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  • flat oi 1itloe or10 · Tilden, of New York, on the third ballot. for President, and Governor...
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MILLS & KBSSLER, PROPRIETORS Letters for publication, containing news of general interest, are solicited from all the camps. In all cases the writer's name must accompany the letter. We will NOT publish anonymous letters. Where personalities are used they woiU not be published eczept eover the name of the writer, and perhaps net then. REPULICAN NATIONAL TICKET. FOR PRESIDENT, RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, OF OHIO. FOR VICE-PREBIDENT, WILLIAM A. WHEELER, OF NEW YORK. -Telegrams from Bozeman last evening said:-" No later news from the front." -It is believed the news of Custer's disaster did not reach the States until last evening. -With this number begins the eighth year of the NEW NORTH-WEST. We are pretty well; how are you? -The extra emanating from Helena Wednesday night purporting to be a proc- lamation calling out volunteers, was a hoax. -Hayes has met and outrun in detail Thurman, Pendleton and Allen. Now '.-~aa-- e le teamed on him and put him. But hewsi'nat running mate and will creoss the scratch in November half a million polls ahead. -The largest newspaper ever issued was the Centennial numberof the San Francisco Spirit of the TYmes, the receipt of copies of which we acknowledge from the publishers and Green A. Kirtley. It is printed on tinted paper, profusely illustrated and contains forty pages the size of the Nuw NORTH-WEST. -We ask some indulgence this issue. Everybody bad to celebrate the Centennial. We have all the available printers here in steady employment. Neither Orator nor Historian could furnish us copy of their addresses in advance. We have therefore had but two days in which to put up the inside of the paper and there has much important news come to hand rendering it imperative to reach the Friday mails. We have therefore to defer publishing the fine oration of Rev. Wright until next issue, ana are debarred from that elaborate report of the celebration and the presentation of other matter which we have desired. We trust our friends will appreciate the situa- tion and granting us grace this time live in hopes we will dobetter next Centennial. -- The Democracy of Deer Lodge, on Monday evening, ratified the St. Louis nominations by a salute of 100 guns, brass music and congratulatory speeches in Court House Square. There was a large attend- ance and a good deal of enthusiasm among the unterrified, they seeming to feel what we are willing to concede, that they have the best ticket in the field that they have had up for many years. The meeting was organized by electing CoL L. J. Sharp Chairman, who made a brief speech and was followed by W. A. Clark and W. W. Dixon, Esqrs., the latter gentleman having the principal part of the speaking to do. It is fair to say he made a good speech and that the addresses were characterized by recognition of the good qualities of the Republican candidates and by the highest courtesy throughout. -The Democratic Convention which assembled in St. Louis nominated Governor Tilden, of New York, on the third ballot. for President, and Governor Hendricks, of Indiana, on the second ballot for Vice- President. To our latest advices Hend- a large portion of it is devoted to dodging the financial issue on which a bitte r fight occurred. As it now stands it is neither one thing nor the other, and is diseatisfac- tory to many of both views. We regard the nominations as virtually giving up the fight, and the nomination is but the putting up of two very respectable but antagonistic gentlemen, neither of whom can carry their own States, to reconcile the ill feeling ex- isting in the party before the next Presi- dential campaign. If the Republicans vote the Republican ticket, the united Democracy cannot beat them. Hayes and Wheeler will, we believe, poll a greater vote than Grant in 1872 and the Democratic party is divided already. So, at least, we read the signs of the times. NWw OasELns, June 29.-I the Repub. lioan oonvention, the majority report of the committee on credentials came up for adop. tios. The vote was taken amid tremen- dous applanse and deolared adopted. Then came a deadlock. The report was adverse to the Packard faction, throwing out sever- al delegations that favor Packard. No. meroes calls were made for the minority report, but without succoess. Later in the afternoon Pinchback declared the oonven- tion adjourneda•til to-morrow, which ore- ated great oomiotioa end ories of 'Stamps.' An attempt was made to place a Stamps or Packard man lnthe eair. Astruggle took place on the stage, Stamps being thrown into the orchestra. Several fights took place, pistols being drawn on all sides, but were not used. k'ea yquIet having been S restod, Packard m e a reconciliatory speech, and the convention thereafter agreed to take a recess till 10 o'clock to- morrow. ImpriestJatAmnn mems t to the 'lar lq.aw WAsrNxeTOR, June 20.-The mining bill peesed by the Noose yesterday, provides that the aeual expendituraes on mining claims shall net be requtird unti the pat- ents are issued, but only until the appliea- tic &a lpreoCpa asseems b rbee msa4 4aePeq4o-P 4a tha4laeiam a* . ve sla mestas ukedaa asq . .sage the eourts. Faeq and PIperop'oed i thel?. e ieman that the exlstlng Ta il. c s ing wea, and that the amendmetas re anaeo-' eebry aid tend todatsltorb tjta. A1o &A a noa-residents or speculats. Oid hod. clams watheti deeloghi a theme, by adse- I to bita ha lltll s -5a Wl AIUNM w -4 nthe 1haq halg y. esta2F3Y:. ;.a n . .. •. . _•a.,.i *s -j_ .meAnaerr silns. . J s s e sens tro ndalep~sisaness. THE DEXONS OF THE PLAINS. The news from Custer's column is ap- palling-the greatest slaughter of United States troops by Indians on record, and in the total annihilation of so large acharging column without a precedent in the annals of warfare. The charge of Balaklava was nothing to this, and the ride Into the jaws of death Into the gates of hell Was an over-painted picture until Custer and his brave three hundred rode down the cafion of the Little Horn to fight and die unto the last man on the 25th day of June, 1876. The dispatches, which we received and issued as an extra on the evening of July 4th, seemed too horrible for belief un- til second thought and confirmatory news left naught on which to hang a hope. The overwhelming numbers and inhuman sav- agery of the foe, and the accounts of eye witnesses who looked upon the dead, told us the sad story was too true. The few fortunate ones wounded early in the charge and speeding to the protection of the re- serve in the rear before the mass of sava- ges enveloped the column advancing into what seems a well-planned ambuscade, are all who started on that journey of death and survive. The whole three hundred, the very flower of the American cavalry, whose standards are emblazoned with the names of heroic fields from the isthmus to the lakes, with their brave chieftan at the head, died fighting in a hopeless struggle with a merciless foe outnumbering them ten to one. Why Reno, from whose com- mand no lose is reported, did not reach hva ~ harged the thickest portion o1 to the rescue, or why Custer s a vast a force without awaiting Gibbon and Terry, who were known to be marching t, his support; is yet untold. Some one has blundered. If it was him who with chival- ric courage has led his troopers on an hun. dred historic fields and attested his fidelitl with his life, all that is good in man prompts but regretful words, and they who lie, chieftain and soldier In one red burial blent At this new and sadder Thermopylae, are consecrated clay whose names will live in song and story, in grateful memory and on Listoric page, as patriot soldiers who were faithful unto death. It seems more than probable this was the same camp encountered by Crook a few days before in the vicinity of the Rosebud, and the wise discretion of Crook, which has been unkindly called by harder names, in withdrawing to await support afterdem- onstrating by a strong skirmish the strength of the Indians, is early justified by events. That Crook, old Indian-fighter that he is, allowed himself to be surprised by with- drawing his pickets before putting out