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Rigging/Signal Person Training

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Rigging hardware:

In this section we will cover the operation, inspection, and maintenance of detachable rigging hardware used for load-handling activities.

The most common of these are:

Shackles, eye bolts, swivel hoist rings, swivel eye bolts, turnbuckles, come-alongs, wire rope clips, wedge sockets, master rings, links, hooks and rigging blocks.

1

Rigging card:

We will refer to the rigging card from time to time as a reference. Rigging cards are wonderful references while planning lifts to determine what size and capacity slings and rigging hardware you will need prior to the lift.

2

Shackles:

There are many types and styles of shackles and will divide them up into 3 common categories.

Anchor Shackle: The most common, is excellent for attaching to master rings, hooks, pad eyes, eye bolts and wire rope slings.

Synthetic Sling Shackle: Has a wide bow that accommodates wider, flat sling that tend to bunch up on anchor shackles.

Chain Sling Shackles: Perfect for use with chain.

3

Shackle components:

The main components of a shackle are:

Bow, Ear, Pin and Pin Shoulder

4

Shackle components:

When ordering shackles you not only need to know the load rating but pin size, shackle length, bow diameter, etc.

5

Shackle identification:

ASME B30.26 requires that each shackle be identified in the following way:

*26-1.5.1 Shackle Body IdentificationEach new shackle body shall have forged, cast, or die stamped markings by the manufacturer to show(a) name or trademark of manufacturer(b) rated load(c) size

*26-1.5.2 Shackle Pin IdentificationEach new shackle pin shall have forged, cast, or die stamped markings by the manufacturer to show(a) name or trademark of manufacturer(b) grade, material type, or load rating

*Question on written test: Shackles must have the following markings in order to be used for lifting:

a. Name or trademark of manufacturer, rated load, sizeb. Country where manufactured, rated load, sizec. Country where manufactured, name or trademark of manufacturer, sized. Rated load, size, load rating deductions

*Question on written test: Each new shackle pin shall have forged, cast, or die stamped markings by the manufacturer to show the name or trademark of the manufacturer and the grade, material type, or load rating.

a. True6

Anchor shackles:

Screw pin shackles: are by far the most common used in lifting due to the ease of inserting and removing the pin.

Bolted shackles: are typically used for more permanent applications.

Round pin shackles: should not be used for lifting since the cotter pin will not withstand the side forces that are commonly put on shackles.

7

Shackle rigging practices:

ASME B30.26-1.9.4 Rigging Practices (for shackles)(a) The screw pin threads shall be fully engaged and tight, and the shoulder should be in contact with the shackle body.

8


ASME B30.26-1.9.4 Rigging Practices (for shackles)(b) If a shackle is designed for a cotter pin, it shall be used and maintained in good working condition.

* (i) For long-term installations, bolt-type shackles should be used; if screw pin-type shackles are used, the pin shall be secured from rotation or loosening.

Question on written test: For long-term installations, if screw pin-type shackles are used, the pin should be secured from rotation or loosening.

a. Trueb. False

9


ASME B30.26-1.9.4 Rigging Practices (for shackles)(c) Contact with sharp edges that could damage the shackle should be avoided.

(d) Shock loading should be avoided.

(j) Shackles should not be dragged on an abrasive surface.

10


ASME B30.26-1.9.4 Rigging Practices (for shackles)*(e) The load applied to the shackle should be centered in the bow of the shackle to prevent side loading of the shackle.

Question on written test: When connecting a sling eye to a shackle, it should be centered on the pin of the shackle to prevent side loading of the shackle.

a. Trueb. False

11


ASME B30.26-1.9.4 Rigging Practices (for shackles)(f) Multiple sling legs should not be applied to the shackle pin.

12


ASME B30.26-1.9.4 Rigging Practices (for shackles)(g) If the shackle is to be side loaded, the rated load shall be reduced according to the recommendations of the manufacturer or a qualified person.

