Flight Deck Implications for the Implementation of …...Flight Deck Implications for the Implementation of an Integrated Arrival, Departure, and Surface (IADS) Traffic Management

Flight Deck Implications for the Implementation of an Integrated Arrival, Departure, and Surface (IADS) Traffic Management System

Deborah L. Bakowski, M.A. SJSU at NASA Ames Research Center

Becky L. Hooey, Ph.D.

NASA Ames Research Center

Robert W. Koteskey, M.A. SJSU at NASA Ames Research Center

David C. Foyle, Ph.D.



9th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE) July 21 – 25, 2018 Orlando, FL

ATD-2 IADS Traffic Management System

Surface Improved predictability on the surface (push, taxi, takeoff times).

Overhead Stream Efficient scheduling into constrained overhead flows.

Scheduling tools to efficiently manage traffic from the gate to the overhead stream merge.

•  Airspace Technology Demonstration 2 (ATD-2)

•  Integrated Arrival, Departure, and Surface (IADS) traffic management system

ATD-2 IADS Capabilities •  ATD-2 combines existing and emerging technologies to

create the IADS traffic management system Departure Scheduler Produces airspace trajectory predictions to enable more precise scheduling into overhead traffic streams. Information Sharing Increased sharing of data and decision information among users.

Surface Modeler Produces surface trajectory predictions. Surface Scheduler Generates target times; monitors demand and capacity imbalance estimates. Surface Metering Throttles demand to the runway.

Improved Scheduling Enables Efficient Spacing

OPEN SLOT OPEN SLOT

ATD-2 IADS Displays and Interfaces

Display/Interface Ramp Traffic Console

(RTC): Flight info, pushback advisories

•  ATD-2 IADS improves predictability through a coordinated schedule between the Ramp, Tower, Terminal, and Center

Display/Interface Runway arrival /departure timelines, flight list, map

Display/Interface Departures into

overhead streams

Ramp Tower ATC Tower ARTCC (Center)

ATD-2 IADS Flight Deck Implications

§  Which parts of the ATD-2 IADS system impact the Flight Deck?

§  What pilot training and communication are needed?

§  What procedures are required of pilots to support the ATD-2 IADS system?

Flight Deck



Pilot Engagement and Outreach

ATD-2 IADS Go Live at Charlotte

(CLT)

Pilot Community Engagement

at CLT

Subject Matter Expert

Interviews

(3) Pilot Webinar Briefings

Measure Real-World

Pilot Procedural Compliance

MITRE's General Aviation

User Forum

Sept 2017

Feb 2017

May – July 2016

April – July 2017

May 2018

Nov 2017

Sept 2017

Distribute

Pilot- Training Materials

Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT)

General Aviation / Business Jet Operations

36C 36L

Main Ramp: Commercial Airlines

18C 18L

36R

18R

Charlotte Douglas (CLT) Main Ramp

18L

ATC Tower

18C Ramp Tower


18L

ATC Tower

18C Ramp Tower

In our research discussions with Charlotte-based Commercial Pilots, we learned that some pieces of information were not reaching the Flight Deck as consistently, or as early, as they could. Runway Assignment is an example of one of those pieces of information.

Gate

Ramp Controller (Ramp Tower)

Pushback Clearance

Airport Movement Area

Ground Controller (ATC Tower) Taxi Clearance

Runway Assignment


Gate


Pushback Clearance

18L

ATC Tower

18C



Runway Assignment

Ramp Tower

At the Gate, prior to Pushback: Pilots program Flight Deck computers and configure the aircraft for a particular Runway.

At the AMA Entrance: Ground Controller issues the Runway Assignment.

If the Runway Assignment issued by the Ground Controller is different than what Pilots planned for, there are implications for Flight Deck workload and traffic flow.