flankers and advance when breaking camp in Indian ground is almost past belief, but that this should be followed by a charge of cowardice is utterly preposterous. He knew too well the strength and metal of the foe to court defeat when delay assured the victory. Crook therefore fell back to arrange a combined movement. Terry Was coming up the Yellowstone on a steamer to join Gibbon, and Custer with something like a thousand cavalry was with a corps of observation flanking the steamer on the east bank of the Yellowstone and some twenty or thirty miles from it. Either unadvised of Crook's retreat, or, if advised of it knowing the imputations cast upon him, Custer came suddenly upon the great war camp of the Sioux. Whether unrestraina- ble ardor, or belief that unless attacked they would escape to less favorable ground, or rendered reckless by recent events and ea- gerness to win new laurels for himself and command influenced his immediate attack is not and never may be told. We know but the sad result. ce- Thus the second considerable conflict end- 1png man, and, in an air line, about 175 miles Ight distant. Crook has fallen back southwest ther toward Fort Phil Kearney, Gibbon and Terry having rescued Reno and the reserve have gone north-east to the Yellowstone, the and probably established quarters at Fort ing Pease. The two commands are therefore tic separated by the Sioux camp and over 100 be miles of country, while the entire north- e- west toward Gallatin and Meagher is left - exposed with nothing intervening to stay ans the Sioux except the friendly Crows and the little scouting party of a dozen or two and soldiers thatmay be spared from Fort Ellis ter at Bozeman. e To latest advioes, this triangular cam. W' paign has been a failure. The forces mov- ing from Cheyenne, Bismarek and Montana have not shown themselves strong enough ,b to separately cope with the %000 to 4,000 the Sioux warriors, who under Crazy Horse p and Sitting Ball have concentrated on the . Little Horn. Gibbon has not enoountered tn hem in foree, but if he had it is more than rse probable that he, as the others were, would er- have been worsted. Perhaps it is in ignor- u. ance that we have been unable as yet to ity comprehend the wisdom of the strategic the movements as they have been thus far de- n. veloped. The only theory that would ex- ,e plain them is that General Sheridan has ' underestimated the number and fighting o, qualities of the Sioux and considered each ok of the three columns equal to a contact a with the strongest force the Sioux could I ok concentrate, and his marching command- 4 era, sharing this belief, have discovered the I en error when it was too late. Crook's de- ry tention in waiting for his Indian allies, and p or the difficulty of communicatmig probably n somewhat disarranged the general plan, and prow.dsaster has n~ot only imperilepd Fi the sueses of the entire campaign but may e bil result in still greaterdisaster to the isolated es eolumns, or they be held in cheek by de- b g taohmente while large war portions sweep an t- into Montan esattlee •nts or ponethe Black i- Hills mnr. Elated with vitory, m iy a Sden with blood, their. worest peIdons. I, 1 b y cu - c.p r. d kitmo,, a will take the osmle!and 't h at 61g e Indian war, atr then as een known to Sftr many y isahears, s aedy begun. It w ll g be well if th orth ern Indias do nota y a - withbtbe Sloe i whbose msiesagerdavbeea I among them and induced cowOusa that to & the best informed Indian sae bode evil .de s . If rook and Gibbaon a at one di combine their eees the have' yet amy. pgi strength $owhithe Siox whomer oew te :. *ma4 them altbo SIwiOUbe they em . l tAo , et l ttwarsb bey a emar e _ t he r fit $t t m en aoo ag sut h te 1: 4ti r S amd wo+e.. $agtbsd d 44 d AbW . 17 the a e a pE dn. W *ubbuVt s Aesieasmw 'f IdiOf~ yt lEb]l 3 i'ikBtLQ tranquil, and a winter campaign will paci- fy the Sioux permanently. These are days of intense suspense and -momentous interest to Montana. Tidings from Grant, Sherman and Sheridan are awaited with the greatest anxiety, and the next we hear may be a call for Montana volunters. But the spirit of the army will be aroused bythismassacre. Sheridan will probably take the field in person, and the honor of the country and the army demands certain and swift vengeance. It cannot be that the story of June 25th will fall on listless ears or unsympathetic hearts any- where, or that the burning disgrace of the Fetterman disaster will be followed by the greater humiliation of tame submission to the latter and greater slaughter. We mis- take the temper of America and the army if by these repeated crimes culminating at Little Horn the Sioux have not invoked extermination. They are the demon tribe of the plains and there will be no more peace till they are numbered with the evils that were. Since the above was written details have been received of the fights of Crook and Custer. Opinions of the St. Louis Nominations INNCINNATI, June 28.-The news of the nomination of Tilden is received here with quiet satisfaction by the hard money men, and with undisguised disgust by the green- back wing of the party. INDIANAPOLIS, June 28.-There is among the Democrats a universal feeling of disap- pointment. CINCINNATI, June 28.-The Enquirer, in speaking of the nomination of Tilden, the oination will fall heavily on ,ad other western States. There will be a re nr anUm the center, for the party init wisdom virtually abandoned these States. We prefer Tilden to Hayes, and shall advise the Democratic organizations to stand by the nominee. NEw Yoax, June 29.-The Stoatr Zetung is entirely satisfied with Tilden's nomina- tion and the platform, and will support them cordially. The Sun says it was evident Tilden would be nominated for a long time past. This nomination opens a way for an escape from the evils and dangers which threaten the Republic. The nomination cannot fail to excite in every part of the country a most hearty and hopeful enthusiasm. The Herald says it must be conceded by friends and enemies alike that Tilden has proved himself one of the ablest and most astute managers that ever appeared in American politics. Having never held but one important office, he lacks the Washing- ton experience of Thurman, Hendricks and Bayard. His nomination therefore is a tribute to his character and he may be proud whether he wins or not. His nomi- nation is not equivalent to an election. He will have a hard battle. Still the country has reason to congratulate itself. The platforms of both parties are so excel- lent that whether Hayes or Tilden be elected, the country is equally sure of good government. The World says the Cincinnati conven- tion gave the nation a candidate without a purpose and a platform without a meaning. St. Louis responds with a candidate whose name is a symbol of reform, upon a plat- form which means a beautiful revolution in the conduct of the government. The Times has no doubt of Hayes' elec. tion. The Tribune says the convention fought briefly but bitterly, and after filling all the St. Louis bar-rooms with riot for two or three days, has placed an admirable candi- date upon a bad platform. It was wise to nominate the strongest man. Whichever side wins, we shall have a President of high personal character and excellent record, honest sympathies and associations. Tilden's course has made him the repre- two, but it is the party behind the Presi- dent which rules, and Tilden is full of rascality and deceit. The Tribunae has no reasonable doubt of Hayes' election. r'e The Post (Dem.) in speaking of the t. ,e, Louis candidate and the platform, says the vital plank for the present is the financial o plank, and as it is framed, it is a poor stick 100 indeed. We have directed attention to the t Republican weakness in this respect, but eft if the Cincinnati convention did not take aY a determined step in advance, it at least ud did not take a step backward. This the Wo St. Louis convention has done. Such a "Is hard money man as Tilden must either feel that he is compelled to stand upon a m" soft piece of timber, in giving the candi. ov- date to the East and in not giving the m West the. platform without qualification. gh It looks very much as if Ohio and Indiana were irretrievably lost in October. rne mcieo, June 29.