13


ASME B30.26-1.9.4 Rigging Practices (for shackles)(h) The screw pin shackle shall not be rigged in a manner that would cause the pin to unscrew.

(l) When a shackle is used in a choker hitch, the pin shall be connected to the choking eye of the sling.

14


ASME B30.26-1.9.4 Rigging Practices (for shackles)(k) Multiple slings in the body of a shackle shall not exceed 120-deg included angle.

15

Discussion:

What do you see in this picture?

Can you name two things that are wrong?

16

Discussion:

1) It’s easy to see that the pin for this shackle is not the one that came from the manufacturer.

2) Normally, the load should hang from the bow of the shackle and not the pin.

17

Shackle inspection:

ASME B30.26-1.8.4 Removal Criteria (shackles)Shackles shall be removed from service if damage such as the following is visible and shall only be returned to service when approved by a qualified person:(a) missing or illegible manufacturer’s name or trademark and/or rated load identification

18

19

Shackle inspection:

ASME B30.26-1.8.4 Removal Criteria (shackles)Shackles shall be removed from service if damage such as the following is visible and shall only be returned to service when approved by a qualified person:(c) excessive pitting or corrosion(f) a 10% reduction of the original or catalog dimension at any point around the body or pin

Shackle inspection:

ASME B30.26-1.8.4 Removal Criteria (shackles)Shackles shall be removed from service if damage such as the following is visible and shall only be returned to service when approved by a qualified person:(b) indications of heat damage, including weld splatter or arc strikes(c) excessive pitting or corrosion(e) excessive nicks or gouges

20

Shackle inspection:

ASME B30.26-1.8.4 Removal Criteria (shackles)Shackles shall be removed from service if damage such as the following is visible and shall only be returned to service when approved by a qualified person:(g) incomplete pin engagement(h) excessive thread damage(i) evidence of unauthorized welding(j) other conditions, including visible damage, that cause doubt as to the continued use of the shackle

21

Discussion:

Is this shackle ok to use?

What is missing?

22

Discussion:

That’s right, the shackle load rating is missing. Someone probably picked it up a the hardware store. Get rid of it!

23

Eye Bolts:

Here are three categories of eye bolts:

Un-shouldered eye bolt: Used just for vertical picks. They should never be side loaded

Shouldered eye bolt: Side loading permissible as long as done in the direction of the plane of the eye. Huge deductions in its capacity must be made when side loading.

Turned eye bolt: Good for clothes lines and tying up the dog but should never be used for lifting loads.

How should you select the right bolt?

Eye Bolts are marked with their thread size NOT with their rated capacities. Make sure you select the correct eyebolt based on its type and capacity for the lift you are conducting.

Use plain or regular eye bolts (non-shoulder) or ring bolts for vertical loading only. Angle loading on non-shoulder bolts will bend or break them.

Use shoulder eye bolts for vertical or angle loading

24

Eye bolt identification:

ASME B30.26-2.5.1 Turnbuckle, Eyebolt, and Eye Nut IdentificationEach turnbuckle, eyebolt, and eye nut shall be marked to show (a) name or trademark of manufacturer (b) size or rated load (c) grade for alloy eyebolts

25

Eye bolt considerations:

Use eye bolts at a horizontal angle greater than 45°.

Sling strength at 45° is 71% of vertical sling capacity.

Eye bolt strength at 45° horizontal angle drops down to 30% of vertical lifting capacity.

26

Rigging hardware exercise #1:

Does a 5/8 inch eye bolt have sufficient capacity for this pick?

Load weight: 5,000 lbs

Eye bolt size: 5/8 inch (what is the vertical capacity of a 5/8 inch shouldered eyebolt?)

Vertical sling capacity: 3,000 lbs (what stress does this sling see at a 45° sling angle?) Hint: load angle factor is 1.414

Sling angle: 45° (what is the capacity of the 5/8 inch eye bolt at this angle?)

