Forest Bioproducts Research Opportunities

at Georgia Tech

www.mse.gatech.edu

Naresh Thadhani, Chair MSE

IPST 2014 Spring Conference

OUTLINE

A Perspective from the MSE side

Bioproducts as templates of hierarchical structure

Possible applications of forest products relying on hierarchical structure

Research Areas in the School of Materials Science and Engineering

An enabling discipline which combines “science” and “engineering” in its designation with the focus on the paradigm of process-structure-property-performance correlation

We envision, predict, design, and develop materials to overcome challenges of today & tomorrow

Methods for creating traditional materials employ extreme conditions such as pyro-, hydro-, and electro-based processes (Steels, Ceramics, Diamond)

A Perspective from Materials Science and Engineering

Nature’s method of making forest-based materials relies on aqueous processes employing sunlight, CO2, water, nutrients

Plants and trees are templates of hierarchical structure – there is a lot that we can learn from nature

Forests are sustainable, renewable, environmentally-friendly manufacturing factories – wood based products

Forest bioproducts provide the “Building Blocks” and “Templates” for creating “designer” materials

Cellulose – most abundant polymer; nanofibrils/nanocrystals can be used as reinforcing agents in composites for many exotic applications, from smart/responsive/fireproof paper to armor

Materials Science & Engineering Perspective - Forest Bioproducts

Wagner, Ireland, and Jones, in “Production and Applications of Cellulose Nanomaterials, Eds. Postek, Moon, Rudie, and Bilodeau, TAPPI Press, 2013

(a) Structure of cellulose with glucose molecules alternately rotated 180° covalent and hydrogen bonds;

(b) Cellulose microfibrils with crystalline/non-crystalline areas;

(c) Microfibril from primary cell wall (d) Cell wall of wood made of primary

and three secondary layers.

Gibson L J J. R. Soc. Interface

doi:10.1098/rsif.2012.0341

Bioproducts as Templates of Hierarchical Structure

Gibson L J J. R. Soc. Interface

doi:10.1098/rsif.2012.0341

Bioproducts as Templates of Hierarchical Structure

Scanning electron micrographs of woods: (a) cedar, cross section; (b) cedar, longitudinal (c) oak, cross-section; (d) oak, longitudinal

Gibson L J J. R. Soc. Interface doi:10.1098/rsif.2012.0341

Mechanical Properties of Plant Materials

Petrified Wood Petrified Wood - Fossil - buried plant material that transforms due to exchange reaction with groundwater rich in dissolved solids forming silica, calcite, pyrite,

opal with preserved details of bark, wood, and cellular structures

Quartz crystals (Citrine, Amethyst) forming in petrified logs

Fully-petrified and completely silicified wood free of voids/ fractures

Diatoms – Nature’s Nanotechnologies (Ken Sandhage)

Silica-based Microshells of Diatoms as Cellular Factories – Exchange reactions

enable replication of nano-scale structure

2 mm

2 µm

4 µm

5 µm

MgO Replica

TiO2 Replica

BaTiO3 Replica

Polymer Replica

ZnSiO4 Replica

The Process

Over 200 materials are used for making a tire

The Structure

http://thetiredigest.michelin.com/an-unknown-object-the-tire-manufacture-of-the-tire

The Properties The Performance

Automotive Tires – Composite of composites – Hierarchical Structure Global Demand For Tires

3.3 Billion Units In 2015

Non-flammable Paper from Hydroxyapatite Nanowires New solvothermal synthesis process is used to synthesize ultra-long nanowires of

hydroxyapatite of >100 aspect ratio which makes them highly flexible for bending/rolling without breaking during paper making process.

Bing-Qiang Lu, Ying-Jie Zhu, Feng Chen, Highly Flexible and Nonflammable Inorganic Hydroxyapatite Paper, Chemistry: A European Journal, Vol. 20, January 2014, pp. 1242-46.

