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3 OF THE TOP 10 MINERAL PRODUCTING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD ARE SITUATED IN THE ARTIC

USAMajor mineral producerMajor consumerLooking to import and invest globallySees recycling and substitute-materials as a future potentialIs more preoccupied with the affairs of “mainland” America and consideres it´s arctic territories somewhat of a periphery. Has shown an increasing interest in the arctic lately.

Canada:Major mineral producerRelatively self-sufficient on minerals, with some exceptions.

Asia;Approximately 50% of the world mining production, with China and India as top producing countries.

China;Major producerMajor consumerLooking to invest, especially in Africa and now in the poten-tial mining possibilities opening up in the Arctic.

Signalised a signifigant reduction of exports of Rare Earth minerals in 2010, the same year as they reached a 95% near mo-nopoly on the production of Rare Erth minerals. Understandably this gave the rest of the world a nasty suprise(Ref: http://geology.com/articles/rare-earth-elements/).

Definite interest in the Arctic; Mining in Greenland, access to the opeing shipping routes and applying for observer status in the Arctic council.

India;Major producer, but in Chinas shadow.

Japan: Is not a major mineral producer and is therefore interested in the artic, also because of the potential new shipping routes; has an independent arctic institute.

Africa:Interest in investments from China and India (Asia)95% of investment in Africa comes from mining, oil and gas

EU;Minor producer, except from Poland, which are one of the top 10 mineral producing countries in the world.Mineral strategy announced in 2008Looking to import and invest globally80% import dependantOne of the major mineral-political strategies is recyclingAlso applying for observer status in the Arctic council

Russia;Major mineral producer

Norway:Major Petroleum IndustryMinor Mineral producing and lacking in a broad competence

GLOBAL MINERAL POLICY STRATEGIES; MAPPING OUT TENDENCIES

production productionproduction production production

consumptionconsumptionconsumption

exportexportexport exportexportexport exportexport

import import importimport import

relativelyself su�cient



relativelyself su�cient insu�cient insu�cientinsu�cient

USA Canada Russia AustraliaChina India Africa EU

Sources:

Production:Based on statistics about the 10 top most mineral producing countries (British Geological Survey 2009)

Consumption:Based on statistics on the world consumption from 2007 (Crowson 2008)

GLOBAL MINERAL SITUATION

The selection of countries in the diagram is based on the top 6 mineral producing countries in the world, including the EU as a major consumer (and pro-ducer), and the whole of Africa, as a continent where there is a lot of mineral production.

Export/Import:Based on a comparative analysis of the world 7 top most countries exporting and importing minerals by Irene Crowo Nielsen.

Thus the whole scheme is not directly comparable, but displays a general tendency, shedding a clearer light on the various countries mineral strategies.

recyclingextrovertresearch introvert open closed

Resulting Policy

?

GLOBAL MINERAL POLITICAL STRATEGY

Source:This diagram is based on extracts from and on the independent mineral strategies of the USA and EU, analysis of the import/export diagrams and conversations with the Norwegain Foregin Ministry, Polar department (26.01.2012), Andreas Østhagen from the Arctic Insitute (25.01.2012), Jack Ødegård from SINTEF (18.01.2012) and Christopher Eads from the Economist Intelligence Unit (1.02.2012), all in Oslo.

Researching newpossibilities

andtechnologies

Legend

Looking outsidecountry boarders

to invest and import

Protecting ceirtainresources

fordomestic use

Open to outsideinvestmentsand exportingresources

Closed to outside investments

Interested inusing recyclingas a sourceof futureresources

USA Canada Russia AustraliaChina India Africa EU

??

exportexport exportexportexport

import import import import import

major producer

major producer

major producer

minor producer producerfuture producer?

USA Canada Russia Greenland Norway Iceland EU

? ?

ARTIC MINERAL SITUATION AND POLITICAL STRATEGIES

Source:This diagram is based on the same sources as the Global Mineral Strategy Diagram and the Global Mineral Situation Diagram.