27

Rigging hardware exercise #1:

Load weight: 5,000 lbs

Eye bolt size: 5/8 inch (what is the vertical capacity of a 5/8 inch shouldered eyebolt?) 5,200 lbs

Vertical sling capacity: 5,000 lbs (what stress does this sling see at a 45° sling angle?) 3,535 lbs

Sling angle: 45° (what is the capacity of the 5/8 inch eye bolt at this angle?) 1,569 lbs

So, the sling is fine, but, the eye bolt is severely overloaded. It will probably deform or fail.

28


Never reeve through two eye bolts. It will increase the stress on the eye bolt even more.

29


For shouldered eye bolts, it is ok to side pull, but the capacity will be greatly reduced.

Never pull opposite the plane of the eye, it will deform.

30


Screw the eye bolt on all the way down and properly seat.

Orient the eye bolt in line with the slings. If the load is applied sideways, the eye bolt may bend.

31


Inspect and clean the eye bolt threads and the hole.

Ensure the tapped hole for a screw eye bolt has a minimum depth of one-and-a-half times the bolt diameter.

32


Pack washers between the shoulder and the load surface to ensure that the eye bolt firmly contacts the surface.

Ensure that the nut is properly torqued.

Engage at least 90% of threads in receiving a hole when using shims or washers.

33


Never side load an un-shouldered eye bolt. It will deform.

Attach only one sling leg to each eye bolt.

Do not use a single eye bolt to lift a load that is free to rotate.

Do not use eye bolts that have worn threads or other flaws.

34


Do not force the slings through eye bolts.

Do not use bars, grips or wrenches to tighten eye bolts.

Do not paint an eye bolt. The paint could cover up flaws.

Do not force hooks or other fittings into the eye; they must fit freely.

35


Never attempt to fabricate your own eye bolts.

36

Eye nuts:

Eye nuts mainly differ from eye bolts because the bolt is separate from the eye.

Use for vertical picks only.

Must be load rated.

ASME B30.26-2.9.4.3 Eye Nuts(a) Eye nuts should have full thread engagement and should be secured against rotation during lifting or load handling activities.(b) The threads of the eye nut shall be fully engaged.(c) Eye nuts shall only be used for in-line loads.(d) The plane of the eye may be positioned with a flat washer(s) or lock nut.(e) Components shall be in good working condition prior to use.(f) Shock loading should be avoided.

37

Swivel hoist rings:

ASME B30.26-2.5.2 Swivel Hoist Ring IdentificationEach swivel hoist ring shall be marked to show

(a) name or trademark of manufacturer (b) rated load (c) torque value

ASME B30.26-2.9.4.4 Swivel Hoist Rings(a) When used in a threaded hole, the effective thread length shall be 11⁄2 times the diameter of the bolt for steel. For other thread engagements or engagement in other materials, contact the swivel hoist ring manufacturer or a qualified person.(b) When used in a through-hole application, a nut and washer shall be used. The washer and nut shall be in accordance with the swivel hoist ring manufacturer’s recommendations. The nut shall be fully engaged.(c) The bushing flange shall fully contact the load surface.(d) Spacers or washers shall not be used between the bushing flange and mounting surface of the load.(e) The swivel hoist ring shall be tightened to the torque specifications of the manufacturer.(f) The swivel hoist ring shall be free to rotate and pivot without interference during load-handling activities.(g) The load applied to the swivel hoist ring shall be centered in the bail to prevent side loading.(h) Any attached load-handling component shall be narrower than the inside width of the bail to avoid spreading.(i) Components shall be in good working condition prior to use. Alterations or modifications shall comply with para. 26-2.8.5(a).(j) Ensure that the swivel hoist ring WLL meets or exceeds the anticipated angular rigging tension.(k) Shock loading should be avoided.

38

Swivel hoist rings:

*The best hardware for angled lifts is the swivel hoist ring.

