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Utilities as Networks: Meeting ElectricUtilities as Networks: Meeting ElectricTransportation NeedsTransportation NeedsNARUC Summer MeetingNARUC Summer MeetingPortland, OregonPortland, Oregon

Nancy HomeisterManager of Environmental PolicyFord Motor Company

Ford’s Plug-in Progress and Partnerships

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SustainabilitySustainability……

•• Is about achieving an appropriate Is about achieving an appropriate balance among environmental, balance among environmental, economic and societal considerations. economic and societal considerations.

•• Driving Forces:Driving Forces:–– Energy SecurityEnergy Security

–– Climate ChangeClimate Change

–– Providing affordable customer valueProviding affordable customer value

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Vehicle Technology PathVehicle Technology Path

Volume roll-out of Hybrid technologies and alternative energy sources

Long Term

Near term•• New engine and New engine and

transmission transmission technologies. technologies. 4 and 5 speeds4 and 5 speeds

•• Increased hybrid Increased hybrid applications applications

•• New smaller showroom New smaller showroom entriesentries

•• Improved Improved aerodynamics aerodynamics

Mid term•• Greater weight Greater weight

reductionsreductions•• More engine actionsMore engine actions•• Increased use of Increased use of

hybrids and dieselhybrids and diesel•• Additional aero Additional aero

improvementsimprovements

Long term•• Percentage of internal Percentage of internal

combustion combustion dependant on dependant on renewable fuelsrenewable fuels

•• Volume introduction of Volume introduction of HEV, PHEVHEV, PHEV

•• Introduction of BEV Introduction of BEV and fuel cell vehiclesand fuel cell vehicles

Near TermBegin migration to advanced technology

Mid TermFull implementation of known technology

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•• The worlds first drivable The worlds first drivable fuel cell hybrid electric fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle with plugvehicle with plug--in in capability was unveiled in capability was unveiled in January 2007.January 2007.

•• Powered by a 336Powered by a 336--volt volt lithiumlithium--ion battery pack ion battery pack

•• All electric range of 25 All electric range of 25 miles; the fuel cell miles; the fuel cell provides an additional 200 provides an additional 200 miles of gasolinemiles of gasoline--free free driving.driving.

HySeries DriveHySeries Drive

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Ford Escape PHEVFord Escape PHEV

• Advanced lithium-ion battery provides 10 kW-hr of power; enough for up to 30 miles blended electric range.

• Fuel economy up to 120 miles per gallon.• Two-thirds fewer

trips to the gas station.

• 120 volt charging.• Regenerative

braking.• Charges overnight.• Interactive vehicle

powertrain display.• Delivered to SCE

in 4th Q 2007.

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Ford Escape PHEFord Escape PHE--FFVFFV• Provides greater fuel flexibility – mobility provided by the

battery, gasoline or eco-friendly E-85.• Fuel economy up to 88 miles per gallon during urban

driving when operating on E-85.• Nearly 60% less

CO2 emissions; up to 90% less if advanced EtOH is used.

• Same platform and driving performance as the gasoline-only PHEV.

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Challenges to CommercializationChallenges to Commercialization

•• Engineering challenges:Engineering challenges:–– Emissions controlEmissions control–– Transaxle lubrication/coolingTransaxle lubrication/cooling–– Cabin features/fuel economy optimization Cabin features/fuel economy optimization

tradetrade--offsoffs–– Battery packagingBattery packaging–– High voltage system controlsHigh voltage system controls

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Challenges to CommercializationChallenges to Commercialization

•• Battery challenges:Battery challenges:–– High mileage/10High mileage/10--15 year durability 15 year durability

requirementsrequirements–– Cold/hot temperature performanceCold/hot temperature performance–– AvailabilityAvailability–– CostCost–– Domestic manufacturingDomestic manufacturing

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Challenges to CommercializationChallenges to Commercialization

•• Infrastructure challenges:Infrastructure challenges:–– Plug accessPlug access–– NonNon--home charging:home charging:

•• Billing and rate informationBilling and rate information–– Lack of national standardsLack of national standards

•• Interfaces, Interfaces, ““smart meterssmart meters””, communication , communication protocolsprotocols

–– Impact on load demand:Impact on load demand:•• Can customers be encouraged to charge when Can customers be encouraged to charge when

itit’’s s ““bestbest”” for the utilities?for the utilities?

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The Ford PlugThe Ford Plug--in Projectin ProjectFord / SCE / EPRI Ford / SCE / EPRI Unique partnership between automotive

and utility sectors to accelerate the commercialization of PHEVs

Project goals:

Creation of New Business Models

Development of open architectures, standards and specifications

Create Customer Demand based on Realistic expectations

Diversifies transportation energy supply

Future Vision: From Independent to Integrated

Two industries connected by a common fuel … changing our

transportation and energy future…

Unique partnership between automotive and utility sectors to accelerate the commercialization of PHEVs

Project goals:

Creation of New Business Models

Development of open architectures, standards and specifications

Create Customer Demand based on Realistic expectations

Diversifies transportation energy supply

Future Vision: From Independent to Integrated

Two industries connected by a common fuel … changing our

transportation and energy future…

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Observations to date:Observations to date:• The PHEV business model is complex, involving

connections between auto companies, utilities, government and battery suppliers as a means of arriving at a sustainable solution.