The selection of countries in the diagram is based on the top 6 mineral producing countries in the world, including the EU as a major consumer (and producer), and the whole of Africa, as a continent where there is a lot of mineral production that isn´t legal, and thus is partly unrepre-sented in the general statistics.

In addition, Japan is included as a major consumer, and Norway as the country we will eventually zoom into later on in the process.

The statistics used does not focus solely on mineral exports and imports, but as it includes the countries where the theme is relevant it displays a clear tendency, though it must be read critically.

Main source (2005-2006): http://www.exportnation.com/research/

EU source (2010): http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/statistics/

Africa supplementation source (2010): http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/africa/export-import.html

US supplementation source (2012): http://economics.about.com/cs/1/a/importexport.htm

USA

Canada

Russia

Japan

Norway

Australia

China

IndiaAfrica

EU

GLOBAL EXPORT AND IMPORT FLOW

These countries are dependent on the other countries SUPPLY AND DEMAND Why is it not vice versa?

Because the other countries do not have the same dependency on their supply and demand, with the exception of EU and USA, who are dually dependent on each other´s supply and demand.

These countries are dependent on the other countries DEMAND

These countries are dependent on the other countries SUPPLY

Otherwise it is interesting to note that both China and Africa have the same depend-ency on Japan, EU and USA; India and Japan both have the same dependency on China and the US, whilst no one is dependent on Cana-da, Russia and Australia (even though they are major mineral producing countries)

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EXPORT - IMPORT EXPORT IMPORT

USAEU

NORWAYCANADARUSSIA

AUSTRALIACHINAAFRICAINDIAJAPAN

USAEU

AUSTRALIA

RUSSIAUSACANADACHINAINDIAEUAUSTRALIA

EUUSAEUUSAEU CHINAUSA JAPAN CHINAUSA JAPAN EUJAPAN EU USUS CHINACHINA US

CHINA JAPAN CANADA EUCANADA RUSSIAINDIA

JAPAN USANORWAYCHINA

EU EU

AUSTRALIAJAPAN

10C July line

Tree line

AHDR Boundary

AMAP Boundary

Arctic Circle

ARCTIC REGIONThere is no fixed boundary for the arctic region.The definition of arctic determined by the specific aspects of the region.The most commonly refered boundary is AMAP Boundary.

AMAP BOUNDARYThe Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) “area” essentially includes the terrestrial and marine areas north of the Arctic Circle (66°32´N), and north of 62°N in Asia and 60°N in North America, modified to include the marine areas north of the Aleutian chain, Hudson Bay, and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean including the Labrador Sea.Within the AMAP area, 10 “key areas” have been identified that are a special focus for coordinated and harmonized monitoring and research activities.

10oC and TREE LINES are determined by the use of biophysical criteria.

ARCTIC CIRCLEThe Arctic Circle is the circle of latitude at 66 degrees 33 minutes N (2606 kilometers/1619 miles from the North Pole) that encloses a northern area about 8 percent of Earth s surface. The Arctic Circle is the southern limit of the midnight sun, where north of the circle there is at least one day each year when the sun does not set.

source:- http://arcticportal.org/en/amap- Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR)Oran R. Young, University of California at Santa Barbara,U.S.A., and Níels Einarsson, Stefansson Arctic Institute, Iceland - Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Arctic Pollution Issues: State of the ArcticEnvironment Report (AMAP, Oslo, 1997). - T. Armstrong, G. Rogers, G. Rowley, The Circumpolar North (Methuen, London, 1978).

10C July line

Tree line

AHDR Boundary

AMAP Boundary

Arctic Circle

AHDR BOUNDARYSome extent of the Arctic as a region was determined by the use of biophysical criteria. While some was determined by cultural, economic, or political terms. for instance the Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR).In the AHDR Arctic. It encompasses an area of over 40 million square kilometers or about 8% of the surface of the Earth, a sizable domain by any standards . But the human residents of this vast area number only about 4 million, of whom almost half are located within the Russian Federation

