1. Educational research meansA research that investigates the behaviour of students, teachers, administrators, parents and othermembers of the community who interact with educational institutions.Purposes of ER (IMPAK AER)- Improve practice- Add to knowledge- Address gap in k/ledge- Replicate k/ledgeCharacteristic of ER (SCIENTIFIC LOVERS)- Scientific Method- Logistics progression- Validity- Empirical- Reliability- Systematic2. ACTION RESEARCH MEANS research designed to solve a specific classroom or school problem, improve practice, understand issues or make a decision in their own school or organizationAR is a systematic process ofidentyfing the issuesdesignening the solutionreporting the resultPURPOSES OF AR-To integrate teaching with research-To improve the effectiveness of practice- To realize educational value- To routine reflective teachingCYCLES OF AR (idPICReTarDed)1. Identify the issue2. Planning an action3. Implementing an action4. Collecting data5. Reflecting on the action (b,d,a)6. Taking further action7. Developing the 2nd cycle of AR3. DIFFENCES QUAN N QUALI Quantitative (POSITIVIST)a. Deductive approach- Testing a theoryb. Uses statistical analysisc. A comparison of results with predictionsd. Used standard, fixed structures and evaluation criteriaQualitative (INTERPRETIVE)a. Inductive approach-Building a theoryb. Text analysisc. Studies a small group of individualsd. Research questions are general and broad.4. Concepts of validity N reliability Validity:The degree to which scientific observation measure or record what it supposed to measureReliability:The degree to which a test consistently measure what it supposed to measure5. How to ensure the validity of action research.a. Observe the students' progress during the lessonb. Record the findings immediately after the intervention/ lesson6. Triangulation MEANS?Triangulation is a concept that is often taken up in qualitative research when issues of quality are discussed.7. Many are reluctant to view action research as a legitimate form of inquiry (Stringer, 2007) -Justify Stringers statement with three reasons.a. Action research is carried informallyb. The findings are not reported to scholarly journals but to schoolc. Action research design may not be as systematic as other research.9. Types of research. (BIASED)BASIC RESEARCH Conducted to develop, test, or refine theory To increase knowledge n understanding phenomena E.g u/stand how feedback affects motivation or learning stylesAPPLIED RESEARCH Conducted to examine the usefulness of theory in solving practical educational problems E.g- determine the best approach to train tr. To use portfolios as assessment.EVALUATION RESEARCH- to make a decision about a program or activity- to determine worthy, strengths, weaknesses and how to improve E.g- to decide whether to keep or phase out a prekindergarten programACTION RESEARCH research designed to solve a specific classroom or school problem, improve practice, understand issues or make a decision in their own school or organization- Emphasis on teachers, counselors, and Administrators

8. State Action Research Model.Kurt Lewis (1946) *cycle- Observe - reflect - act - evaluate - modify Kempis & McTaggart (1988) *cycle- Plan - act - observe - reflect -Gerald Susan (1983) *cycle- Diagnosing - action planning - taking action - evaluating - specifying learning -Whitehead and Miff (2006) *cycle- Observe - reflect - act - evaluate - modify

10. DEFINE INTERVIEW1. One to one verbal administration of questionnaire2. Direct face to face attempt to obtain reliable and valid measures in the form3. To obtain information on research finding4. To further investigate their responsesTo get the story behind a participants experience- STRUCTURED- SEMI-STRUCTURED- UNSTRUCTURED

GUIDELINES DEVELOPING1. Write down the interview question2. Each questions should be related with the research question3. Questions should be as brief as possible (simple wording, sent. Structure)4. Avoid leading questions5. All terms should be defined to interviewGUIDELINES CONDUCTING1. Check the tape recorder (if used)2. Ask one questions at a time3. Remain as natural as possible. Dont show strong emotional reaction for their responses4. Encourage responses with +vet reaction nods of the head5. Dont lose control6. Provide transition between major topics

11. Characteristics of good items in a questionnaire. Items should be related to programmer objectives Items should be clear n unambiguous Include only one concept in one item-no double barrel (e.g. I like mind maps because it is colorful and organized) Avoid vet words Using +ve questions12. What a researcher does in the observe phase-give different action research model.a. Kempis & M.C. Taggart (1988)I. Observe phase is the data analysis phase.ii. The data is summarized and presentedb. Kurt Lewis (1946)i. identifying a general or initial idea

13. Based on Lewin, s (1946) Action Research Model above, analyze the importance of the first two step in the model using relevant examples.1) Planning: The development of a plan of acting to improve what is already happening or implement a new initiative. / In practice the process begins with a general ideathat some kind of improvement or change is desirable.Teacher finds pupils weak in writing skills, so the teacher tries to identify theproblem and possible solutions to the problem. This step is important asteachers haveto know the problem before one can plan to solve the problem.2) Acting: After the solution is planned out, the teacher then carried out the plan. Teacher plans a series of activities to improve pupils writing skills, the activitiesrange from simple sentence reading to simple sentence making. This step iscrucial as Failing to plan is planning to fail. Executing the plan if the plan works.14. List out the characteristics of educational research.i) Research begins with a question in the mind of the researcher.Look around and everywhere you see phenomena which will arouse your curiosity.e.g, why are children in this school unable to read? Why are girls performing better than boys? These are situations in which the meaning of which you do not comprehend. By asking relevant questions we create an inquisitive environment which is the prerequisite for research. Research arises from a question that is intelligently asked with regards to a phenomenon that the researcher observes and is puzzling him or her.ii) Research requires a plan.One does not discover the truth or explanations about a phenomenon without serious and meticulous planning. Research is not just by looking-up something in the hope of coming across the solution to your problem. Rather it entails a definite plan, direction and design.iii) Research demands a clear statement of the problem.Successful research begins with a clear, simple statement of the problem. The statement of the problem should be stated precisely and grammatically complete, must set forth what it seeks to discover and enables one to see what one is attempting to researchiv) Research deals with the main problem through sub problems.Divide the main problem into appropriate sub problems, all of which when resolved will result in the solution of the main research problem.