-The Tributs. edito. hse rially referring to the nomination of Tilden, says the battle ground of the campaign will be New York, New Jersey, Connecti- ld out, Ohio, Indiana and the Pacific States. " The Republican party have now the knowl- to edge of whom they have to do with. They de have to do with a desperate, unscrupulous -- foe, armed with wealth, centrolling alegion " of agents, skilled in the machinery of fraud- as ulent elections, and despite all difference of I opinion about men and measures, united to nh a man for the purpose of defeating the •t Republican party and gaining possession Id of the government. d- The Journal editorially says:-The St. 1 Louis convention adopted a platform of B mialignant sladers against the Republican -d party, and a currency plank which means ly nothing at all, and then nominated for 4 President the hardest kindef a hard money d Demorat, and for Vice Prsidethe soft. I Sest kind ofa soft money demagogue. The b d Republicas with such noble staendrd I bearers as Hayes and Wheeler, need feel i P no spelial alarm, and yet there is evidently ! k a fght befores, afact which it wold be Sfollyfor us to ignor e a Sax PFaaxcrso, June 28.-The nomina. I 5s on of Tdse ns w~re received here on -. m. -. ._--a iu- and a l M meetsi g wiftl be 1ee In a few lb days. The sati-bhinese plank IntMa ta form gives satisfactipb,.ad parotaieit E I Dsso- t, saert thakthey ca Barr the tate on that isue. t mIesWam't Aaesgts4 a I. f aWror m; Ju.ne ,Is E Rear n, aHe drl e, barin patl* y dedtiued to be a p did~ te Vr Vle ddP esidt In .~aest tel.. I pmtsidsrlst ' .mo o'. tnhb aiit at b turn Of thei aela iUd sleiLsar s-m hie *iS~iL~*-9ci. A TURLIBZ SLAUG HT OF 0 0L- DIE8. Caster Attacks a Camp of Sion With- out Awaiting Beinforcements. COster, 15 Officers and 300 Soldiers Billed. SPECIAL To Nnw NORTH-WUST. Dsan LODGE, JUL. 4th, 1876, 7:30 p. m. A Times extra. Bozeman, Montana July 8, 1876, 7 p. m., says : Mr. Tay- lor, bearer of dispatches from Little Horn to Fort Ellis arrived this evening and re- ports the following: The battle was fought on the 25th, thirty or forty miles be- low the Little Horn. Custer attacked the Indian's village of from 2,500 to 4,000 war- riors on one side and Colonel Reno was to attack it on the other. Three companies were placed on a hill as a reserve. General Custer and fifteen ooers and every man belonging to the five companies were killed. Reno retreated under the protection of the reserve. The whole number of killed is 815. Gen. Gibbon has joined Reno. The Indians left. The battle ground looked like a slaughter pen, as it really was, being in a narrow ra- vine. The dead were very much mutilated. The situation now looks serious. Geas Terry arrived at Gibbon's camp on a steamboat, and crossed the command ova sad accompanied it to join Custer who .auniU tr ie the fight .a Burred. Lieut. Crittendon, son of General Crittenen, is among the killed. HuxAnD's SPECIAL COBE$sPONDNaT. STILLWATER, July 2.--Muggns Taylor scout for Gen. Gibbons got were last night direct from Little Horn River with tale graph dispatches. Gen. Custer found the Indian camp of about S,000 lodges on the Little Horn and immediately attacked the camp. Custer took 5 companiesandcharged the thickest portion of the camp. Nothing is known of the operations of this detach- ment only as they are able to trace it by the dead. Major Reno com- manded the other seven companies and at- tacked the lower portion of the camp. The Indians poured in a murderous fire from all directions. Bes'des the greater portion fought on horseback. General Custer, his two brothers, nephew and brotber-in-law were all killed and not one of his detach- ment escaped. Two hundred and seven men were buried in one place, and the kill- ed is estimated at 800 with only thirty-one wounded. The Indians surrounded Reno's mmmand and held them one day in the hilh out off from water until Gibbon's command came in sight, when they broke camp in the night and left. The Seventh Cavalry fosghtpike tigers and were overcome by mere brute force. The Indian loss cannot be estimat- ed as they bore off and cached the most of their killed. The remnant of the 7th cav- alry and Gibbon's command are returning to the mouth of Little Horn where the steamboat lies. The In- dians got all the arms of the killed soldiers. There were 17 commissioned officers kil- led and the whole Custer family died at the head of their column. The exact loss is not Iknown as the adjutant and sergeant major were both killed. The Indian camp mouth. The Indians actually pulled the men off their horses in some instances. I give this as Taylor told me, as he was over the field after the battle. Signed W..H. NORTON* but Ake w Tleg flat oi 1itloe or10 cant t Details of the Battle Betwio Custer's her Conand ad the ionx, Id.e Be •r •,t Daca sq msa Naw Noasa-War. the (The following is telegraphed from the on. special correspondence of the Helena Her- ,n , .- ED. N. N.-W.) Bozr•ax, July 4.-Although the tele- ito. graph has already informed you of the dis- e4 aster which has befallen Custer's command, ign it may be of interest to your readers to get ,ti the particulars as far as they can be asoer- es tained here. While I may not be perfectly wl- cormet in all details, my information comes ey from the best sources, and may be relied is upon as substantially accurate. on First as to the locality. The fight took ;_ place on the Little Big Horn, a stream of emptying into the Big Horn some 20 miles to above its month, and the Indian camp was he situated about the same distance up the pn Little Big Horn. This stream heads in the Big Horn mountains, and the Boaseman it road croses several branches of it after of leaving the foot bills. Its general course u is north by north west, and runs through a .s broken bad lad country. Especially are pr hills high on theeast ide where there is 1 J but a very narrow strip of bottom while I i- the valley eq the left bank is wider and the o country somewhat better and less broken. a There is considerable cottonwood timber I el and numerous dense thickets along the ly stream. Othe right bank of the stream t a the Indian camp was located. The lodges a stood in the edge of the timber forming a e Slane a little over four miles long; two rows I aon either side. The nearest bluits were s a thickets scattered through the tim- rbe The dia aderything prepared _ trma lae a4sperate rlse an attack k L were piled up into bremeastok The E e hinea se hallowed oet for plaos of Ahel. g tet h.. hht place made impaemtra.. a ble arfo ralr. The number of lodges is a oiaeM t' 80g whlis waId make the C , a1lu hers estet 4,a00 warriors andl t PabmeoIega aser athe yoeaunsem f sea I b** IO Joaad &Ap hlin their S t. 4 eis ibend tolbredt f steult aof esas.d "al his: t Stn dee i? a. takem I Pweisr reafsw se;f ibcas the t seeeI em 'ao "hbub 'try`. of ~ l-- ; south with four companies and take his division down into the valley through a ravine opening into the bottom at the extreme a pper (south) end of the camp. Three companies were left on the bluff as a reserve, while General Custer himself with five codipanies charged into the camp through another ravine opening opposite the middle of the camp. The arrangements were perfect. Both attacks were made almost at the same moment. Here ends our knowledge of the movements of Custer. Not a man of his five companies lives to give us an account of the disaster. We can only guess that his impetuous charge carried him too far, that he was entirely surrounded and so closely pressed from all sides that another charge become impossi- ble, while no single man could cut his way through the ranks of the surrounding enemies. Custer seems to have fallen at the head of his troops and probably at the beginning of the fight, while nearly 200 men lay almost in a heap close to him. The rest of those killed were scattered nearer the bluffs as if cut off while trying to escape. All indications go to show that the gallant seventh was true to its high record. The boys seem to have fought to the last. Sixty dead Indians were found within the camp afterwards, while the line of their retreat, as far as followed (14 miles) was lined with bodies of men and horses. Reno's attack had been promptly made at the time agreed upon, but he met with such a determined resistance that he was compelled to fall back. Only one of his companies