ARCTIC REGION

10C July line

Tree line

AHDR Boundary

AMAP Boundary

Arctic Circle

SAILING ROUTES

200-mile line area

equidistance line

agreed border

claimed continental shelf

unclaimed

GREENLAND

RUSSIA

NORWAY

FINLAND

CANADA

USA

ICELAND

SAILING ROUTES

200-mile line area

equidistance line

agreed border


unclaimed

GREENLAND

RUSSIA

NORWAY

FINLAND

CANADA

USA

ICELANDAccoriding to the international legal instrument governing maritime jurisdiction and boundary delimitation United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which entered into force in November 1994, a coastal state is entitled to a sovereign territorial sea extending up to 12 nautical miles (nm) from its coastal baseline. The normal baseline is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts, but straight baselines can also be drawn across the mouths of rivers and some bays, and along coastlines which are “deeply indented and cut into” or fringed with islands. Beyond the territorial sea, the coastal state is entitled to claim an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending up to 200 nm from its baselines.

Where zones of jurisdictional entitlement overlap, the states in question need to agree a maritime boundary.

source: http://www.lecerclepolaire.com/articles_archives/Pratt_maritime_Arctic.html

SAILING ROUTES

200-mile line area

equidistance line

agreed border


unclaimed

GREENLAND

RUSSIA

NORWAY

FINLAND

CANADA

USA

ICELAND

THE ARCTIC COUNTRIES

northern sea route

future central arctic shipping route

SAILING ROUTES

north-east passage

north-west passage

AMERICA

ASIA

EUROPEice surface 2070-90

ice surface 2040-60

ice surface 2010-30

In the summer 2011 the Arctic Sea Ice melt-down reached a new record low since the beginning of satellite data record ranging back to 1979 as well as other recorded data ranging back to the 50’s.The Northern Sea route is vastly free of ice. Russians are taking advantage of that, sending numerous vessles through the route, amongst them the largest ever tanker to go through the route.Shipping in the Arctic is becoming a reality and all the Arctic nations are getting ready. The shipping and sailing will only increase with less sea ice.

source: http://www.arcticportal.org/arctic-

shipping-maps

SAILING ROUTES

FAROE ISLAND(DANMARK)47 700

GREENAND (DANMARK)57 700

Majority of Greenland population are indigenous, the policy to indigenous people is in high priority in Danmark Arctic policy.

indigenous-people

non-indigenous people

FINLAND201 000

RUSSIA1980 000

Almost half are located within the Russian Federation. Russia thus consider itself as the major country of arctic and takes aggressive approaches to the arctic policies.

ICELAND290 000

ALASKA (USA)649 000

CANADA130 000

The biggest proportion of area lies in Canada terriotories.The arctic population however is comparatively low. Canadianarctic policy focus on ecosystema and resources.

In the area of over 40 million square kilometers or about 8% of the surface of the Earth (AHDR Arctic). Human residents of this vast area number are about 4 million, which is about 0.057% of world population.

POPULATION

source: Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR)

NORWAY380 000

Norway has comparatively high arctic population and one of the most active countries to arctic policies.

RESOURCES IN THE ARCTIC

<10% very low

10%-30% low

potential oil & gas fishing area

50%-100% medium

100% high

source: http://arcticportal.org/en/amap

There is rich storage of resources in the arctic-oil/gas, fish, minerals. Thanks to the melting ice the resources is more accessible than before, the interests to the arctic from different nations and organization are therefore increase.

200% or more increase

100-199% increase no mining

changes in mineral activities 1992-2007

1-49% increase new production

1-99%decrease

MINERAL ACTIVITIES

The diagram is showing the changes from 1992 to 2007. Because of the ice melting in arctic and Chinese decresing mineral export, there will be a new mineal arctivity trend in the coming decades in the arctic.

source: Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR)

NORDIC COUNCIL

ARCTIC COUNCIL

BARENTS EURO ARCTIC COUNCIL

BARENTS REGIONAL COUNCIL

CAPITALS OF THE MEMBER COUNCTRIES

ACTORS IN THE ARCTIC

ACTORS IN THE ARCTIC

Geopolitic on the Kola Peninsula : strengthening of the national minorities and indigenous

rights Nordic countries but also in Russia

Bilateral agreement on environmental protection

Continental shelf boundary and joint zone agreed

Fisheries boundary following the Island’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) agreed