Flexible Energy Storage Devices based on Nanocomposite Paper

Pushparaj V L, Ajayan P M, et al. PNAS 2007;104:13574-13577

(b) nanocomposite units demonstrating mechanical flexibility. Flat sheet partially rolled and completely rolled inside a capillary

(a) Supercapacitor and battery assembled with nanocomposite film units of RTIL and MWNT embedded inside cellulose paper. Thin extra layer of cellulose covers top of MWNT array. Ti/Au thin film deposited on exposed MWNT acts as current collector. In battery, a thin Li electrode film is added onto nanocomposite.

(c) SEM image of nanocomposite paper showing MWNT protruding from cellulose–RTIL thin films. (Scale bar, 2 μm.)

Pervasive Functional Materials: Paper/Textiles Platforms

Mission: Develop core materials, integration and manufacturing strategies, needed

to attain critical functionalities such as energy harvesting/storage, sensing,

computing, communicating, and responding for pervasive systems with paper and

textiles as platforms (Collaborative effort - Eric Vogel, Satish Kumar, Faisal Alamgir,

Fred Cook, Sundaresan Jayaraman, Zhiqun Lin, Meisha Shofner, and Z.L. Wang)

Graphene

Source-drain contacts

Top gate

Paper substrate

sundaresan.jayaraman@gatech.edu

Active

Substrate

Sense

Process

Communicate

Harvest

Store

Utilize

Bio-enabled and Bio-inspired Materials

Vladimir Tsukruk

Valeria Milam

Colloidal crystals made from

composite silica-polypeptide hybrid

particles

Paul

Russo

Ken Sandhage

Mohan Srinivasarao

John Reynolds

Materials For Energy Storage & Harvesting

1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 100.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

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0.5

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1.0 4h, annealed

8h

6h

4h

Re

lativ

e C

ap

aci

tan

ce,

C/C

0

Frequency, HzMeilin Liu Gleb Yushin

Zhong Li Wang

Zhiqun Lin Faisal Alamgir Dong Qin

Rosario Gerhardt

Sensors, Telecommunications, Electronic Packaging

Wenshan Cai

Low pH High pH

SiO2 (BOX)

Si

Si (active)

Metal (Au)

Nitride

Eric Vogel

Controlling

Light

Lotus Effect - Hydrophobicity

Chris Summers

C.P. Wong

Computational Materials and Design

Dave McDowell

Mo Li

Seung Soon Jang

Hamid Garmestani

Arun Gokhale

Surya Kalidindi

Materials For Health & Human Welfare

Infrastructure and Transportation

interfacial polymer or block copolymer

nanoparticle

matrix polymer

Tensegrity-Inspired Structures In situ Composite

Synthesis

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Time (sec)

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Processing Strategies

Polymer Nanocomposites

interfacial polymer or block copolymer

nanoparticle

matrix polymerinterfacial polymer or block copolymer

nanoparticle

matrix polymer

Tensegrity-Inspired Structures In situ Composite

Synthesis

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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Time (sec)

To

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Time (sec)

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Processing Strategies

Polymer Nanocomposites

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines

Meisha Shofner

Chris Muhlstein

Donggang Yao

Preet Singh

(a) 10 min at 1090 C,

(b) 15 min at 1095 C,

(c) 30 min at 1095 C

(d) and 30 min at 1100 C

Development of Non-Equilibrium

Morphologies of ’, Low Misfit Alloy

(a) 10 min at 1090 C,

(b) 15 min at 1095 C,

(c) 30 min at 1095 C

(d) and 30 min at 1100 C

Development of Non-Equilibrium

Morphologies of ’, Low Misfit Alloy

(a) 10 min at 1090 C,

(b) 15 min at 1095 C,

(c) 30 min at 1095 C

(d) and 30 min at 1100 C

Development of Non-Equilibrium

Morphologies of ’, Low Misfit Alloy

Tom Sanders

Protection and Security

Naresh Thadhani Robert Speyer

Joe Cochran

Controlling Light

Energy Security

Health

Communications

Goldfish

Carassius auratus

Human

Welfare

Environment

Infrastructure

Transportation

Addressing Societal Challenges of Today & Tomorrow

Thank You