succeeded in getting inside of the camp, but it was impossible for them to hold their position. The Lieutenaxit in command was compelled to dismount his men, abandon his horses and fight every inch of his way back to join his comrades. He accomplished this retreat without much loss, although wounded in the head and leg. The Indians not satisfied withhaving beaten Col. Reno, followed up their advan- tage and compelled the soldiers to fight their way back to the summit of the bluff where they were joined by the reserve. They knew nothing of Gen. Custer's fate but supposed when the firing in his direc- tion died away that he had been compelled to retreat. Meanwhile, the Indians gave them sufficient anxiety on their own ac- count. They continued to press closely and closed around them until the soldiers were concentrated on a round hill with thouse- ands of yelling and murdering savages on all sides. They were indeed in a desper- ate strait. The only protection they had was the bodies of their dead horses, while among them were 50 wounded men and not a drop of water. During the night several attempts were made to reach the stream to procure a supply of water but they succeed- ed in getting only a few canteens full and these cost the lives of 8 men. That night and all the following day (26th) the fight lasted continually, the Indians closing in around them steadily. The situation was becoming terrible, but help was close at hand. Gen. Gibbon had left his position on the north side of the Yellowstone and moved up to the vicinity of Ft. Pease where he was crossed by the Josephine and moved up the east bank of the Big Horn towards the Indians. On the 25th and 26th he made forced marches, making more than 30 miles on the 26th over a very rough country, and although too late to retrieve the fortunes of the day he was just in time to save Colonel Reno and what was left of the 7th regiment of cavalry. Only on Gibbon's arrival did they learn of the fate of Custer. Two Crow scouts had brought the news to Gibbon. Late on the evening of the 26th he arrived within 6 miles of the battle field and as soon as the Indians found this out they be- gan moving off, When Brisbin's 4 companies of cavalry drew near the next morning, the Sioux are said to have formed a perfect line of battle S•ith'airmishers thrown out in front and troops, however, were too much exhausted to follow and the Indians departed unmo- lested. They are said to have been six bours passing a given point, marching four abreast. This march was towards the head of the Rosebud where General Crook is supposed to be with his forces. On the 27th the dead were buried and the next day it was the intention of the command to move down to the month of the Little Horn with the wounded where the Josephine is awaiting them. What the intentions of Gen. Terry are Ie otter taking his wounded away is not known. Although the Indians carried off most of their lodges and other property they left immense quantities of cooking the utensils, skins, robes, meat, etc., which rer- were to be destroyed. The circumstances of this fight are yet too imperfectly known ile- to express any opinion of the disastrous at. lie tack. If Gen. Caster acted rashly he has d, paid dearly for it. He had two brothers get (one a citizen) his brother-in-law, and ten er- other oooers, two surgeons and 207 men tly killed. Of these 204 were found and ba- es rled. 8everal of the ofiloers were so badly ed mutilated as to make idqutiflcation impossi. ble. Coster himself was dressed in a ok backskin hunting-sunit, and therefore not m recognized by the Indians. He was stripped lea but not scalped or otherwise mutilated. as The total loss exceeds 250, .or about one- he half of the whole command. Gen. Terry be is now left with seven companes of the 7th ni infantry, under Gibbon; four eompanies of or the second cavalry under Brlshin," d ser- se en companies of the 7th cavaly under Reno. a While our people here are very much re exercised over this disaster, we anticipate is no danger to the settlements. When Crook le and Terry join their forces they must have J more than 2,500 men left. n. We do expect, however, that we will wr have no mote trifling on the part of the is .government; no degrading qty as after n the msacre at Phil. Kea ny, bas a serf- 4s one, determined cainpa•gn which will not a end ti the Sioux question is finrallysettled, 's leaving all of Eastern Montana open to 'ad 'l eaud t Ikolangerof Indians , *• .,.. , , ; p,p . ,,,zi ;L I "" l ve killed r-Gen. I Caster; Co Cs{I hrtesrotherof alu en l e BRuyerJgeaqt t r; Dr. Lorad ;,C opt. Sture gi, son of tlenera Sturgis ;Lt. Crltteden,. a m of Gens rOrittmai 4 naOaptaiz5eo gh; S pt. Yoates Limit. Cask, Adjt.; Ient. # e Calhena j I~in. Perr; L ies.t Kharlly I iet. Ead'. B i t ; d Teasa Lient. 4 SDr f;. Dr. fla nsitaoi,AiAeg Ass t rfw ~ Pwk KMca. L jb b igtt _ted Onskeeag t 0 S eM0 A EISTOBICAL S1ETCH OF Deer Lodge County, Valley, and City. BY oRAirv.,LE STUART, ESQ. This county was created by the first Leg- islature of Montana on the 2nd day of Feb- ruary, 1865. Prior to that time it had formed a portion of Missoula county, which was organized in 1862 under the laws of Washington Territory, of which it then formed a part. Missoula county, at that time, embraced all of that part of what is now Montana that lies west of the Rocky Mountains. On te •.4 of March, 1863, Congress created the Territory of Idaho out of portions of Washington, Oregon and Da- kota, which threw Missoula county, in- cluding what was afterwards Deer Lodge, into the new Territory; and on the 26th of May, 1864, Congress created Montana out of that part of Idaho lying north of the Bitter Root Mountains and north and east of the Rocky Mountains, and when the first Montana Legislature met at Bannack City in December, 1864, they divided the Territory into counties, Deer Lodge being one of the number. The name of the county, valley and town is derived from the Hot Spring mound or butte near Belanger's Hotel in the upper part of the valley,which was called by the Snake Indians " The White-tailed Deer Lodge," from the fact of those deer (Cerous Virginianus) being very abundant in the swamps in that vicinity,and from the resemblance that the mound bore to an Indian lodge of a winter's morning when the steam rose from the hot spring on its summit like smoke from a lodge. The valley and county were a sort of neutral ground among the surrounding tribes of Indians and was not permanently occupied by any of them, at least not during the his- torical period. The cause of this would seem to have been the frequent incursions of the Blackfeet, who were then very nu- merous and overran all of what is now Western Montana, keeping the Mountain tribes, who by reason of fewer numbers and inferior arms were unable to cope with them, in constant terror. The Blackfeet obtained fire arms at a very early period from the Hudson Bay and other traders on the Assinneboine and Saskatchewan rivers, and seem to have been the most aggressive and warlike of all the tribes of this region. From about 1804, at which time the Amer- icans first came in contact with with them, down to 1860 their war parties ravaged the country south and west of them, frequently going as far as Ft. Hall and Boise valley on Snake River. Many were the fierce en- counters between them and the bands of trappers that, under the leadership of old Jim. Bridger, Milton, and William Sub- lette, wandered over this region in quest of the rich harvest of furs and peltries that were then so abundant and easily taken. Often have they swooped down upon the scattered parties of trappers in the olden days and driving off all their horses left them to rejoin the main body as best they could, fortunate if some did not lose their lives as well as their horses; and among the earlier settlers in Montana there are few who did not have to mourn the loss of many a good horse at their bands. Their last great exploit was the taking of 180 horses from within a mile of Deer Lodge city in April, 1864. The owners, John F. and Jas. C. Grant, Thos. Lavatta and a few others, raised a small party and went in hot pursuit. They overtook and surprised the Indians while they were halted for rest at a spring near Birdtail Rock beyond the Dear- born river, but by bad management let them all escape on some six or seven of the best horses. Since that time they have al- most every year stolen a few horses from the vicinity of Lincoln Gulch and Big Blackfoot valley in the northern part of the county, but west of the main range. Their raids are no longer frequent, nor do they lo••siiione which they often visit. There is reason to believe that the first white men who ever visited what is now Montana were a party from Canada under the Chevalier De La Verendrye who,in 1742 seem to have come up the Missouri river as far as the Gates of the Rocky Mountains, near where Helena now stands, and went from there by way of the Muscleshell to the Yellowstone and Wind River valleys. A sketch of this expedition will be found in the forthcoming first volume of the Montana Historical Society. For 60 years after this we hear no more of any parties having vis- ited this region until the famous expedition of Lewis and Clarke in 1804-5-6 brought it again into notice. This was followed by the trapping and trading expedition sent out by the Missouri Fur Company in 1808, and this again by Astor's parties in 1809-. 