Continental Shelf boundary agreed


The Nordek plan :

strat of a Nordic economic cooperation, Finland didn’t take part at the beguining

joint the Nordic Council as members of, respectively,

Inauguration of the Nordic House in Reykjavik, design by Alvar Aalto

Agreement on a Nordic Cultural Fund

Support cultural projects involving a minimum of three Nordic countries

Nordic Constitution, known as the Helsinki TreatyThe joint Nordic labour market

Nordic Passport Union : more clearly defined than the Passport-free travel

Maritime boundary partially delimited

Nordic Convention on Social Security

Nordic Council

Passprt-free travel was introduce between the Nordic countries

Nordic Council ratified

The Danish Prime Minister Hans Hedtoft, at the Nordic Interparliamentary Association

proposed the creation of The Nordic Council

a consultaion body in which Nordic parliamentarians would meet on a regular basis

Failed negociation to a Nordic Defence Alliance

=> part of NATO

Changes in the geopolitical situation

Changes of the border Finland-Soviet Union, Norway occupied by Germany, Alliance Finland-Germany

=> Northern war

Capitulation of Russia to Japan _ end of Tsarism _ Frirst Russian Revolution, democratisation

Norwegian Constitution

End of constant competition and warfare between Denmark, Sweden and Russia

=> New period of agricultural colonisation of the north.

New Swedish constitution

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Local autonomy : differents ethnics groups competed and cooperated,

establishment of territorial states and Christiany

9th century

Transformation from ethnic communities to states comunities.

16th century

Sea way to the white sea in northern of Russia by The English Compagny of Merchant Adventurers

1553

1809

1814

1905

1949

19/08/1951

1952

1955

1955

1970

1971

1984

1990

01/06/1990

17/12/1973

28/01/1980

22/01/1981

10/12/1982

15/01/1988

30/01/1966

08/1968

15/02/1957

09/02/1920

WWII

+ Winter War

(Russia-Finland)

Treaty of Svalbard/Spitsbergen

Single maritim boundary agreed

Nordic Council

History Policy of countries and different organisations Minorities and Indigenous policies Boundary Economy Environment Security EU relations

TIMELINE OF ARCTIC GEOPOLITIC

Nuuk Declaration by the Arctic Council

Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) agreement, Arctic environmental protection strategy

EU membership

EU membership

New Baltic Sea

Creation of the Barents Region with the Barents Cooperation

The Kirkenes declaration establish Barents Euro Arctic Council and Barents Regional Council

Continental shelf and fisheries boundary agreed

Arctic Council with the Ottawa Declaration

Continental shelf and Fisheries boundary agreed

Tripoint agreed

Continental shelf and fisheries boundary agreed

(Svalbard)

Extention of the Norway-Russia maritime boundary

Agreement on the maritim boundary in the Barents Sea Ocean signe but still not ratified

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in force

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

USA's Responsible Arctic Energy Development Act

Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples by the United Nations General Assembly

Commission Communication on the European Union and the Arctic Region

Ilulissat Declaration adopted at the Arctic Ocean Conference

Partnership Agreement

Nordic Sami Convention

Finland's strategy for the Arctic Region

Joint Danish and Greenlandic strategy for the Arctic

Norwegian Government's Strategy for the High North

Canadian Northern Strategy

Statement on Canada's Arctic Foreign Policy

Canadian Act to amend the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act

Basics of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic for the period till 2020

Russian national security strategy until 2020

American National Security Presidential Directive, Homeland Security Presidential Directive

USA's Arctic Oil Spill Research and Prevention Act

USA's Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment Implementation Act

Conference Statement of the Ninth Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region

NATO's new Strategic Concept, approved by Heads of State and Government at the Lisbon Summit

security prospects in the Arctic region, particularly the military aspects of the High North

01/06/1991

12/03/1992

09/04/1992

09/05/1992

11/01/1993

16/11/1994

18/12/1995

19/09/1996

11/11/1997

2005

20/02/2006

2007

11/07/2007

13/09/2007

05/2008

28/05/2008

12/09/2008

20/11/2008

2009

09/01/2009

05/2009

08/2009

2010

04/06/2010

28/08/2010

15/09/2010

11/2010

12/05/2011








The Nordek plan :










