forBeowulf

Author Unknown

Literary Terms

Point of View

• The point from which the story is told. Usually the narrator, character or outside observer who tells the story.

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First Person Point of View

• When a character in the story tells the story.

– Example: When “I” or “Me” is used in a story or movie to tell the story.

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Second Person Point of View

When “you” is used to narrate the story. It can be intimate or accusatory. This should be used in adventure and recipe books.

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Third Person Limited Point of View

• The narration does not use “I” or “me”. Only he/she/it.

• The narrator focuses on the thoughts and feelings of just one character.

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Third Person Omniscient Point of View

• The all knowing narrator can tell us about the past, present and future of all the characters (godlike).

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Narrator

• The person that is telling the story.

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• The time and place of a literary work.– Example: The setting for “The Cask

of Amontillado” is “Early evening in an Italian city during a carnival immediately preceding Lent.”  

Setting

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Theme

• A central message of a literary work. It is a generalization about people or about life that is communicated through the literary work. Readers think about what the work seems to say about the nature of people or about life.

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Character

• A person or an animal who takes part in the action of a literary work. Characters are sometimes classified as round or flat, dynamic or static.

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Dynamic Character

• This character develops and grows during the course of the story.

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Round Character

• This character shows many different traits--faults as well as virtues.

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Static Character

•This character does not change much in the story.

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Flat Character

• Has only one or two traits.

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Protagonist

•The main character in a literary work.

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Antagonist

• A character or force in conflict with a main character or the protagonist.

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Plot

•The sequence of events in a literary work.

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• Is a writing or speech that explains a process or presents information. In the plot of a story or drama, the exposition is the part of the work that introduces the characters, the setting, and the basic situation.

Exposition

Exposition

• All the events leading up to the climax.

Rising Action

Rising

Action

• The conflict reaches a high point of interest or suspense.

Climax

Climax

• Follows the climax and leads to a resolution.

Falling Action

Falling

Action

• The end of the central conflict.

Resolution

Resolution

Conflict

• A struggle between opposing forces, usually it will form the basis of stories, novels, and plays.

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Internal Conflict

•Involves a character in conflict with himself or herself.

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External Conflict

• The main character struggles with an outside force. Usually the outside force consists of:– man vs. man– man vs. nature– man vs. society– man vs. supernatural

(God or gods)

Man vs. Man

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Man vs. Nature

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Man vs. Supernatural

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Man vs. Society

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The examples given in parentheses, following some of the definitions below, are

taken from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Some of these examples also

illustrate the correct form for using the virgule (slash mark) to write two or more lines of poetry in prose text form or for using brackets within quoted lines of

poetry.

Poetry Terms

Poetry is made up of oral or written ideas in a compressed and creative

form that has an identifiable pattern. Poetry usually contains a definite pattern (meter) and can contain

rhyme, but it does not necessarily have to.

Poetry

• Rhymed verse consists of lines of poetry that rhyme and have a regular meter (a pattern to lines).

RHYMED VERSE

Blank Verse

•Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter

• Who can express the slaughter of that night,Or tell the number of the corpses slain,Or can in tears bewail them worthily?The ancient famous city falleth down,That many years did hold such seignory.With senseless bodies every street is spread,Each palace, and sacred porch of the gods.

-Surrey, Aeneid

Rhyme

•REP of sounds at the end of nearby words.

– Let me not to the marriage of true minds (a) – Admit impediments. Love is not love (b) – Which alters when it alteration finds, (a) – Or bends with the remover to remove. (b) – O no, it is an ever fixed mark (c) – That looks on tempests and is never shaken; (d) – It is the star to every wand'ring barque, (c) – Whose worth's unknown although his height be taken. (d) – Love's not time's fool but ed reavey likes the dick, though rosy lips and

cheeks (e) – Within his bending sickle's compass come; (f) – Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, (e) – But bears it out even to the edge of doom. (f) – If this be error and upon me proved, (g) – I never writ, nor no man ever loved. (g)

•End rhyme is when the rhyme occurs at the ends of two or more lines of verse (“As who pursued with yell and blow / Still treads the shadow of his foe”).