10-11. t- It is probable that the first building sB erected within the limits of what is now Mrs Montana was Lisa's Fort, built by Eman. en uel Lisa, on the Yellowstone just below en the mouth of the Big Horn river, in 1809 - or 1810. The next was a post built by Gen. ly Ashley on the lower Yellowstone in 1822. S- In 1832 Alexander Culbertson (still a resi- a dent of Montana at Ft. Belknap on Milk ot River) built Fort Union on the Missouri ld about five miles above its junction with the d. Yellowstone. Subsequently, other trading e- posts were established on both rivers cul- y minating in the building by Culbertaon of h Ft. Benton m 1846. During all this time of large bands of trappers roved all over the r- Rocky Mountain region; some were out- I. fitted and employed by the forts on the h' Missouri and Yellowstone, and others who a sought to contest this rich field with them k came ly the way of the Platte and Green | rivers under the Sublettes and Bridger. The Hudson Bay Company also entered into 1 the contest with the American companies, e and from their old established posts on the r Assinnieboihe askatchewan and Columbia rivers pushed trading posts into the region t now embraced in. Montana and Idaho, the 'most southern of tobir estabishmentsabeing SFt,. lil on t akriver. The riyalry t betweenall t cese companies was very peat and anuy werethle rough triks they played upon one another, which, at times almost Sresulted in bloodshed. About 184647 the beaver, owing to the incessant trapping of .so many companies, became so soarce a to no ulonger pay the tripper for the hardships i and dangers eneoqatered la the wildeneam, andaearsly 41 the roving bands aba pdned the oou , Many of he torts were also dismantled and thus the country relapsed Into its prmeral state of barbarism, from which it was aroused some fifteen years I later by the discovery of the all potent oiv- c lIser, coLS , which aon brhnuhtin -a per- a mapnnt populqtion which the fur trade • coald neverdor, as nambnrs twer a disad.- vaatage Ilnrt uda pr ma pursuit. usTerwltory being eseatud, It is proper te 4 among the few mountaineers still in the country and in the spring of 1856 a party, among whom were Robert Hereford, late of H~lena, John Saunders, called "Long Jan," (wh6 oould'throw a stone with al- meat toe fees mad precision of arille ball), Bil Maidieo and one or two ethers who were passing " Benetsee" Creek on their way to Salt Lake from the Bitter Root val- ley where they had spent the winter trad- ing with the Indians and prospecting a lit- tle, found more gold than had been ob- tained by Finlay. One piece weighed about ten cents and they gave it to old Captain Grant who used to show it, up to-the time of his death in 1862, as the first piece of gold found in the country. The matter 'rested here until the spring of 1858 when Thomas Adams, (now of Washington city), Reece Anderson and James and Granville Stuart searched for gold in that vicinity and found as high as ten cents to the pan of gravel,but as they had neither provisions (they were living on wild meat straight, without salt,) nor tools they could not ac- complish anything, more especially as the Blackfeet stole four of their horses and so harrassed them that they abandoned the country for a time, returning, however, in the fall of 1860 firm in the faith that this was a rich gold country. In the meantime, during the summer of 1860, a mining en- thusiast by the name of Henry Thomas f (but who, as soon as his peculiarities be- came known,was designated "Gold Tom," by which he ever afterwards went), came up by the way of the Pend d'Oreille Lake and began to prospect on Benetsee Creek about one mile west of where Pioneer City now stands. Almost unaided, he sunk a shaft over 30 feet deep in the glacial detri- tus along the creek, getting a little gold all the way down. He also washed some on the surface at this point during this and the following summer,butonly made about $1.50 a day, owing to the great disadvan- tage under which he worked. His wind- lass and four little sluice boxes, hewed out with an axe and now fast falling to decay, may still be seen where he worked. Alas ! poor Tom ! The writer lost sight of him in '66 or '67 and often wondersif he fell a vic- tim to the ignusfatui of Ceur d'Alene, Peace River, Stickeen, Cassiar, White Pine, Pioche, Yellowstone, and last, but not least, the Black Hills, and wherever he may be, may Fortune smile upon him with a broader grin than fell to the lot of any of the pio- neers at " Pioneer Creek" in 1860-1-2. He usually preferred to be alone and would spend days and weeks among the moun- tains without other companions than his horses and trusty rifle ; yet he was not at all misanthropic. In the fall 1860 and spring of 1861 Anderson and the Stuarts prospected in the dry gulches putting into Benetsee Creek and found what they con- sidered good paying mines, but did little toward working them that season for two reasons: First, they had very few and im- perfect tools and no lumber auntil they could get it whipsawed ; and second, all the party except the writer went to Ft. Benton for the purpose of purchasing supplies from the steamboats expected up the river that year. The one boat (the Chippeway) that started up was burned near the mouth of Milk River, and the summer was lost in waiting for her. On this boat were the Hons. Win. Graham, of Philipsburg, and Frank L. Worden, of Missoula. Early in the spring of 1862 the Stuarts, Adams, Burr and Pow- ell began to mine, having had lumber sawed by hand at ten cents a foot, and picks and shoyels packed up from Walla Walla, 425 miles distant, by Worden & Higgins' train that brought their goods to IIellgate, and on the 8th day of May they set the first string of sluices ever used in Montana and began to mine by the old pick and shovel process. In '61 the Stuarts had written to their brother Thomas who was in Colorado Ter- ritory to come out here, as they thought no reason to change and still adhere to. Thomas showed the letters to many friends of his and the result was that quite a num- ber left there in the spring of '62 for Deer Lodge. The first of these, a party of 12, arrived at Pioneer about the 20th of June, and among them was J. M. Bozeman, who was murdered by the Indians on the Yel- lowstone in 1867 and after whom the flour- ishing town of Bozeman in Gallatin valley was named. The party found good pros- pects in a branch of Benetsee or Gold Creek as it now began to be called, which branch took the name of Pike's Peak gulch from the fact of the discoverers being from Pike's Peak as Colorado was then general- ly called. Other parties also began to straggle in from Pike's Peak and Utah.and about theim 29th of June Sam'l T. Hauser, Frank Lonthan and - Alt arrived, being the advance guard of a number whocame up on the steamers from St. Louis, and who were on their way to Florence, in the Sal- mon River mines, not having heard of the discoveries at Gold Creek, where, however, many of them stopped and are now among our oldest and most respected citizens. Speaking of Florence City brings to mind an interesting relic of early days in that rich but nearly inacoessible mining camp of a bill of goods bought there in the spring of 1861 bya miner who afterwards came to _ BannackCity, and from whom the writer procured it as worthy of preservation. I BILL OP PROVISIONS. 