Nordic Council







=> part of NATO



=> Northern war









9th century


16th century


1553

1809

1814

1905

1949

19/08/1951

1952

1955

1955

1970

1971

1984

1990

01/06/1990

17/12/1973

28/01/1980

22/01/1981

10/12/1982

15/01/1988

30/01/1966

08/1968

15/02/1957

09/02/1920

WWII

+ Winter War

(Russia-Finland)



Nordic Council









The Nordek plan :










Nordic Council







=> part of NATO



=> Northern war









9th century


16th century


1553

1809

1814

1905

1949

19/08/1951

1952

1955

1955

1970

1971

1984

1990

01/06/1990

17/12/1973

28/01/1980

22/01/1981

10/12/1982

15/01/1988

30/01/1966

08/1968

15/02/1957

09/02/1920

WWII

+ Winter War

(Russia-Finland)



Nordic Council


EU

ARCTIC COUNCIL

Canada, Denmark (Greenland, Ilses Faroe), Finland, Island, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, United States

Global politicArctic Contaminants Action Programme (ACAP)Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Conservation of Arctic Flora end Fauna (CAFF) Emergency Prevention. Preparedness and Response (EPPR) Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME) Sustenaible Development Working Group (SDWG)

BARENTS COOPERATION

Day to day politic

BARENT REGIONAL COUNCIL

Sweden, Norway, Finland, Russia, working Groop on Indigenous Poeples (Saami of norway)

interregional cooperation on 6 frame sector programmes : Forestry, Mining and minerals, Oil and gas, Tourism, East-West logistics, Higher educa-tion

BARENT EURO ARCTIC COUNCIL Denmark, Finland, Island, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Euro-pean Commission

intergovernmental cooperation on issues in the Barents Region : energy, environment, indig-enous peoples, economy

CHINA

EU

NORDIC COUNCIL

Official inter-parliamentary body in the Nordic RegionGlobalisation , Climate, Freedom of movement, East of the baltic

Denmark, Finland, Island, Norway, Sweden

INTERACTION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENTS ACTORS IN THE ARCTIICINTERACTION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT ACTORS IN THE ARCTIC

“The Arctic belongs to all the people around the world, as no nation has sovereignty over it...

China must play an indispensable role in Arctic exploration as we have one-fifth of the world’s population.”

Chinese rear admiral Yin Zhuo, March 2010

Chinese research vessel Snow Dragon

Foreign Ministers of the Coastal Arctic states meet in Chelsea, Canada. March 29, 2010.

The 1996 Ottawa Declaration created the Arctic Council, which is comprised of eight states, six permanent indigenous organizations and several “observer states.”

While China and EU apply for permanent observership to the Arctic Council, with particular reference to the governance of the northern sea routes, the five Arctic Ocean costal states have met as the “Arctic Five” to discuss issues like search-and rescue capabilities, oil-spill cleanup capabilities and maritime shipping regulations.

The Five have agreed to be committed to existing Law of the Sea adjudication of competing sovereignty and resource claims and the coastal states see “no need to develop a new comprehensive international legal regime to govern the Arctic Ocean,”

The “ArcTic Five” And The ArcTic council

Norwegian foreign policy is based on the respect for international law and cooperation. As one of the five Arctic littoral states, Norway has a strong position in the Arctic Council and the strategy of cooperation has been confirmed by the establishment of a permanent secretariat for the Arctic Council in Tromsø.

The main drivers for the Norwegian arctic policy are: climate change - establishing northern Norway as a laboratory for climate change. A polar research hubresources - partly a consequence of the first, access to and knowledge about new resources become available. The expectations of oil and gas and consequences for regional development are only rivalled by the environmental concerns. relationship with russia - “Norway’s policy with Russia is based on pragmatism, interests and cooperation.”

Norway Arctic Policy 2011The High North, Visions and Strategies100 most used words

Murmansk, 15. Sept. 2010. Norway and Russia signing the treaty on maritime delimitation and cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean.