The swivel hoist ring will adjust to any sling angle by rotating around the bolt and the hoisting eye pivots 180°.

*The capacity is the same at every angle.

*Question on written test: The best hardware to attach to if you are using slings at angles is:

a. Shouldered eye boltb. Swivel nutc. Round pin shackled. Swivel hoist ring

*Question on written test: Swivel hoist rings have the same capacity no matter what angle they rigged to.

a. Trueb. False

39

Turnbuckles:

Turnbuckles are adjustable devices consisting of three primary components: a body, a right-hand threaded end fitting, and a left-hand threaded end fitting.

As the body is turned, the length of the turnbuckle increases or decreases.

40

Turnbuckles:

The main purpose of turnbuckles in rigging is to help rig loads where different length sling legs are needed so the hook can be positioned over the center of gravity.

ASME B30.26-2.8.4 Removal Criteria for Adjustable HardwareAdjustable hardware shall be removed from service if damage such as the following is present and shall only be returned to service when approved by a qualified person:(a) missing or illegible identification(b) indications of heat damage, including weld spatter or arc strikes(c) excessive pitting or corrosion(d) bent, twisted, distorted, stretched, elongated, cracked, or broken load-bearing components(e) excessive nicks or gouges(f) a 10% reduction of the original or catalog dimension at any point(g) excessive thread damage or wear(h) evidence of unauthorized welding or modification(i) for swivel hoist rings, lack of the ability to freely rotate or pivot(j) other conditions, including visible damage, that cause doubt as to continued use

41

Wire rope clips:

Wire rope clips are fittings for clamping two parts of wire rope of the same diameter to each other by compressing the wire ropes between a saddle and a U-bolt or between two saddles, and can be useful for making eyes in the crane hoist line to terminate the line to the boom tip or crane block, although a wedge socket is better suited.

ASME B30.26-3.5.1 Wire Rope Clip Saddle IdentificationEach new wire rope clip saddle shall have forged or die stamped markings by the manufacturer to show(a) name or trademark of manufacturer(b) size

42

Wire rope clips:

In rigging ASME standards mainly discourages using wire rope clips to form eyes in wire rope slings or to join the ends of wire rope to form an endless sling “except where the application of slings prevents the use of prefabricated slings and where the specific application is designed by a qualified person.”

ASME B30.26-3.1.3 Assembly — Wire Rope Clips(a) Before installing a wire rope clip on plastic coated or plastic impregnated wire rope, consult the wire rope clip manufacturer, wire rope manufacturer, or a qualified person.*(b) For U-bolt clips used to create end terminations, the saddle shall be placed on the live end of the wire rope, with the U-bolt on the dead-end side.(c) At least the minimum number of clips as recommended by the manufacturer or a qualified person shall be used.(d) The spacing and turn-back should be as recommended by the manufacturer or a qualified person.(e) The wire rope clip shall be tightened to the torque recommended by the manufacturer or a qualified person.(f) After assembly, the connection shall be loaded to at least the expected working load. After unloading, wire rope clips shallthen be retightened to the torque recommended by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

ASME B30.9-2.3.1 Fabrication (of wire rope slings)Methods of fabrication include hand-tucked splicing, turnback eye (return loop), or flemish eye mechanical splicing, and poured or swaged socketing.

*(a) Wire rope clips shall not be used to fabricate wire rope slings except where the application of slings prevents the use of prefabricated slings and where the specific application is designed by a qualified person.

*Question on written test: The proper way to install wire rope clips is to:a. Alternate saddle on dead end then saddle on live endb. Put the saddle on the dead endc. Put the saddle on the live sided. Doesn’t matter as long as they are properly torque

*Question on written test: Wire rope slings eyes should never be fabricated with wire rope clips unless there is no other practical option.a. Trueb. False

43

Wedge sockets:

Wedge sockets, also commonly called beckets, are useful for “dead-ending” the hoist line to the headache ball assembly, main block or boom tip. They are easy to assemble and disassemble when changing out blocks.