Gate


Pushback Clearance

18L

ATC Tower

18C



Runway Assignment

Ramp Tower

Flight Deck Implications for Changing Runway: •  Request new performance numbers via ACARS •  Reprogram/Verify FMS •  Reconfigure MCP •  Runway-change Checklist (some airlines) •  Eyes-in time •  Pilot Strategies include:

•  Slow taxi speed •  Stop aircraft

ATD-2 IADS Information Sharing

ATC Tower

National Airspace

Operations

Airlines Ramp Tower

ATD-2 IADS Surface

Scheduler / Planning

Algorithms

•  Share information among all operators who are responsible for managing traffic to support efficient operations.

Flight Deck Commercial Airlines

at Main Ramp

ARTCC Center Control


Ramp Controller’s

Display


ATC Tower

National Airspace

Operations

Airlines Ramp Tower

ATD-2 IADS Surface


Algorithms

•  Share information among all operators who are responsible for managing traffic to support efficient operations.

Flight Deck Commercial Airlines

at Main Ramp



Ramp Controller’s Display

ATD-2 IADS Information Sharing with Flight Deck Implications:

Runway Assignment

TMI: Expect Departure Clearance Time (EDCT)

TMI: Wheels-Up Time for Flow Control (APREQ)

Departure Fix Closures

Ground Stop at Destination Airport

Runway for Operational Necessity

Anticipated Pushback Delay

Surface Metering: Gold Hold Advisories

Earliest Off-Block Time (EOBT) ATD-2 IADS

ATD-2 IADS

Flight Deck Implications of ATD-2 IADS at CLT

Runway Assignment Prior to ATD-2 IADS

•  Runway assignment was typically communicated to pilots by Ground Control at the spot or, sometimes, by Ramp Control.


•  Ramp Control is equipped with runway assignment information. •  Expected runway (accurate/reliable) is incorporated into the

pushback clearance so pilots know their runway earlier.

Flight Deck

Ramp Tower

"Pushback approved, expect

Runway 18C."

ATC Tower

ATD-2 IADS Surface


Algorithms

Runway Assignment

Pilots call for Pushback

18C

Ramp Tower


Airlines

"You have an EDCT time of 1430, hold for

20 min."

20 min later ...

"Pushback approved,

expect Runway 18C."

Prior to ATD-2 IADS

•  Pilots estimated when to pushback to meet EDCT. •  Ramp Control and ATC didn't always have the same EDCT.


•  Ramp Control tools support pushback coordination to meet the EDCT, without excess taxi time.

•  Depending on EDCT, scheduler may assign a Gate Hold.

Flight Deck

ATD-2 IADS Surface


Algorithms

ATC Tower

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE (TMI) Expect Departure Clearance Time (EDCT)

EDCT

Pilots call for Pushback Time Advisory

Pushback Advisory

(for EDCT)

Wheels-Up Time

(EDCT)


Negotiation of APREQ

(overhead slot)

Flight Deck before

Pushback

*Negotiation is not triggered until the Flight Deck contacts Clearance Delivery.

*

Prior to ATD-2 IADS

•  Pilots were often unaware until contacting Ground Control. •  Ramp Control was unaware of Wheels-Up times (APREQs).


•  Ramp Control tools support pushback coordination to meet the APREQ (Wheels-Up Time), without excess taxi time.

•  Depending on APREQ, scheduler may assign a Gate Hold.

Clearance Delivery

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE (TMI)

Pilots call Clr.

Delivery

APREQ/CFR: “Wheels-Up Time for Flow Control”



Prior to ATD-2 IADS

•  Pilots were often unaware until contacting Ground Control. •  Ramp Control was unaware of Wheels-Up times (APREQs).


•  Ramp Control tools support pushback coordination to meet the APREQ (Wheels-Up Time), without excess taxi time.

•  Depending on APREQ, scheduler may assign a Gate Hold.

ATC Tower

Wheels-Up Time

(APREQ)

Ramp Tower

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE (TMI) APREQ/CFR: “Wheels-Up Time for Flow Control”

Pilots call for Pushback Time Advisory

10 min later ...

"Pushback approved,

expect Runway 18C."