Greenland achieved self-rule status in June 2009. This gave the Greenlanders recognition as a distinct people with the right to self-determination and more control over its gas, gold and diamond reserves, while security and foreign policy remain the competence of Denmark.

In view of the self-rule, the policy paper is using the term Kingdom of Denmark, referring to Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Like the Norwegian policy, cooperation is high on the agenda, as is climate and research. Among the main words are also oil, exploitation, gas, industry and mineral. EU and Canada are the only partners that make it on the list.

Denmark Arctic Policy 2011Strategy for the Arctic 2011-2020100 most used words

The United States is a major Arctic player through the state of Alaska. But as the Senate has failed to ratify the UN convention on the Law of the Sea, the US has not been able to join in as other countries have sent in territorial claims in the region.

The Arctic policy calls for a more active and influential presence to protect US interest and to secure free passage through the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea Route.

USA Arctic Policy 2009National Security Presidential Directive-66 on Arctic Region Policy100 most used words

Nuuk, 11. May 2011Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton arrives at the 7th Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council,

Canada Arctic Policy 2009Our North, our Heritage, our Future100 most used words

Canadian and US research vessels on joint programme in the Arctic ocean

Russia’s Arctic strategy emphasizes the region’s importance to Russia’s economy as a major source of revenue, mainly from energy production and profitable maritime transport.

Defining the limits of the country’s continental shelf by 2015 is listed as a top priority. Among other strategic goals the document points at developing the transport and communication infrastructure in the region, particularly connected to the Northern Sea Route as a national, integrated transportation-communication system

Russia Arctic Policy 2008The Fundamentals of state policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic in the period up to 2020 and beyond100 most used words

President Putin at Franz Josef Land to tag a polar bear in April 2010

The European Union has three memberstates in the Arctic sone, Finland, Sweeden and Denmark. But as Greenland opted out, the Union has no Arctic coastline.

The Parliament resolution of 2011 argues that a future accession of Iceland to the EU would transform the Union into an Arctic coastal entity and that this represents a strategic opportunity. Iceland is however not concidered one of the Arctic littoral states among the Arctic Five.

The EU seeks a closer cooperation with, and status as permanent observer in the Arctic Council. There is no dispute as to the soveregnity of the Arctic states, but the prospect of northern shipping routes makes the northern dimension increasingly important.

European Union policy 2006The Northern Dimension100 most used words

EU Parliament 2011Resolution on a sustainable EU policy for the High North100 most used words

European Parliament in Session

New technology

Increased demand for ICT

China increasesmanufacturing

Increased demand forREE and other minerals

China reducesexport quotas

Mineral prices sky rocket

Global scare on mineral supply chain disruption

USA mineral strategy

identify substituteminerals

Improve capacityfor recycling, reuseand more efficientuse of materials

achieve globallydiverse supplies

EU raw materialsinitiative

Foster sustainable supplyof raw materials from European sources

Norway Arctic strategy

Visibility of climate changeattracts politicalattention

Internationalcooperation andlegal orderValue creation

and employmentSustainable use of resources

Investment in and development cooperationwith African mining countries

Exploring the Arctic for new mineralsources

Infrastructure development in Barents area

Barents EuroArctic Council

Research and development of new knowledge and technology

Climate change

Call for environmentallysustainable solutions

Arctic Ice capis melting

Green mining

Strict environmentalregulations

New shippinglanes across the arctic Ocean

Access to newrecources Need for delineation

of borders and responsibilities

Financially viableto explore deposits and (re-)open minesin Norway and Barents

New N orwegianmineral law 2009

Norwegian mineral strategy in 2012

Norway-Russiaborder treaty 2010

New Arcticharbours

Access to markets

UN law of the seasUNCLOS 1994

6 permanentindigeneous organisations

Saami Council

NorwegianSametingetArctic Council

China holds 95% of REE!!

Tromsø as Polar resarch hub andArctic capital

88 memberstates

UiT - AHOcooperation

AC-Secretariat

The BiG PicTure

Documents

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