100 lbs. Beans ;1.25 .. ......... ; 1 26 Ol 800 bs. Flour 1.00 ............ ".300 00 S11 lbs. Coffee @1.25r ..... 1~ ,5 S800 bs. Be@ef 1... ..... 1 750 Sbs. ... ....... 700 *.ib Bea ........... 9950 3 sks. Salt @4.00.......00.... 1200 1Bar oap ...................... 800 O bs. [email protected]................ 600 10 bs. Sugar @1.50. .......... 100 2 26ba Bacon 1.25........... 1 Paper •erats ... ...... .... 800 595 50 Paid - This might strike the pamperea dwellers in Eastern cities as beingratherhigh living for a new country, and it does seem that Way ; but provisions eame near reaching as giddy an altitude at Virginia City in the spring qf 1865, and in fact flour surpassed it,ieing held at $145 per 100 bs. just prior to the floor riot which broke up the combi- nation. Other necessaries were not, how. ever, up to the Floremee bill, although they were higr enough to glvene's purse the " sweeney " n about fie minutes. But i turt to those whoo iae upthe Missouri. Aboat the middle of July one of this parrtynasmed uribu t (against whom a sulight -pirejudioeexlissed hiaseb p nor was a big negro, wit whom he atmsa m aleptdiseovere& te Pie.ly Peadaiga where the town of in tmas a t;su h Em np4le. byJo W. Peniea 4hwovered the ,"Old 8a r" on Mort Bona. trIasot seies at Saunae* Ocf skuc by Joua byu as Jras t sta tty',a i. s lgs on tose bee r aarilaue ql bj e&,~w6 red~m I which, for the same reason, was called West Bannack) soon overshadowed the other in- cipient cities, and during the winter of 1862 had a population of some 4t)0 souls and be- came the centre of the population, wealth, and beauty of the country, although it was then in Dakota while Deer Lodge was in Washington Territory. In the summer of 1863 the famous Alder Gulch was struck and the people flocked to it from every quarter, since which time our mining history is known to all. To return to Deer Lodge county. The first house in it was built in 1859 by John F. Grant at the mouth of Little Blackfoot Creek, and the first houses built at Deer Lodge City were erected in October, 1860, by Thomas Lavatta and Joe. Hill, while in November the Stuarts and Anderson built at the mouth of Gold Creek, and in Decem- ber or January Robert Dempsey built on the present Dunkelberg ranch, six miles below Gold Creek. Each of these places became the nucleus of a small village. Dempsey's was soon known as Dublin, the Stuart's as American Fork, and Grant's as Gaontville; while Deer Lodge was some- times called Cottonwood and sometimes Spanish Fork. In the summer of 1863 Grant moved up to Cottonwood and Grant- ville became deserted; and after the dis- covery of Alder Gulch the Stuarts and most of the residents of American Fork moved to Virginia City, and that village, too, lost prestige and has finally become extinct. Dempsey and retainers also raised cawmp and went to the "Pah-Sam-er-ri," oi " Water of the Cottonwood Groves," as the Snake Indians called the Stinking Water river, and Dublin, too, was left unto itself desolate. During the summer of 1862 Capt. Joseph La Barge, of St. Louis, who had started an opposition fort at Ft. Benton, came over to Cottonwood and was so much pleased with the place that he talked of removing his establishment from Ft. Benton and bringing it here. Thereupon the citizens of Cottonwood had a town' a mile square laid out and named it La Barge City,under which name it appears on many maps of Montana even to this day. The village of American Fork, which hung a horse-thief in July, 1862, also figured for years on the maps as Hangtown, although never known by that name in its vicinity. Cottonwood did not go into a decline as the surround- ing villages had done, but gradually in- creased in population and wealth until 1864, when a disposition being shown by many to ignore the survey of the town and build in the streets and wherever else they chose, James Stuart, in connection with some of the principal citizens, organized a Town- Site Company for the purpose of having the place built in proper shape and employ- ed Col. W. W. De Lacy to re-survey and carefully plat it, re-christening it by its present title of Deer Lodge City. As before stated the county was created by the first Montana Legislature February 2d, 1865, and Governor Sidney Edgerton shortly after appointed George Searle, J. W. Burnside and Joseph A. Clark as the first board of county commissioners. The couri- ty seat was then located at Silver Bow city, which was then a thriving little town out- numbering Deer Lodge in population, but it soon began to decline, and Ophir, Snow Shoe, Jefferson, Washington, Bear and Elk gulches being struck the majority of the population shifted to the other end of the county, and in 1866 the county seat was re- moved to Deer Lodge city-the Town-Site Company donating the blocks where ,the Court House and Jail now stand, although they were not erected until 1868. Occupy- ing a noble site and being well laid out, Deer Lodge is the most beautiful town in the Territory, if not in the entire Rocky Mountains, and that its citizens are patriot- ic, the magnificent display of to-day bears witness. rht Prior to the last session of the Legisla- et. ture which ceded that Dart of the county *n eastof the Rocky Mountains to Choteau to. counmty, Deer Lodge was truly a princely ids domain. It was about 250 miles long,from. m- north to south, and about 75 miles wide. It. eer extended from north latitude 450 40' to lat- 12, itude 490 and lies between the 112th and ae, 114th meridians west. It contained 14,625 'ho square miles, or 9,860,000 acres, and was el. larger than either Vermont, New Hamp- er- shire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode ley Island, Delaware, Maryland or New Jersey. as- It was also larger than the kingdom of )ld Belgium which has a population of 4,350,- ch 000; and larger than Hanover which has a ch population of 1,759,440, and .about five- m sixths as large as Switzerland which con- al- tains 2,372,920 souls, while Deer Lodge to county has about 4,600 inhabitants or about ad three to the square mile. About one-fourth %r, of the county is plains or -undulating land, ag so called in contradistinction to the moun- ae tains, and three-fourths are mountains, but 0o there is very little worthless land, the only d- part that could properly be called such he being that part of the mountains above the r, -timber line, all the rest being covered with kg either timber or a rich growth of nutritiolus grasses. About one-fourth of the county id is timbered land and three-fourths are at adapted to graing. About one-eight of the >f latter is also good sagricultural .land, the >f soil being of unsurpassed fertility. Streams o are numerous although owing to the great )r altitude none navigable. The drainage is ... perfect-.a stream running through the centre of every valley, into which flow nu- merous ice-oold creeks from the mountains on either side. The valleys are long and 0 narrow, sloping from each side to the cen- 5 tre, and are equal in beauty to the Happy 0 Valley described in Johnson's Rasselas. 0 The Rocky Mountains bend around and 0 enclose the ceanty on the south, east and 0 northeast, and except west of the Deer- I Lodge Pass,where they rise in broken, jag- Iged, and almost inaccessible peaks, they are usually of rounded outlines and well timbered, rarely rising above timber line. Deer Lodge ofty is 4,545 feet above the sea and the genal average of the valley is about 4,00 feet; yet such is thq mildness of the climate that snow enough for sleigh. Iag only feIs abou one winter in three. Big Biaoqgt rvalley lise at an sltitude or bouQtteet ; Flint reek valley, about 4,800 feet ; Deer L;dge Pras, 4~80 feet; Pipestone Pass, estimated at 5,600 feet; Park or Butte Pass estlmated at 5,650 feet; Dry ttoaonwood Pal, eatimated at 6,200 feet; Malln's PFes, between Deer Lodge and Helena, 5,980. feet; McClellan Pass,. 000 et; Oadotte's Pass, 6,187 feet, ant Levisnd Chla Pa 8881 feet, showing a gruasdi hnte belgt of the range frome •e • Lodge Pass nortkw• e ard. As this keteh has grown too long I will hSeioeaah a •st wealt in mines or anti sl cesubin- r Subeautyi , and a cli- ' eat. ele a u eitfa s, the [ t * ~e, a the