ASME B30.26-3.5.2 Wedge Socket IdentificationEach new wedge socket body and wedge shall have forged, cast, or die stamped marking by the manufacturer to show(a) name or trademark of manufacturer(b) size(c) model, if required to match wedge to body

44

45

Wedge sockets:

The most common mistake when assembling wedge sockets is to wire rope clip the dead end to the live end. Many wedge sockets have an extended wedge with a hole in it to attach the wire rope clip to.

ASME B30.26-3.1.4 Assembly — Wedge Sockets(a) The wedge socket shall be assembled as recommended by the manufacturer or a qualified person.(b) Before installing a wedge socket on plastic coated or plastic impregnated wire rope, consult the wedge socket manufacturer, wire rope manufacturer, or a qualified person.(c) The live end of the wire rope in the wedge socket cavity shall be in alignment with the socket’s pin. (d) The assembler shall match the proper wedge with the socket for the wire rope to be installed. NOTE: Wedges shall not be interchanged between different manufacturers’ sockets or models.(e) The length of the dead-end tail of the wire rope shall be as required by the manufacturer or a qualified person.(f ) The dead-end tail of the wire rope extending beyond the wedge socket shall be secured in a manner recommended by the wedge socket manufacturer or a qualified person.(g) The dead end of the wire rope shall not be secured to the live end of the wire rope such that it restricts the movement of the live end.*(h) After assembly, the connection shall be loaded to fully seat the wedge before use.

*Question on written test: After assembly, wedge sockets should be loaded to fully seat the wedge before use.

a. Trueb. False

Wedge sockets:

Here are several ways to terminate the wedge socket. For regular non-rotation resistant wire rope the “tail” needs to be at least 6 inches or 10 times the diameter of the wire rope.

For rotation resistant wire rope it needs to be at least 20 times the diameter of the wire rope.

ASME B30.26-3.9.4.2 Wedge Sockets(a) Assemble wedge sockets in accordance with para. 26-3.1.4.(b) The wedge sockets should not be side loaded.(c) Contact with sharp edges that could damage the wedge socket should be avoided.(d) Shock loading should be avoided.(e) Impacts can dislodge the wedge from the body and should be avoided.(f ) Rigging using wedge sockets should not be dragged on an abrasive surface.

46

Master rings, links & swivels:

Master rings are useful for fabricating sling bridles to prevent sling eyes from bunching up on the hook. It is important that they can be traced back to a manufacturer for the load rating or have the load rating stamped on them. Never use a master ring that is homemade or has not identification markings.

Swivels are positioning hardware and are not intended to swivel under a load.

*ASME B30.26-4.5.1 Links, Rings, and Swivels IdentificationEach new link, ring, and swivel shall be marked by the manufacturer to show(a) name or trademark of manufacturer(b) size or rated load(c) grade, if required to identify rated load

ASME B30.26-4.9.4.2 Swivels(a) Swivels are positioning hardware and are not intended to be rotated under load.(b) Swivels shall only be used for in-line loads. (c) Components shall be maintained in good working condition.(d) Alterations or modifications shall comply with para. 26-4.8.5(a).(e) Shock loading should be avoided.(f) Swivels shall be of the proper shape and size to ensure that they seat properly in the hook, lifting device, or rigging hardware.(g) Contact with obstructions that could damage the swivel should be avoided.

*Question on written test: Master rings are not required to have the load rating stamped on them as long as it shows the trademark or name of manufacturer, size and grade.a. Trueb. False

47

Master ring loading:

Master rings can be side loaded up to a 120° included angle. Swivel rings, links and hammerlocks are for inline picks only.