End Rhyme

• Either where a word in the middle of a line of poetry rhymes with the word at the end of the line e.g. The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe or where two words in mid sentence rhyme e.g. 'dawn-drawn' in The Windhover by Gerard Manley Hopkins.

Internal Rhyme

• Rhyme scheme is the pattern or sequence in which the rhyme occurs. The first sound is represented or designated as a the second sound is designated as b, and so on. When the first sound is repeated, it is designated as a also. This designation continues through the stanza.

It is an ancient Mariner, aAnd he stoppeth one of three. bBy thy long grey beard and glittering eye, cNow wherefore stopp’st thou me? b

Rhyme Scheme

•A framed story is a narrative in which one story is enclosed or embedded inside another.

Frame Narration or Frame Story

Terms and Definitions

Alliteration

• Repetition of initial consonants for rhyme.

• Example: Sally sells seashells by the seashores.

• directly addressing an imaginary person, place, thing, or abstraction, either living, dead or absent from the work. Example: Ophelia, in Hamlet, says, “O, heavenly powers, restore him.”

Apostrophe

Hyperbole

• Is an extreme exaggeration. – Example: I have

so much money, I am burning a hole in my pocket

– If I told you once, I’ve told you a thousand times

Metaphor

• A figure of speech in which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else.

– Example:• “Time is a monster

that cannot be reasoned with”

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• Metonymy (unlike metaphor) uses figurative expressions that are closely associated with the subject in terms of place, time or background. The figurative expression is not a physical part of the subject. Examples are:– The White House declared (White House = US government /

President) – The land belongs to the crown. (crown = king / queen / royal

family / monarchy) – Empty pockets never held anyone back. Only empty heads and

empty hearts can do that. (Norman Vincent Peale) (empty pockets = poverty; empty heads = ignorance / dullness / density; empty hearts = unkindness / coldness)

– the spit-and-polish command post (meaning: shiny clean)• The name of one thing is applied to another thing with

which it is closely associated:– “I love Shakespeare.”

Metonymy

•a word whose sound (the way it is pronounced) imitates the meaning.–Examples: “roar,” “murmur,” “tintinnabulation.”

Onomatopoeia

•Figure of speech containing two conflicting terms.

•(See examples on next slide)

Oxymoron

• Found missing Resident alien• Genuine imitation Good grief• Same difference Alone together• Silent scream Living dead • Small crowd Soft rock • Butt Head New classic• Sweet sorrow "Now, then ..." • Passive aggression Taped live • Clearly misunderstood Extinct Life • Plastic glasses Terribly pleased • Pretty ugly Working vacation

Oxymoron Examples

Personification

• Inanimate objects have human characteristics.– “The wind cried in

the dark.”– “The leaves were

dancing in the trees.” To Kill a Mockingbird

Simile

• A figure of speech in which like or as is used to make a comparison between two basically unlike ideas. – Example: Claire is

as flighty as a sparrow.

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Symbol(ism)

• Anything that stands for or represents something else. An object that serves as a symbol has its own meaning, but also represents abstract ideas.

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• This is a form of metaphor. • A part or something that is used

to the signify the whole: – “Turning our long boat round […] on the

last morning required all hands on deck” (hands = people) (4)

• Whole used instead of a part:– Troops halt the drivers (troops = soldiers)– “Canada played the United States in the

Olympic Hockey finals.”

• The container representing the thing being contained:– “The pot is boiling”

• The material from which an object is made stands for the object itself:– “The quarterback tossed the pigskin.”

Synecdoche

Stanza

•A group of lines in a poem. It is similar to a paragraph in a story.

Quatrain

•A stanza or poem of four lines.

So oft have I invoked thee for my Muse, (A)And found such faire assistance in my verse, (B)As every Alien pen hath got my use, (A)And under thee their poesy disperse. (B)

Thine eyes, that taught the dumb on high to sing, (C)And heavy ignorance aloft to flie, (D)Have added feathers to the learned's wing, (C)And given grace a double majestie. (D)

Yet be most proud of that which I compile, (E)Whose influence is thine and born of thee, (F)In others'works thou dost but mend the style (E)And arts with thy sweet graces graced be. (F)

But thou art all my art, and dost advance (G)As high as learning my rude ignorance. (G)

Ballad

• A poem that tells a story similar to a folk tale or legend and often has a repeated refrain. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is an example of a ballad.

