
Small regular or irregular hole in the surface of a plastic, usually having somewhat like di- ameter and depth, and often dull. or rough al: the bottom. See also Pin-Hole, and Short.
Plasticize @
Plasticizer
Polymer
The softening of a material to make it plastic or moldable.
Chemical substance added to a plastic compound to make it softer and more flexible,
Chemical compound of high molecular weight, formed by the combination of simpler compounds, having the same chemical elements in the same proportions.
Chemical change which produces a new compound, the molecular weight: of which is a multiple of the original substance.
Polymethyl Methacrylate Transparent plastic made from acrylic acid and derivatives.
Pol.ystyrene See Styrene.
Pol jtthene Straight-chain hydrocarbon plastic.
PoIyvinylidene Chloride Plastics with a petroleum, brine and chloride base.
Porosity Presence of nwnberous visible voids.
Precure
Pre -Forming
Resinoid
Saran
Scaly
Scratch
Segregation
Abnormally rough area on the surface of a mold- ing usually different in shade and quite dull or somewhat lacking in gloss compared with other areas. It may be confused in appearance with a Short except that the ~uface film of resin is not as much lacking and that it is not improved by an increase in charge, and is improved by less pre- heating of, or more rapid application of pressure to, the mold charge. See also Short.
Fabricating process which uses compressed tablets of plastic powder and generally employed for greater speed and accuracy in compression molding.
A synthetic chemical compound, produced by conden- sation aid polymerication to form a resinous sub- stance which possess plastic properties.
Generic name for vinylidene chloride plastic.
Flaked surface appearance.
Shallow mark, groove, furrow, or channel.
A close succession of parallel, rather narrow and sharply defined wavy lines of color on the sur- face of a plastic differing in shade from sur- rounding areas, and creating the impression that components of the plastic have separated,
Sheeter Line
Shor t
S t r i a
P a r a l l e l s c r a t c h e s o r p r o j e c t i n g r i dges d i s - t r i b u t e d over cons iderab le a r e a of a p l a s t i c s h e e t such as m i g h t be produced d u r i n g a s l i c - ing opera t ion .
Incompletely f i l l e d - o u t cond i t i on i n a molding which m y be q u i t e obvious, o r on ly ev ident through absence of su r f ace f i l m i n t i n y o r l a r g e r areas, o r a s l i g h t e r , unfused p a r t i c l e s of m a t e r i a l show through a covering s u r f a c e f i l m accompmied poss ib ly by pecu l i a r th in- skinned b l i s t e r s , It may be c o n f ~ ~ s e d i n ap- pearance wi th a precure except t h a t s u r f a c e f i l m i s mare apt t o be d e f i n i t e l y lack ing , and t h a t i t i s improved by an i nc rease i n mold charge, o r by an a p p l i c a t i o n of p re s su re , such a s w i l l r e t a i n more charge i n t he cav i ty . See a l e o Precure.
Sur face o r i n t e r n a l t h r ead - l i ke inhomogeneities i n t r anspa ren t p l a s t i c .
S tyrene o r Polys tyrene P l a s t i c s wi th a coa l and petroleum base.
Syn the t i c Resin
T h e m p l a s t i c
T h e m - S e t t i n g
Transfer Molding
Two-Tone
Urea
Vinyl
An organic s o l i d o r semi-sol id ma te r i a l b u i l t up by chemical r e a c t i o n and possessing p l a s t i c proper ties.
a
A p l a s t i c r e s i n which s o f t e n s a t a give11 tem- pera ture . A l l p l a s t i c s s o f t e n a t t he nppl ica- t i o n of hea t dur ing the i n i t i a l s t a g e s of t h e i r manufacture; thermoplas t ics r e t a i n this chsr- a c t e r i s t i c even a f t e r f a b r i c a t i o n .
A p l a s t i c which undergoes a chemical change, r e s u l t i n g i n permanent hardening, a t a c e r t a i n temperature. A l t e r a t i o n s of shape can tkere- a f t e r only be e f f e c t e d by c u t t i n g , sawing, and d r i 1 l i ng .
A v a r i a n t of i n j e c t i o n molding, used f o r thermo- s e t t i n g p l a s t i c s .
Two shades of i t s nominal c o l o r more o r less e n t i r e l y covering ad j acen t a r e a s on a molding wi th a more o r less sharp l i n e of demarcation be tween.
General term f o r p l a s t i c s wi th an ammonia, carbon d ioxide and hydrogen base.
P l a s t i c 8 w i t h av inyl acetate or v i n y l c h l o r i d e base.
Warp
Waviness, Surfaces
Waviness, Internal
Weld-Mark
Dimensional distortion in a plastic object after molding or other fabrication. See also Dished, and Domed.
Wave-like unevenness, or out-of-plane, in the surface of a plastic.
An appearance of waviness seen in a trans- parent plastic.
Hark formed by the incomplete union of two or more streams of plastic flowing together.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Textbooks
Plastics Business
Technical Data on Plastics
Injection Molding of Plastics
Periodicals
Modern Plastics Magazine
Plastic8 World
Van Nostrand Company 250 - Fourth Avenue New York, New York
Manufacturing Chemists Association 246 Woodward Building Washington 5, D. C.
Reinhold Publishing Corporation New York City New York
Breskin Publications, Inc. 575 Madison Avenue New York, New York
Cleworth Publishing Company, Inc. 1 River Road Coe Cob, Connecticut
ABBREV IATIONS
' Footorfeet
" Inch or inches
NO., # Number
hp. Horsepower
oz. Ounce or ounces
gal. Gallon
Cavity
Cavity Ve~lt:
Circulating
Ven t -
Section thru D-D
h l i n g Core Pins
Section thru C-C
Adapter
Section thru 8-8 Elevation at A-A
FIGURE 1 SALT A N D PEPPER SHAKER FOUR CAVITY MOLD
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TECHNICAL DIGEST SERVICE
Provides digests and abstracts, full length articles, and bibliographical references .on U. S. developments in products, processes, and work techniques derived from U. S. technical, scientific, and trade periodicals, and other pertinent sources.
TECHNICAL INQUIRY SERVICE
Provides answers to individual questions relating to products, processes, machinery and equipment, production operations, work techniques, management practices and concepts, factory engineering, and basic requirements for indue t r ia l production.
TRAINING MATERIALS SERVICE
Provides basic materials for use by specialized technicians in the conduct of man- agement, supervisory and specialized training courses in hoe t countries.
TECHNICAL LITERATURE SERVICE
Provides r ecomrnendations and guidance regarding current useful world -wide pub- lications relating to industry and productivity improvement; distributes carefully s e - lected and representative new publications of particular value for program us e ; and facilitaies mis sion literature procur ernent.
U. S. BOOK EXCHANGE SERVICE
Provides, on Mission approval, technical and scientific books and periodicals on exchange basis to overseas l ibraries.
VISUALS AND NEW MEDIA
Rovides technicaladvice and guidance to missions on new industrial visuals. P ro - vides for cooperative cluding loan exhibits, kits, and related materials.
TECHNICAL FILM SERVICE
Provides guidance for and facilitates procurement of U. S. technical and training films for program use; provides representative U. S. technical industrial films and filmstrips on loan basis for short - te rm program requirements ; and facilitates adap- tation of films into foreign language versions for program use overseas.