ASME B30.26-4.9.1 Links, Rings, and Swivels Selection(a) Links, rings, and swivels having suitable characteristics for the type of load, hitch, angle of loading, and environment shall be selected in accordance with therecommendations of the hardware manufacturer or a qualified person. NOTE: The angle of loading affects the load on the links,rings, and swivels. As the horizontal angle decreases, the effective load increases.(b) The rated load of the links, rings, and swivels shall not be exceeded.(c) Links, rings, and swivels that appear to be damaged shall not be used until inspected and accepted as usable under para. 26-4.8.4.

ASME B30.26-4.8.4 Removal CriteriaLinks, rings, and swivels shall be removed from service if conditions such as the following are present and shall only be returned to service when approved by a qualified person:(a) missing or illegible(b) indications of heat damage, including weld spatter or arc strikes(c) excessive pitting or corrosion(d) bent, twisted, distorted, stretched, elongated, cracked, or broken load-bearing components(e) excessive nicks or gouges(f) a 10% reduction of the original or catalog dimension at any point(g) evidence of unauthorized welding or modification(h) for swivels, lack of the ability to freely rotate when not loaded(i) for swivels, loose or missing nuts, bolts, cotter pins, snap rings, or other fasteners and retaining devices(j) other conditions, including visible damage that cause doubt as to continued use

Master ring loading:

Although master rings can be side loaded up to 120° included angle it will see twice the stress of a vertical pick.

Never use sling angles less than 30° unless approved by a qualified person.

49

Rigging blocks:

Rigging blocks are used mainly on cranes to increase the effectiveness of the winch. These blocks range from one-sheave blocks up to 10 sheave blocks on larger cranes.

Snatch blocks are sometimes attached to the boom tips that just have one sheave that will allow the crane to be configured into a 3 part line pull.

26-5.8.4 Removal CriteriaRigging blocks shall be removed from service if conditions such as the following are present and shall only be returned to service when approved by a qualified person:(a) missing or illegible identification(b) misalignment or wobble in sheaves(c) excessive sheave groove corrugation or wear(d) loose or missing nuts, bolts, cotter pins, snap rings, or other fasteners and retaining devices(e) indications of heat damage, including weld spatter or arc strikes(f) excessive pitting or corrosion(g) bent, cracked, twisted, distorted, stretched, elongated, or broken load-bearing components(h) excessive wear, nicks, or gouges(i) a 10% reduction of the original or catalog dimension at any point(j) excessive damage to load-bearing threads(k) evidence of unauthorized welding or modifications(l) for hooks, the removal criteria specified in B30.10(m) for shackles, the removal criteria specified in B30.26(n) other conditions, including visible damage that cause doubt as to the continued use of the rigging block

50

Rigging blocks:

The angle of the hoist line as it wraps around the sheave determines how much load the block sees. The load that the block will see = line pull x load angle factor

ASME B30.26-5.9.4 Rigging Practices (for rigging blocks)(a) The rigging block components shall be fully engaged, with all fasteners and retaining devices in place and in good working order before use. Alterations or modifications shall comply with para. 26-5.8.5.(b) Contact with sharp edges that could damage the rigging block should be avoided.(c) Shock loading should be avoided.(d) The load applied to the rigging block should be in-line with the sheave and load fitting(s) to prevent side loading of the block.(e) Ensure the rope is in the sheave groove when the rigging block begins to take load.(f) The line load multiplied by the block load factor shall not exceed the rated load of the rigging block(g) Rigging blocks should not be dragged on an abrasive surface.(h) Load line fittings shall not contact the rigging block sheave(s).

51

Rigging exercise #2:

You knew this problem was coming, didn’t you!?

Here is an example of the path the load line takes from the winch, around 2 snatch blocks, over a tackle block and down to the load block.

There is a 2,000 lb load being lifted by two parts line.

The line pull is the load divided by the number parts of line, so in this case is 1,000 lbs.

The load each block will see will be line pull x load angle factor.

What is the load on each of these 4 blocks?

52

Rigging blocks:

Line pull = load/parts line

Block load = line pull x load angle factor

What load does each of these blocks see?

