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ABSTRACT
Halden Creek has been frequently impounded by flowslides. The landslides are recorded insedimentary exposures in two ways: 1) Trees died in the resultant temporary lakes and weresubsequently partially buried by alluvium. The buried portions of the trees were preserved. Bankerosion exhumed these ancient drowned forests. 2) In some cases multiple organic layers ineroded slide debris record separate flowslide events. Using radiocarbon dates of trees and organiclayers, we attempt to reconstruct flowslide history at Halden Creek.
Flowslides and drowned, buried forests at Halden Creek, northeasternBritish Columbia
MARTEN GEERTSEMA AND JOHN CLAGUE
Flow
slid
esFl
owsl
ides
and
drow
ned,
bur
ied
and
drow
ned,
bur
ied
fore
sts
atfo
rest
s at
Hal
den
Hal
den
Cree
k,Cr
eek,
nort
heas
tern
Brit
ish
Colu
mbi
ano
rthe
aste
rn B
ritis
h Co
lum
bia
Mar
ten
Gee
rtse
ma
BC F
ores
t Se
rvic
e, P
rince
Geo
rge
Reg
ion
John
Clag
ueSi
mon
Fras
erU
nive
rsity
Sett
ing
Sett
ing
Sett
ing
Sett
ing
Buc
king
hors
eFo
rmat
ion
(mar
ine
shal
e)
Sika
nniF
orm
atio
n(s
ands
tone
-sh
ale)
Dun
vega
nFo
rmat
ion
(san
dsto
ne)
Sully
For
mat
ion
(mar
ine
shal
e)
Sett
ing
Sett
ing
Dun
vega
n
Fort
Nel
son
Low
land
(Buc
king
hors
eFo
rmat
ion)
Sully
Sett
ing
Sett
ing
Land
slid
e Ty
pes
Land
slid
e Ty
pes
Roc
k fa
ll, R
ock
slid
es
Land
slid
e ty
pes
Land
slid
e ty
pes
Tran
slat
iona
lroc
k rid
ge
Larg
etr
ansl
atio
nalb
edro
ck s
lides
Land
slid
e ty
pes
Land
slid
e ty
pes
Low
-ang
le r
ock
flow
(~
4 k
m lo
ng)
sour
ce a
rea
plow
ridge
(mud
dydi
amic
ton)
boul
dery
rubb
Land
slid
e ty
pes
Land
slid
e ty
pes
Low
-ang
leflo
wsl
ides
(in m
uddy
, low
clas
tco
nten
tdia
mic
ton)
1997
slid
e
Flow
slid
esFl
owsl
ides
sand
21 -
22 %
silt
47 -
48
%cl
ay31
- 3
2 %
Liq
uid
limit
37 -
41
Plas
tic li
mit
17.5
- 2
0Pl
astic
ity I
ndex
19 -
21
Act
ivity
.63
- .6
519
97 s
lide
•sam
ples
con
tain
sm
all a
ngul
ar r
ock
frag
men
ts >
2m
m•s
ampl
es c
onta
in s
ome
salt,
but
ana
lyse
s ar
e no
t ye
t co
mpl
ete
Flow
slid
esFl
owsl
ides
1997
slid
e
olde
r sl
ide
flood
ing
(1 k
m u
pstr
eam
)
600
m
Dro
wne
d Fo
rest
sD
row
ned
Fore
sts
997
impo
undm
ent
3.8
m o
f s
and
and
pebb
le g
rave
l abo
ve 9
7 flo
odpl
ain
delta
fro
n(S
ept
2000
)
mud
up
to 7
m a
bove
del
ta t
op
Log
in s
lide
debr
is
←16
92 A
D
Hol
ocen
eH
oloc
ene
Flow
slid
eFl
owsl
ide
Reco
rdRe
cord
←25
6 BP
Anci
ent
drow
ned
fore
st
375
7 BP
Logs
in s
lide
debr
is
> 5
m fl
uvia
l san
d
dia
mic
ton
san
d
dia
mic
ton
Hol
ocen
eH
oloc
ene
Flow
slid
eFl
owsl
ide
Reco
rdRe
cord
mul
tiple
bur
ied
orga
nics
( 8
at s
ite 1
1) -
do t
hey
repr
esen
t di
stin
ct e
piso
des
of m
ovem
ent,
or
com
plex
eve
nts?
Impl
icat
ions
Impl
icat
ions
Slop
e ha
zard
s an
dsi
lvic
ultu
re
Sho
uld
we
inve
st h
ere?
Impl
icat
ions
Impl
icat
ions
Slop
e ha
zard
s an
dsi
lvic
ultu
re
Shou
ld w
e in
vest
her
e?