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FM Lecture Notes of Najeeb Haider Zaidicourtesy; my teachers
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Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 1
Frequency ModulationBasic Theory
Najeeb Haider Zaidi
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 2
Frequency Modulators
Direct, Indirect FM Modulators
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 16
Basics
How would you define it?
Generation of Carrier
LC Oscillator
Crystal Oscillator
How to change the Frequency?
Varactor Diode
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 17
FM Modulators
FM Modulators
Direct FM Modulators
Varactor Diode Modulators
Reactance Modulator
Indirect FM Modulators
PM Modulators
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 18
Varactor Operation Variable Capacitance
Acts like a small Capacitor
Dielectric
Conducting Plates
Do all diodes posse characteristics?
Varactors are made with a wide range
of capacitance values, most units having
a nominal capacitance in the 1- to 200-
pF range.
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 19
Varactor Diode Modulator Circuit
Amplifier
DC Coupling Capacitors
BasebandProcessing
The capacitance of varactor diode D1 and L1 form the parallel tuned circuit of the oscillator.
The value of C1 is made very large so its reactance is very low.
C1 connects the tuned circuit to the oscillator and blocks the DC bias on the base of Q1.
The values of L1 and D1 fix the center carrier frequency.
The modulating signal varies the effective voltage applied to D1 and its capacitance varies.
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 20
Crystal Modulators
Crystal Oscillator
Crystal oscillators provide highly accurate frequencies and their stability is superior to LC
oscillators.
The frequency of a crystal oscillator can be varied by changing the value of capacitance in
series or parallel with the crystal.
By making the series capacitance a varactor diode, frequency modulation can be achieved.
The modulating signal is applied to the varactor diode which changes the oscillator frequency.
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 21
Reactance Modulator
A reactance modulator is a circuit that uses a transistor
amplifier that acts like either a variable capacitor or an
inductor.
Wide Range Frequency deviation
Highly Linear
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 22
Reactance Modulator
Class A Amplifier
Carrier Oscillator
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 23
Phase Modulators
Most modern FM transmitters use some form of phase modulation (PM) to produce indirect FM.
In PM the carrier oscillator can be optimized for frequency accuracy and stability.
Crystal oscillators or crystal-controlled frequency synthesizers can be used to set the carrier frequency accurately and maintain stability.
The output of the carrier oscillator is fed to a phase modulator where the phase shift is made to vary in accordance with the modulating signal.
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 24
Varactor Phase Modulator
A simple phase-shift circuit can be used as a phase modulator if the resistance or capacitance
can be made to vary with the modulating signal.
A varactor can be used to vary capacitance and achieve phase shift modulation.
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 25
Transistor Phase Modulator
A transistor can be used as a variable resistor to create a phase modulator.
A standard common emitter class A amplifier biased into the linear region is used in PM.
The transistor from collector to ground acts like a resistor.
The transistor’s resistance forms part of the phase shifting circuit.
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 26
Frequency Demodulators
Direct Demodulators, Indirect Demodulators
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 27
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 28
Slope Detector
The slope detector makes use of a tuned circuit and a diode detector to convert frequency
variations into voltage variations.
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 29
Pulse Averaging Discriminator
A pulse-averaging discriminator uses a zero crossing detector, a one shot multivibrator and a
low-pass filter in order to recover the original modulating signal.
The pulse-averaging discriminator is a very high-quality frequency demodulator.
Originally this discriminator was limited to expensive telemetry and industrial control
applications.
With availability of low-cost ICs, this discriminator is used in many electronic products.
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 30
Quadrature FM Detector
The quadrature detector is probably the single most widely used FM demodulator.
The quadrature detector is primarily used in TV demodulation.
This detector is used in some FM radio stations.
The quadrature detector uses a phase-shift circuit to produce a phase shift of 90 degrees at the
unmodulated carrier frequency.
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 31
Phase Locked Loop
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 32
Power of Angle Modulated Signal
1
2n
SBnRT thPPP
Power of the Rest Frequency Component
Power of nth Significant Sideband
Slide Notes Frequency Modulation
Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.
Slide 33
References
Made By Najeeb Haider Zaidi
Wikipedia: FM Modulation, Modulation Index
Delmar Learning System: MU-04.pdf
FM Mathematics: http://cnx.org/content/m15482/latest/
Electronic Communication Systems by Wayne Tomasi