Block A: 1,000 x 1.41 = 1,410 lbs

Block B: 1,000 x 0.84 = 840 lbs

Block C: 1.000 x 1.87 = 1,870 lbs

Block D: 1,000 x 2 = 2,000 lbs

53

Rigging blocks:

Reeving tackle:

In reeving a simple tackle, lay the blocks a few feet apart. The blocks should be placed down with the sheaves at right angles to each other and the becket ends pointing toward each other.

To begin reeving, lead the standing part of the falls through one sheave of the block that has the greatest number of sheaves. If both blocks have the same number of sheaves, begin at the block fitted with the becket. Then, pass the standing part around the sheaves from one block to the other, making sure no lines are crossed, until all sheaves have a line passing over them. Now, secure the standing part of the falls at the becket of the block containing the least number of sheaves, using a becket hitch for a temporary securing or an eye splice for a permanent securing.

54

Hooks:

Hooks come in all sizes and types. Make sure they are in good working order.

55

Hook inspection:

Safety latches are required to be on the hook unless it would present a hazard for the type of lifting you are doing. Make sure the swivel works and is not worn.

56

Hook safety latch kits:

Always have replacement safety latch kits on hand.

57

Lift type weld-on lugs:

Should be made of forged alloy steel or carbon steel and attached with grooved or fillet welds. The groove weld gives a strong joint between the lug and the object it is welded to. Just as eye bolts are damaged by side pulls, the integrity of weld-on lugs are also compromised.

Rule of thumb: (Use only for judging the adequacy of a pad eye.)

If a shackle with a pin diameter ‘D’ is used to its maximum capacity, the pad eye dimensions as shown should be used.

Other factors such as sling angle, direction of sling pull in relation to the plane of the eye type of metal and welding procedure impact the strength of the eye.

58

Weld-on D-Rings:

A lot of questions come into play when using weld-on D-rings for lifting. Are they load rated? Were they installed correctly? What was the condition of the steel plate they were welded to.

D-ring components should be made of forged alloy steel or carbon steel and attached with either a grooved or fillet weld.

Most off-the-shelf D-rings are rated for pulling rather than lifting. The rated load for pulling is only half the breaking strength where most lifting devices have at least a 5:1 design factor.

Never use non rated pick points for lifting. If unsure, consult a qualified engineer.

D-rings should never be side loaded.

59

Below-the-hook lifting devices:

There are no end to the number of specialty below-the-hook lifting devices that are used for lifting. Most are available from different distributors and others are designed for individual lifts by qualified engineers. We will only briefly describe the most common of these including the following:

Lifting beams and spreader bars

Plate clamps and lifters

Barrel clamps and hooks

I-beam and pipe clamps

Pallet forks

Lever hoists and chain hoists

Load indicating devices

60

Lifting Beams and Spreader Bars:

The terms lifting beam and spreader bar are often used interchangeably, but, technically, they are different.

Lifting beams have a pick point (sometimes adjustable) that is attached to the beam and are useful where overhead space is limited. The beam must be strong to withstand bending since the pick point is attached somewhere toward the center.

Spreader bars can also be adjustable but the pick points are toward the end of the bar and the middle part of the bar does not support the load but spreads the slings outward and so don’t need to be as sturdy.

Lifting beams and spreader bars should be designed and fabricated by a qualified person and clearly marked with their weight and designed working loads

Always follow manufacturer instructions and only use them for their intended purpose.

61

Plate clamps & lifters:

Plate clamps are useful for lifting steel plates vertically. Be sure to lock clamp before lifting the load. For long or flexible loads two or more clamps should be used. Always refer to the manufacturer’s user manual before use. Inspect thoroughly before each use.

62


Horizontal steel plate lifting clamps are always to be used in pairs and are only for lifting steel plate horizontally, never vertical.

63


The advantage of lifting magnates are the quickness of the set-up. Simply center the magnate on the load and turn the lever to engage the magnate.

