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[fonЄtiks and fonƆlogi]
Weeks 2-4[wiks tu to for]
Phonetics and Phonology
Phonology vs. Phonetics?“It is not unreasonable [...] to say that
phonology deals with the systems and structures of speech, while phonetics focuses more narrowly on articulation and acoustics. But the boundary should not be sharply drawn [...]” (Clark, Yallop, and Fletcher 1997:4)
http://books.google.com/books?id=dX5P5mxtYYIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phonology+phonetics&ei=wx2eS8W-PIiKyQTL7YjyDA&client=firefox-a&cd=3#v=onepage&q=&f=true
A Descriptive (not prescriptive) scienceSpeakers are concerned with speaking/(and
meaning), the linguist is concerned with how it is said.
Concerned with the details, the structure, the rules.
[fonɛtɪk sɪmbɔls][pʌteto]ɛkstrə
Phonetics
Places of articulation
Places of articulation (2.2.4)Bilabial- bringing lips together [p] [b]
[m]Labiodental-lower lip and teeth [f] [v]Interdental- tip of tongue through teeth [θ] [ð]Alveolar- tongue at/near the alveolar ridge [t] [s]
[n]Palatal- further back of mouth on hard palate [dʒ]
[j] [ ʃ ] Velar – soft part of roof of mouth behind hard
palate/velar [k] [g] [ŋ]Glottal- produced at the larnyx [h]
Manner of Articulation (2.2.5)Voiced & Voiceless consonantsRounded & lax vowels /meet/ vs /boot/ [i]
vs [u]Fricatives (2.2.5)/(2.4.3) [f] [v] [s]Affricates (2.2.5) [ t ʃ ], [d ʒ] Stops [b] [t] [k]Liquids [l] [r]Nasals [n] [m] [ŋ]
Describing phonemesVoiced bilabial stop [b] Voiceless labidental fricative [f]Voiced labiodental fricative [v]Mid front lax vowelLow back rounded vowel
Transcription- [kɛnsʌl ɪz nɔrməli leit fɔr klɑs]- /Kencil is normally late for class/- Transcribe your name- [tʃranskraib jɔr neim]- Our proposal is due today- [ɔwʌr prʌpozal Iz tʌde]- And the methodology is due next week.
- [and ðI mЄθɔdɔlʌdʒi Iz dʒu nЄkst wik]
DiacriticsLength [:] [skwiz] [i] [i:]/right/ -[rait] or [rai:t]Aspiration [h]Nasalised [~]Stress [`]/father/
G - [dʒi]X- [ ]
/prime minister/ -[praimI n Istʌ]
/carry/ /ask/ -[aks] “axe”
Єks
[fonƆləgi]
Phonology
[fonƆləgi]Is the study of the distribution of
sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds.
What are the predictable and unpredictable?
What are the characteristics of the environment that affect the change in sounds?
AllophonesVariants of a phoneme. Non-contrastive (no change in meaning;
English)Contrastive (changes the meaning; Hindi)Same or different environmentChanges meaning (or not)“fruit” [pʰəl]“moment” [pəl]
Minimal PairsWords that differ because of one
sound which causes different meaning. “pin” & “tin” [pIn] & [tIn]
X Y/C____D[n] [m]/_____ labial consonant
Phonological Rules
AssimilationSound becomes more like the neighbouring
ones.Resembles the environment.
Alevolar Stop Assimilation –(consonants)“Sit down”Vowel harmony (Vowels)
Eg., /cats/ vs. /dogs/Any difference in plural marker? Why?
Dissimilation
Insertion (p., 113)
Sit down “sit dunk”[sɪdɔŋk]“Melon” [mɛlion]H-Insertion “ʰegg”[ʰ] [ʰɛg]
[ʰaus]
Deletion (p., 114)H-Deletion“home”- [om]“Nintendo” [ɪntɛndo]
Metathesis A Change in the order of sounds[aks][krai] ?
Next week
Eg., /cats/ vs. /dogs/Any difference in plural marker? Why?
oH/WAllomorphs (diff sounds indicate diff
meaning)Morphophonemic rulesFeature MatrixRead chapter and work on exercises.
What is an allophone?
Definition An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.
Examples (English) [p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/.
[t] and [tH] are allophones of the phoneme /t/.Examples (Spanish) [b] and [B] are
allophones of the phoneme /b/.[d] and [D] are allophones of the phoneme /d/.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/
GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAllophone.htm
Comparison of morpheme-morph-allomorph and phoneme-phone-allophoneMorpheme-morph-allomorph and phoneme-
phone-allophone The relationship between a morpheme and its morphs and allomorphs is parallel to the relationship between a phoneme and its phones and allophones.
A morpheme is manifested as one or more morphs (surface forms) in different environments. These morphs are called allomorphs.
A phoneme is manifested as one or more phones (phonetic sounds) in different environments. These phones are called allophones.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ComparisonOfMorphemeMorphAllom.htm
Formal Notation of Phonological RulesBasic Format
A B / C __ DThis means “A becomes B in the
environment between C and D”Eg) /CAD/ /CBD/C & D are conditioning sounds
Example (vowel nasalization)Vowels become nasalized before a nasal
sound[+syllabic] [+nasal] / _____ [+nasal]
Cont’dDistinctive features are normally used But other conventional diacritics are
allowedBoundaries:
# (word), + (morpheme), $ (syllable) ___# (word final), #___ (word initial), $___ (syllable initial)
Segments:C(consonant), V(vowel), G(glide),
N(nasal), L(lateral)