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PROPERTIES OF
PETROLEUM RESERVOIR
FLUIDS
E.J. Burcik. 1957. Properties of petroleum reservoirs fluids. John Wiley & sons, inc. London
References
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are compounds formed by two elements only, hydrogen and carbon. Because of their different molecular structures, they have different chemical and physical properties.
One of the main characteristic of hydrocarbons consists in their ability to oxidize quickly releasing a large quantity of thermal
energy.
Petroleum oil and natural gas are themselves often referred to as "hydrocarbons“. However they often contain substantial amounts of nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, trace metals, and other elements.
From point of view of chemistry
For petroleum engineers
DEFINITIONS
C Dry gas (gaseous @ any p,T
conditions)
C3-C4 LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas
C5-C8 Intermediate components or
condensates
C13+ Heavy fractions
Qualitative phase behavior
of hydrocarbon systems
Single-Component Systems
Consider a single, pure fluid at a constant temperature, in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston.
p is the pressure applied on the piston
p > pv only liquid
pv is the vapor pressure of the liquid
if @ equilibrium
p < pv only vapor
p = pv Vapor and liquid
At a given temperature, the pressure determines the kind and number of phases that are present
p
T
Vapor
Liquid Solid
B
C
A
Tc
pc
G
System behavior as a function of pressure and temperature, studied through PVT laboratory analysis.
Single-Component Systems
Pressure-Temperature diagram – phase diagram
O
AO: vapor pressure
Lines
OB: sublimation pressure
OC: melting points (slope positive for hydrocarbons, negative for water)
Points
O: triple point. Pressure and temperature at which solid, liquid and vapor coexist under equilibrium conditions.
Critical Temperature (Tc): temperature above which a vapor cannot be liquefied, regardless of the applied pressure.
Single-Component Systems
Intensive property (or bulk property): does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system. Example: density, viscosity, etc..
Extensive property: depends on the system size or the amount of material in the system. Example: mass, volume, etc..
Critical Pressure (pc): minimum pressure necessary for liquefaction of vapor at the critical temperature
A: critical point (pc, Tc). The intensive properties of the liquid and the vapor phases become identical and they are no longer distinguishable
Some definitions…..
Single-Component Systems
Pressure-volume diagram
p
volume
D
C B
A
pv
AB: vapor
Phases
BC: vapor + liquid (liquid and gas coexist at the vapor pressure)
CD: liquid
T = const < Tc
C: bubble point. The system is all liquid except for an infinitesimal amount of vapor
B: dew point. Liquid begins to condense.
Points
Vapor pressure = dew point pressure = bubble point pressure
In a single component system…
Two-Component Systems
Pressure-volume diagram
p
volume
D
C
B
A
AB: vapor
Phases
BC: vapor + liquid (liquid and gas coexist)
CD: liquid
T = const < Tc
Pb: bubble point.
PD: dew point.
Points
pb
pD
dew point pressure ≠ bubble point pressure
In a two/multi-component system…
Two-Component Systems
Pressure-volume diagram
p
volume
T1
T2
T3
critical point
Critical point: is the point where the bubble point line and the dew point line meet
UNDERSATURATED
OIL RESERVOIRS
GAS- CONDENSATE
RESERVOIRS
SINGLE PHASE
GAS RESERVOIRS
Multi-Component Systems
Pressure-Temperature diagram – phase diagram
Bubble Point: pressure at which the oil releases the first gas bubble
Dew Point: pressure at which the gas releases the first oil drop
Cricondentherm: highest temperature at which liquid can exist
Critical Point: The intensive properties of the liquid and the gas phases become identical and they are no longer distinguishable
Multi-Component Systems
Definitions…..
Hydrocarbons at Reservoir Conditions
E: Dry gas reservoirs
D: Wet gas reservoirs
Tr > Tcricondentherm
Surface/transport conditions are outside the two phase envelope
Tr > Tcricondentherm
Surface/transport conditions are inside the two phase envelope
Hydrocarbons at Reservoir Conditions
Tc<Tr < Tcricondentherm C: Gas-condensate reservoirs
A: Under-saturated oil reservoirs
B: Saturated oil reservoirs Tr<Tc
C.H. Whitson. M. R. Brule. 2000. Phase behavior. SPE Monograph Series. Richardson, Texas.