The load rating is different for flat loads as opposed to rounded loads. Rounded loads will reduce the capacity to less than half.

64

I-beam & coil lifters:

Beam clamps provide a very secure anchorage point if used correctly. They are commonly available with capacities up to 12 tons and have various jaw widths. Most beam clamps are designed for use at 90° to the flange. For applications requiring an angle loading, make sure that the clamp is designed for it and that the beam can withstand it.

Be particularly careful that the load does not deform the flange. This is most likely to occur with light sections where the flange is wide and thin. Beam clamps should be centered on the beam flange and properly seated. Manufacturers are required to mark beam clamps with working load limits but the ratings apply only to the clamps. The capacity of the beam must be evaluated separately.

Beam clamps are also used to lift beams.

65

Pipe lifters:

Pipe lifters are useful for lifting pipe without having to dig under it in order to attach the slings. Make sure you use the right lifter for the diameter pipe you are lifting.

C-hook pipe lifters come in all sizes and capacities and can be inserted into the pipe for lifting.

66

Drum clamps & lifters:

Drum lifters come in hooks, clamps, and lifters. Some will lift the drum vertical and others horizontal.

67

Pallet forks:

Pallet forks for use by cranes are very useful for handling palletized loads. Many automatically adjust to the loads center of gravity.

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Lever hoists & chain hoists:

Lever hoists:Lever hoists, also known as come-alongs, are a very portable means of lifting or pulling loads short distances.

*They can be used vertically, horizontally or at an angle in place of a sling or to increase the length of a sling.

A come-along that requires the use of a cheater or the help of another worker to move a load is inadequate for the job. Use a come-along with a larger capacity.

Portable chain hoists:Chain hoists are useful because the load can be stopped and kept stationary at any point and because of their slow rate of travel, chain hoists allow precise vertical placement. Chain hoists should be rigged so that there is a straight line between the upper and lower hooks.

They are intended for use in a vertical or near vertical position only. If rigged at an angle, the upper hook can be damaged at the shank and the throat may open up. If the gear housing is resting against an object while under load it can be damaged or broken. Always make sure that the hoist is hanging freely.

*Question on written test: Come-alongs or lever hoist should never be used in place of a sling.a. Trueb. False

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Lever hoists & chain hoists:

Chain hoists, come-alongs, and other rigging devices require secure anchorage points. Anchors may be overhead, in the floor, or at lateral points in walls or other structures. The arrangement may involve columns, beams, beam clamps, welded lugs, slings, or block and tackle. Whatever the method, be certain of the loads involved and the anchorage required.

When should you inspect the materials hoists?Inspect hooks, ropes, brakes and limit switches for wear and damage every working day.Replace items not operating properly. Tag defective items and remove from service for repair by a competent person.Post the safe load limit on the hoist.Check the upper and lower hooks to see that they swivel. Replace any worn chain or wire rope immediately. Keep wire ropes and chains lubricated.

How should you use a materials hoist safely?Hoist from directly over the load. If not centered, the load may swing when lifted. Hang hoists solidly in the highest part of the hook area. Rigged this way, the hook support is directly in line with the hook shank Lever operated hoists can be used to pull in any direction, but a straight line pull must be maintained. Side pulling or lifting increases wear and sets up dangerous stress levels on hoist parts. Only one person should pull on hand, chain and lever hoists. When loading the lower hook, place the load directly in line with the hook shank. Loaded this way, the load chain makes a straight line from hook shank to hook shank.

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Load indicating devices:

Load indicating devices are also known as: load cells; dynamometers; and crane scales. If properly calibrated they take away the guess-work when trying to determine the load weight. Many cranes are equipped with these from the manufacturer.

Portable load indicating devices are wireless and can be installed above the hook.

Prior to use, load indicating devices should be calibrated to within +-2% by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

Their accuracy can be affected by electronic interference or chemically active environments.

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