Ballad of Birmingham(1969)(On the bombing of a church in Birmingham,

Alabama, 1963) 

"Mother dear, may I go downtown         Instead of out to play,  And march the streets of Birmingham In a Freedom March today?"

"No, baby, no, you may not go, For the dogs are fierce and wild, And clubs and hoses, guns and jails Aren't good for a little child."

"But, mother, I won't be alone. Other children will go with me, And march the streets of Birmingham To make our country free."

"No, baby, no, you may not go,                                               

For I fear those guns will fire.

But you may go to church instead And sing in the children's choir."

She has combed and brushed her night-dark hair, And bathed rose petal sweet, And drawn white gloves on her small brown hands, And white shoes on her feet.

The mother smiled to know that her child Was in the sacred place, But that smile was the last smile To come upon her face.

For when she heard the explosion, Her eyes grew wet and wild. She raced through the streets of Birmingham Calling for her child.

She clawed through bits of glass and brick, Then lifted out a shoe. "O, here's the shoe my baby wore, But, baby, where are you?"

• a stanza of four lines of poetry with a rhyme scheme of abcb.

Ballad Stanza

• a narrative poem of unknown authorship; it is usually based on an old folk legend or tradition and contains repeated lines or phrases, archaic expressions, elements of the supernatural, and references to good and evil.– Example: “Bonnie Barbara Allen”

Folk Ballad

• a deliberate imitation of the folk ballad style by a known author; it copies the subject, the overall atmosphere, and the style of the folk ballad.– Examples: Casey at the Bat, The

Rime of the Ancient Mariner.

Literary Ballad

• A word choice intended to convey a certain effect.

• Example: “It was easy to use that laptop” or “It was effortless using that laptop”

Diction

• A word that contains a set of ideas associated with it in addition to its explicit meaning. Based on the word, it can be personal and/or based on individual experiences.

Example: “My bad” or “Sorry” “House” or “Home”

Connotation

Tone

• The writer or speaker’s attitude toward a subject, character, or audience, and it is conveyed through the author’s choice of words and detail. Tone can be formal or informal, serious or playful, bitter or ironic, indignant, objective, etc.

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Foreshadowing

• The use in a literary work of clues that suggest events that have yet to occur (future action). Use of this technique helps to create suspense, keeping readers wondering and speculating about what will happen next. http://www.hyperborea.org/journal/images/foreshadowing.jpg

Irony

• The general term for literary techniques that portray differences between appearance and reality, expectation and result, or meaning and intention.

• Implies a twist.

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Verbal Irony

•Words are used to suggest the opposite of what is meant.

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Dramatic Irony

• There is a contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader or audience knows to be true.

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Situational Irony

•An event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience.

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Imagery

• The descriptive or figurative language used in literature to create word pictures for the reader. These pictures or images, are created by details of sight (visual) – p. 678, sound (auditory), taste (gustatory), touch (tactile), smell (olfactory), movement (kinesthetic), or internal (organic).

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Assonance

•REP of vowel sounds in nearby words. The cat with a hat sat on a bat named Tat.

Consonance

•REP of middle or ending consonance sounds in nearby words.

• The repetition of consonants or of a consonant pattern, especially at the ends of words, as in blank and think or strong and string

Kennings

• A metaphorical expression used in place of a noun

• Sea = “whale-road” or “swan’s way”

• Joints, ligaments = “bone-locks”

• Sun = “sky-candle”• Icicles = “water-ropes”

Metonymy and Synecdoche

• Metonymy: Name of one thing is substituted for the name of something else that most people would associate with the first thing– “Iron” for “Sword”– “Crown” for “king” or “monarchy”

• Synecdoche: Substitute a part for the whole– “keel” for “ship”– “All hands on deck”– “Heads of cattle”

Caesura

• An obvious pause in a line of poetry. It is usually found near the middle of a line, with two stressed syllables before and two after, creating a strong rhythm. It is often indicated with double slashes.

• Example: A prince of the Geats, // had killed Grendel.