flat oi 1itloe or10 · Tilden, of New York, on the third ballot. for President, and Governor Hendricks, of Indiana, on the second ballot for Vice-President. To our latest advices

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Page 1: flat oi 1itloe or10 · Tilden, of New York, on the third ballot. for President, and Governor Hendricks, of Indiana, on the second ballot for Vice-President. To our latest advices

MILLS & KBSSLER, PROPRIETORS

Letters for publication, containing newsof general interest, are solicited from all thecamps. In all cases the writer's name mustaccompany the letter. We will NOT publishanonymous letters. Where personalities areused they woiU not be published eczept eoverthe name of the writer, and perhaps netthen.

REPULICAN NATIONAL TICKET.

FOR PRESIDENT,

RUTHERFORD B. HAYES,OF OHIO.

FOR VICE-PREBIDENT,

WILLIAM A. WHEELER,OF NEW YORK.

-Telegrams from Bozeman last eveningsaid:-" No later news from the front."

-It is believed the news of Custer'sdisaster did not reach the States until lastevening.

-With this number begins the eighthyear of the NEW NORTH-WEST. We arepretty well; how are you?

-The extra emanating from HelenaWednesday night purporting to be a proc-lamation calling out volunteers, was ahoax.

-Hayes has met and outrun in detailThurman, Pendleton and Allen. Now

'.-~aa-- e le teamed on him and puthim. But hewsi'natrunning mate and will creoss the scratch inNovember half a million polls ahead.

-The largest newspaper ever issued wasthe Centennial numberof the San FranciscoSpirit of the TYmes, the receipt of copies ofwhich we acknowledge from the publishersand Green A. Kirtley. It is printed ontinted paper, profusely illustrated andcontains forty pages the size of the NuwNORTH-WEST.

-We ask some indulgence this issue.Everybody bad to celebrate the Centennial.We have all the available printers here insteady employment. Neither Orator norHistorian could furnish us copy of theiraddresses in advance. We have thereforehad but two days in which to put up theinside of the paper and there has muchimportant news come to hand rendering itimperative to reach the Friday mails. Wehave therefore to defer publishing the fineoration of Rev. Wright until next issue,ana are debarred from that elaborate reportof the celebration and the presentation ofother matter which we have desired. Wetrust our friends will appreciate the situa-tion and granting us grace this time live inhopes we will dobetter next Centennial.

-- The Democracy of Deer Lodge, onMonday evening, ratified the St. Louisnominations by a salute of 100 guns, brassmusic and congratulatory speeches in CourtHouse Square. There was a large attend-ance and a good deal of enthusiasm amongthe unterrified, they seeming to feel whatwe are willing to concede, that they havethe best ticket in the field that they havehad up for many years. The meeting wasorganized by electing CoL L. J. SharpChairman, who made a brief speech andwas followed by W. A. Clark and W. W.Dixon, Esqrs., the latter gentleman havingthe principal part of the speaking to do.It is fair to say he made a good speech andthat the addresses were characterized byrecognition of the good qualities of theRepublican candidates and by the highestcourtesy throughout.

-The Democratic Convention whichassembled in St. Louis nominated GovernorTilden, of New York, on the third ballot.for President, and Governor Hendricks, ofIndiana, on the second ballot for Vice-President. To our latest advices Hend-

a large portion of it is devoted to dodgingthe financial issue on which a bitter fightoccurred. As it now stands it is neitherone thing nor the other, and is diseatisfac-tory to many of both views. We regardthe nominations as virtually giving up thefight, and the nomination is but the puttingup of two very respectable but antagonisticgentlemen, neither of whom can carry theirown States, to reconcile the ill feeling ex-isting in the party before the next Presi-dential campaign. If the Republicansvote the Republican ticket, the unitedDemocracy cannot beat them. Hayes andWheeler will, we believe, poll a greatervote than Grant in 1872 and the Democraticparty is divided already. So, at least, weread the signs of the times.

NWw OasELns, June 29.-I the Repub.lioan oonvention, the majority report of thecommittee on credentials came up for adop.tios. The vote was taken amid tremen-dous applanse and deolared adopted. Thencame a deadlock. The report was adverseto the Packard faction, throwing out sever-al delegations that favor Packard. No.meroes calls were made for the minorityreport, but without succoess. Later in theafternoon Pinchback declared the oonven-tion adjourneda•til to-morrow, which ore-ated great oomiotioa end ories of 'Stamps.'An attempt was made to place a Stamps orPackard man lnthe eair. Astruggle tookplace on the stage, Stamps being throwninto the orchestra. Several fights tookplace, pistols being drawn on all sides, butwere not used. k'ea yquIet having beenS restod, Packard m e a reconciliatoryspeech, and the convention thereafteragreed to take a recess till 10 o'clock to-morrow.