• PHEV use cases involving power transfer between the vehicle, utility grid and home require continued collaboration in order to:– Develop infrastructure and standards for home and remote

charging– Support the reduction of grid load peaks– Assess the technical feasibility of ancillary services

(regulation and peak shaving) while considering battery life and durability trade-offs

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Opportunities for CooperationOpportunities for Cooperation

•• Batteries:Batteries:–– Reducing costs by achieving economies of scale.Reducing costs by achieving economies of scale.–– Supporting domestic manufacturingSupporting domestic manufacturing

•• Infrastructure:Infrastructure:–– Coordinate nationwide standards for charging Coordinate nationwide standards for charging

and communicationand communication–– Develop infrastructure to allow ready charging Develop infrastructure to allow ready charging

accessaccess–– Ensure full participation in regulatory and Ensure full participation in regulatory and

legislative development.legislative development.

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Integrated Approach With Shared Integrated Approach With Shared ResponsibilityResponsibility

The development of a sustainable PHEV

market will be dependent on close

cooperation between manufacturers, utilities, battery suppliers, the

government and consumers.

AutoIndustry

AutoIndustry

UtilitiesUtilities

SupplyBase

SupplyBase

GovernmentGovernmentConsumersConsumers

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Ford and Its Partners Leading The WayFord and Its Partners Leading The Way

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In addition to the high capacity battery, the Ford Escape PHEV has significant vehicle and system upgrades

What goes into a PHEV?What goes into a PHEV?

High Voltage EDS1) increase wire

diameter to handle 60 kW peak power

2) Modify safety shutdown

Rear Cargo Area1) replace production high voltage battery

with high energy Li-Ion battery 2) add battery charger3) add gateway module for plug-in control 4) revise rear structure for added weight

and safety performance5) redesigned suspension for added weight

Transaxle/Engine Compartment1) modify transaxle oil lubrication/cooling circuit for

extended engine-off durability2) add oil to air heat exchanger to increase continuous

operating capability of electric machines

Other Areas1) Emissions - need revise strategy to

meet PZEV w/extended engine off time2) Climate control - need new approaches

for heating vehicle and defrosting during extended engine off time

Brakes / Chassis1) Update regen and brakes/chassis for revised weight distribution/function

120 V AC plug-in port

High Voltage EDS1) increase wire

diameter to handle 60 kW peak power

2) Modify safety shutdown

Rear Cargo Area1) replace production high voltage battery

with high energy Li-Ion battery 2) add battery charger3) add gateway module for plug-in control 4) revise rear structure for added weight

and safety performance5) redesigned suspension for added weight

Transaxle/Engine Compartment1) modify transaxle oil lubrication/cooling circuit for

extended engine-off durability2) add oil to air heat exchanger to increase continuous

operating capability of electric machines

Other Areas1) Emissions - need revise strategy to

meet PZEV w/extended engine off time2) Climate control - need new approaches

for heating vehicle and defrosting during extended engine off time

Brakes / Chassis1) Update regen and brakes/chassis for revised weight distribution/function

120 V AC plug-in port

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1. Grid to Vehicle (G2V)• Home and remote locations

2. Vehicle to Home (V2H)• Home location only

• Emergency back up power

• Home based ancillary services (regulation, peak shaving, reserves, etc.)

3. Vehicle to Grid (V2G)• Home and remote locations

• Contract driven ancillary services (regulation, peak shaving, reserves, etc.)

Types of PHEV Power Flow

Possibilities of Power Transfer Between Possibilities of Power Transfer Between Vehicle, Utility Grid and HomeVehicle, Utility Grid and Home

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Development of Open Architectures, Development of Open Architectures, Standards and SpecificationsStandards and Specifications

•• Ongoing work with SAE and IWC to examine specific Ongoing work with SAE and IWC to examine specific requirements for requirements for PHEVsPHEVs –– SAE J1772, SAE J2836SAE J1772, SAE J2836

•• Evaluate connection hardware and how much infrastructure is Evaluate connection hardware and how much infrastructure is required specifically for the PHEV marketrequired specifically for the PHEV market

•• Vehicle and Utility grid considerations are being used to Vehicle and Utility grid considerations are being used to develop use cases involving power transfer between the develop use cases involving power transfer between the vehicle, utility grid and homevehicle, utility grid and home

Utility Grid Operation

• Feed forward control• Provide low noise content power• Optimize use of facilities• Minimize Ancillary Service• Maximize use of available power • Stationary power driven

AutomotiveVehicle Operation

• Feedback control• Respond to customer action• Provide consistent performance• Customer expectation driven• Transportation focused

G2V V2H V2G