Follow-up to the video: The last U. S. national landslide risk assessment was done in

1982 by the USGS – before GIS and computerized mapping were available. This was at a small map scale – not sufficiently detailed to make decisions about single sites.

A decade ago, Congress authorized the USGS to set national policy to minimize landslide risks. The USGS estimated the cost at $25 million per year; the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) estimated it would cost $50 million. Congress authorized $2.5 million, which has slowly grown to $3.5 million – about 1/10 the value of 17 homes that went down the cliffs at Laguna Beach, California, in 2005.

In 2010, following devastating landslide losses in western North Carolina, 6 state geologists set out mapping landslide hazards in the state. In 2011, the newly elected Republican legislature cancelled funding – and five of them were laid off. They were "suppressing business and interfering with peoples' property rights."

Next on the agenda:Next on the agenda:

CLAYS: Where it's CLAYS: Where it's all happening!all happening!

Secondary Minerals: the ClaysSecondary Minerals: the Clays

These are SHEET SILICATES These are SHEET SILICATES composed of stacked tetrahedral composed of stacked tetrahedral layers and octahedral layers (layers and octahedral layers ( = = silicasilica sheets and sheets and aluminaalumina sheets sheets).).

These can be stacked in a ratio of 1:1 These can be stacked in a ratio of 1:1 or 2:1.or 2:1.

In In mostmost real clays, minor Al for Si substitution in the tetrahedral layers gives them a small (-) net charge real clays, minor Al for Si substitution in the tetrahedral layers gives them a small (-) net charge

The 2:1 clays are most typical of areas The 2:1 clays are most typical of areas with limited water availability.with limited water availability.

These clays can ALSO be either DI- or TRI-octahedral:These clays can ALSO be either DI- or TRI-octahedral:

e.g., Kaolinite is e.g., Kaolinite is DIDIoctahedral - only 2/3 of octahedral sites octahedral - only 2/3 of octahedral sites are occupied, by trivalent (are occupied, by trivalent (+3+3) cations - like Al) cations - like Al+3+3, Fe, Fe+3+3; Mn; Mn+3+3, , CrCr+3+3, B, B+3 +3 etc., can also fit here. etc., can also fit here.

xx xx

x = x = MM+2+2 if red dots if red dots instead represent instead represent other other didivalent valent cationscations

TRITRIoctahedral clays have all three sites occupied, octahedral clays have all three sites occupied, but by but by divalentdivalent ( (+2+2) cations. ) cations. So, the net charge for three So, the net charge for three octahedral sites remains at a total of +6octahedral sites remains at a total of +6..

A clay with a CEC of 10 means it can potentially hold 10 meq of cations loosely on and/or in its

structure per 100 grams of clay.

xxx 4M+++

The BIG FOUR:The BIG FOUR:

Artichokes, asparagus and rhubarb are among the very few perennial vegetables.

4. SulfurSulfur (S)

Next:Next:

Mass Wasting:Mass Wasting:

It's not just in CotterIt's not just in CotterUnion on Friday Night!Union on Friday Night!