ATD-2 IADS Surface


Algorithms

"You have a Wheels-Up time of 2100, hold for

10 min."

Pushback Advisory (for APREQ)


Departure Fix Change/Closure Prior to ATD-2 IADS

•  Departure Fix closures were typically communicated to pilots by Ground Control at the spot or, sometimes, by Ramp Control.


•  Ramp Control is equipped with Departure Fix status. •  Ramp Control communicates to pilots when Departure Fixes

are closed or combined.

Ramp Tower

"Contact Clearance Delivery for new route, call when ready for

push."

ATD-2 IADS Surface


Algorithms

ATC Tower

Departure Fix

Status



Ground Stop at Destination Airport Prior to ATD-2 IADS

•  Ground Stops were communicated to pilots by Ground Control at the spot or, sometimes, by Ramp Control.


•  Ramp Control is equipped with Ground Stop information. •  Ramp Control communicates to pilots when the destination

airport is closed.

Ramp Tower

”Ground Stop in effect

at destination airport." ATD-2 IADS

Surface Scheduler / Planning

Algorithms

ATC Tower

Ground Stop

Status



Specify Runway for Operational Necessity

Flight Deck

“Runway 18C for Operational

Necessity”

Ramp Tower

As soon as known:

18C

Prior to ATD-2 IADS

•  Pilots specified runway for operational necessity to Ramp Control or Ground Control.


•  Pilots specify runway for operational necessity to Ramp Controller while at the gate (as soon as known).

•  Ramp Control electronically communicates need to ATC.

ATD-2 IADS Surface


Algorithms

ATC Tower


Anticipated Pushback Delay

Flight Deck

Ramp Tower 5 min delay

Prior to ATD-2 IADS

•  Pilots, sometimes, informed Ramp Control of anticipated pushback delays (e.g., maintenance issue).


•  Pilots inform Ramp Controller of anticipated pushback delay (as soon as known).

•  Ramp Control electronically communicates delay to ATC.

ATD-2 IADS Surface


Algorithms

ATC Tower

“We expect a 5 minute delay.”

As soon as known:

ATD-2 IADS Surface


Algorithms


Surface Metering: Gate Hold Advisories ATD-2 IADS Information Sharing

•  Time-based Surface Metering throttles demand to the runway. •  Flights are held at the gate instead of in long departure queues. •  Shifts excess taxi delay from the taxiway to the gate. •  Reduced runway queue, reduced fuel burn and emissions. •  EDCTs and APREQs (Wheels-Up) exempted from Metering.

Ramp Tower

"Hold 5 min for

metering."

5 min later ...

ATC Tower

Pushback Advisory

(for Surface Metering)

Ramp Tower

"Pushback approved,

expect Runway 18C."


ATD-2 IADS

Pilot Outreach and Training

Overview and Expected Benefits

Pilot Procedures

Wheels-Up Time Flowcharts

Pilot Communication Distributed Prior to ATD-2 Go Live at Charlotte on September 29th, 2017

•  15 airlines at Charlotte's main ramp (Mainline and Regional)

•  2 pilot organizations (distributed Operational Bulletins)

Real-World Procedural Compliance

•  Of flights subject to a Wheels-Up Time for Flow Control (APREQ/CFR), percent that had their Wheels-Up Time when they pushed back.

63% Average

February 2018


Real-World Procedural Compliance

•  Flight is subject to a Wheels-Up Time for Flow Control

•  Action Required: Contact Clearance Delivery just before pushback


Flight Deck Implications of ATD-2 IADS

Earliest Off-Block Time (EOBT)

Airlines

EOBT

ATD-2 IADS •  Best prediction of earliest expected pushback. •  EOBTs (ready times) are ingested by the Surface Scheduler /

planning algorithms.

ATD-2 IADS

Flight Deck ATC Tower ATD-2 IADS Scheduler /

Planning Algorithms

Earliest Off-Block Time (EOBT): •  Calculated by Airlines •  Calculated in real-time

Flight Deck

Flight Deck Implications of ATD-2 IADS

Earliest Off-Block Time (EOBT)

Airlines

EOBT

ATD-2 IADS •  Best prediction of earliest expected pushback. •  EOBTs (ready times) are ingested by the Surface Scheduler /

planning algorithms.