Hydrocarbons at Reservoir Conditions
As the pressure decreases, liquid or “condensate” is formed. This happens until a limiting value of the pressure, after which further pressure reduction results in re-vaporization.
The region in which this phenomenon takes place is called the “retrograde condensation” region, and reservoirs with this kind of behaviour are called “retrograde condensate reservoirs”.
Gas-condensate reservoirs
Dpp
Dpp 1 phase in reservoir
Hydrocarbons at Reservoir Conditions
OIL SATURED
UNDERSATURED
VOLATILE OIL
GAS DRY GAS
CONDENSED GAS
BLACK OIL
Phase Envelopes
Component Intermediate
oil
Volatile
oil
Gas-
condensate Wet gas Dry gas
CH4 48.83 64.36 87.07 95.85 86.67
C2H6 2.75 7.52 4.39 2.67 7.77
C3H8 1.93 4.74 2.29 0.34 2.95
C4H10 1.60 4.12 1.74 0.52 1.73
C5H12 1.15 2.97 0.83 0.08 0.88
C6H14 1.59 1.38 0.60 0.12 …
C7H16 + 42.15 14.91 3.80 0.42 …
Mol. Wt. C7H16 + 225 181 120 157 …
GOR, SCF/bbl 625 2000 18,200 105,000 Inf.
°API gravity 34.3 50.1 60.8 … …
Liquid colour Greenish
black
Medium
orange
Light straw Water
white
…
1.
Mole composition & other properties of typical Single-Phase Reservoir Fluids
Single-Phase Reservoir Fluid
Volumetric Relations
Oil Oil Oil
Liberated Gas
Liberated gas
Expansion of
previously
liberated gas
Liberated gas
Pre
ssu
re
Temperature
Oil Oil Oil
Liberated Gas
Liberated gas
Expans ion of
previous ly
liberated gas
Liberated gas
Pre
ssu
re
Temperature
Termodynamic Conditions
RESERVOIR CONDITIONS
•Pressure
•Temperature
NORMAL CONDITIONS:
•p=1 atm (14.69 psi)
•T=0°C (273.15 K)
STANDARD or STOCK TANK CONDITIONS:
•p=1 atm (14.69 psi)
•T=15°C (288.15 K)
Viscosity
definition
Viscosity is friction within a fluid that results from the strength of molecule to molecule attractions. In other words it is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or extensional stress.
References
C.R. Fitts. 2002. Groundwater science. Academic Press. London, UK
Newton's Theory
z
Vx = 0
Vx = V
Consider two flat plates separated by a thin film of fluid
slide one plate laterally, the fluid resist shearing
the faster you slide the plate, the grater the resistance
V = velocity of the plate zd
vdAF A = area of the fluid film
A
F = resisting force
= is known as the coefficient of viscosity, the viscosity, the dynamic
viscosity, or the Newtonian viscosity
Dynamic viscosity
zd
vdAF
m
sm
mN 2
Units
sPa
SI Pa s (Pascal-second)
Cgs - OF P (poise) or cP (centipoise)
Water at 20 °C has a viscosity of 1.0020 cP.
1 P = 1 g·cm−1·s−1
Conversions:
1 cP = 10-3 Pa·s = 1 mPa·s
1 P = 10-1 kg·m−1·s−1 = 10-1 Pa·s
Related parameter
= dynamic viscosity
r = fluid density
kinematic viscosity
…rarely used in petroleum engineering…
SI m2/s
Cgs - OF St (stokes) or cSt (centistoke)
1 stokes = 100 centistokes = 1 cm2 s−1 = 0.0001 m2 s−1.
1 centistokes = 1 mm2 s-1 = 10-6m2 s−1
Conversions:
s
m
m
kg
sPa 2
2
r