Ramp Tower

Earliest Off-Block Time (EOBT): •  Calculated by Airlines •  Calculated in real-time

ATD-2 IADS

ATC Tower ATD-2 IADS Scheduler /

Planning Algorithms

Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT)

36C 36L

18C 18L

36R

18R


Main Ramp: Commercial Airlines

ATD-2 IADS Information Flow Main Ramp (Commercial Operations) at Charlotte

Airlines

EOBT (Ready time)

Ramp ATC Tower Flight Deck Commercial at the Main Ramp

ATD-2 IADS Scheduler /

Planning Algorithms

Flight Deck General Aviation

Business Jet

ATD-2 IADS Information Flow Main Ramp (Commercial Operations) at Charlotte

General Aviation / Business Jet Operations at Charlotte

Airlines

No Ramp Controller to facilitate information exchange with Pilots

No Airlines to compute and

share accurate EOBT

(Ready times)

*Filed departure time only

EOBT (Ready time)



Planning Algorithms


Planning Algorithms


Business Jet

ATD-2 IADS Information Flow

General Aviation / Business Jet Operations at Charlotte

Mobile Application for GA Pilots to facilitate information sharing

Mobile App

Main Ramp (Commercial Operations) at Charlotte


Planning Algorithms

Airlines

EOBT (Ready time)



Planning Algorithms

General Aviation (GA) Information Flow


•  Mobile App to enable information flow for GA flights. •  Ready-to-Taxi Time (RTT) similar to EOBT at the Main Ramp. •  The MITRE Corporation developing prototype 'Taxi Time' App

Diffenderfer, P.A., Long, K.M., & Wilkins, S.A. (2018). Concepts for delivering IFR clearances and exchanging pre-departure data using mobile devices. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE/AIAA Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance Conference (ICNS).

Ready-to-Taxi Time (RTT) ATD-2 IADS

ATD-2 IADS Surface


Algorithms

ATC Tower Flight Deck

General Aviation Business Jet

Ready-to- Taxi Time

5:00 Z MITRE Corporation

Ready-to- Taxi Time

5:00 Z MITRE Corporation

General Aviation (GA) Information Flow


Business Jet


•  Two-way information flow to send information back to pilots. •  Expected beta-testing 2018 •  The MITRE Corporation developing prototype 'Taxi Time' App

Diffenderfer, P.A., Long, K.M., & Wilkins, S.A. (2018). Concepts for delivering IFR clearances and exchanging pre-departure data using mobile devices. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE/AIAA Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance Conference (ICNS).

RWY 18L Takeoff 5:12 Wheels-Up Arrival 7:04

Mobile App: Two-Way Information Flow

ATD-2 IADS Surface


Algorithms

ATC Tower

• Runway Assignment •  Target Takeoff Time • Wheels-Up Time • Expected Arrival

Expanding IADS and the Mobile App


Charlotte Douglas (CLT) 6%

•  Larger proportion of GA operations at Dallas Love Field (DAL) •  Greater impact in ATD-2 IADS Scheduler / Planning Algorithms •  Exploring 2019 / 2020 timeframe

Dallas Love Field (DAL) Close to 25%

ATD-2 IADS



Flight Deck Implications for the Implementation of an Integrated Arrival, Departure, and Surface (IADS) Traffic Management System

Deborah L. Bakowski, M.A. SJSU at NASA Ames Research Center

Becky L. Hooey, Ph.D.


Robert W. Koteskey, M.A. SJSU at NASA Ames Research Center

David C. Foyle, Ph.D.



9th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE) July 21 – 25, 2018 Orlando, FL

Documents

Flight Deck Implications for the Implementation of …...Flight Deck Implications for the Implementation of an Integrated Arrival, Departure, and Surface (IADS) Traffic Management