ImpriestJatAmnn mems t to the 'lar lq.awWAsrNxeTOR, June 20.-The mining bill

peesed by the Noose yesterday, providesthat the aeual expendituraes on miningclaims shall net be requtird unti the pat-ents are issued, but only until the appliea-tic &a lpreoCpa asseems b rbeemsa4 4aePeq4o-P 4a tha4laeiam a* .ve sla mestas ukedaa asq . .sage

the eourts.

Faeq and PIperop'oed i thel?. eieman that the exlstlng Ta il. c s ingwea, and that the amendmetas re anaeo-'eebry aid tend todatsltorb tjta. A1o &A anoa-residents or speculats. Oid hod.clams watheti deeloghi a theme, by adse- Ito bita ha lltll s-5a

Wl AIUNM w -4nthe 1haq halg y. esta2F3Y:.;.a n . .. •. . _•a.,.i*s -j_ .meAnaerr silns. . J

s s esens tro ndalep~sisaness.

THE DEXONS OF THE PLAINS.

The news from Custer's column is ap-palling-the greatest slaughter of UnitedStates troops by Indians on record, and inthe total annihilation of so large achargingcolumn without a precedent in the annalsof warfare. The charge of Balaklava wasnothing to this, and the ride

Into the jaws of deathInto the gates of hell

Was an over-painted picture until Custerand his brave three hundred rode down thecafion of the Little Horn to fight and dieunto the last man on the 25th day of June,1876. The dispatches, which we receivedand issued as an extra on the evening ofJuly 4th, seemed too horrible for belief un-

til second thought and confirmatory newsleft naught on which to hang a hope. Theoverwhelming numbers and inhuman sav-

agery of the foe, and the accounts of eyewitnesses who looked upon the dead, toldus the sad story was too true. The fewfortunate ones wounded early in the chargeand speeding to the protection of the re-serve in the rear before the mass of sava-

ges enveloped the column advancing intowhat seems a well-planned ambuscade, areall who started on that journey of deathand survive. The whole three hundred,

the very flower of the American cavalry,whose standards are emblazoned with the

names of heroic fields from the isthmus to

the lakes, with their brave chieftan at the

head, died fighting in a hopeless strugglewith a merciless foe outnumbering themten to one. Why Reno, from whose com-

mand no lose is reported, did not reach

hva ~ harged the thickest portion o1

to the rescue, or why Custer s avast a force without awaiting Gibbon andTerry, who were known to be marching t,his support; is yet untold. Some one hasblundered. If it was him who with chival-ric courage has led his troopers on an hun.dred historic fields and attested his fidelitlwith his life, all that is good in man promptsbut regretful words, and they who lie,chieftain and soldier

In one red burial blent

At this new and sadder Thermopylae, areconsecrated clay whose names will live in

song and story, in grateful memory and onListoric page, as patriot soldiers who werefaithful unto death.

It seems more than probable this was thesame camp encountered by Crook a fewdays before in the vicinity of the Rosebud,

and the wise discretion of Crook, whichhas been unkindly called by harder names,in withdrawing to await support afterdem-onstrating by a strong skirmish the strengthof the Indians, is early justified by events.That Crook, old Indian-fighter that he is,allowed himself to be surprised by with-

drawing his pickets before putting outflankers and advance when breaking campin Indian ground is almost past belief, butthat this should be followed by a charge of

cowardice is utterly preposterous. Heknew too well the strength and metal ofthe foe to court defeat when delay assured

the victory. Crook therefore fell back toarrange a combined movement. Terry Wascoming up the Yellowstone on a steamer tojoin Gibbon, and Custer with somethinglike a thousand cavalry was with a corps of

observation flanking the steamer on the eastbank of the Yellowstone and some twentyor thirty miles from it. Either unadvisedof Crook's retreat, or, if advised of itknowing the imputations cast upon him,Custer came suddenly upon the great war

camp of the Sioux. Whether unrestraina-ble ardor, or belief that unless attacked theywould escape to less favorable ground, or

rendered reckless by recent events and ea-gerness to win new laurels for himself andcommand influenced his immediate attackis not and never may be told. We knowbut the sad result.

ce- Thus the second considerable conflictend-

1png man, and, in an air line, about 175 milesIght distant. Crook has fallen back southwestther toward Fort Phil Kearney, Gibbon and

Terry having rescued Reno and the reservehave gone north-east to the Yellowstone,

the and probably established quarters at Forting Pease. The two commands are therefore

tic separated by the Sioux camp and over 100be miles of country, while the entire north-

e- west toward Gallatin and Meagher is left-exposed with nothing intervening to stayans the Sioux except the friendly Crows and

the little scouting party of a dozen or twoand soldiers thatmay be spared from Fort Ellis

ter at Bozeman.

e To latest advioes, this triangular cam.W' paign has been a failure. The forces mov-

ing from Cheyenne, Bismarek and Montanahave not shown themselves strong enough,b to separately cope with the %000 to 4,000the Sioux warriors, who under Crazy Horse

p and Sitting Ball have concentrated on the. Little Horn. Gibbon has not enoounteredtn hem in foree, but if he had it is more than

rse probable that he, as the others were, woulder- have been worsted. Perhaps it is in ignor-u. ance that we have been unable as yet to

ity comprehend the wisdom of the strategicthe movements as they have been thus far de-

n. veloped. The only theory that would ex-,e plain them is that General Sheridan has

' underestimated the number and fighting

o, qualities of the Sioux and considered eachok of the three columns equal to a contacta with the strongest force the Sioux could Iok concentrate, and his marching command-

4 era, sharing this belief, have discovered the I

en error when it was too late. Crook's de-ry tention in waiting for his Indian allies, and por the difficulty of communicatmig probably n

somewhat disarranged the general plan,and prow.dsaster has n~ot only imperilepd

Fi the sueses of the entire campaign but may ebil result in still greaterdisaster to the isolated

es eolumns, or they be held in cheek by de- bg taohmente while large war portions sweep ant- into Montan esattlee •nts or ponethe Blacki- Hills mnr. Elated with vitory, m iy a

Sden with blood, their. worest peIdons.

I, 1 b y cu - c.p r. d kitmo,,

a will take the osmle!and 'th at 61g eIndian war, atr then as een known to

Sftr many y isahears, s aedy begun. It w llg be well if th orth ern Indias do nota y a

- withbtbe Sloe i whbose msiesagerdavbeeaI among them and induced cowOusa that to& the best informed Indian sae bode evil

.de s. If rook and Gibbaon a at one di

combine their eees the have' yet amy. pgistrength $owhithe Siox whomer oew te

:. *ma4 them altbo SIwiOUbe they em

. l tAo , et l ttwarsb bey a emar e _

t he r fit $t t m en aoo ag sut h te

1: 4ti r S amd wo+e.. $agtbsd d

44 d AbW . 17 the a e apE dn. W *ubbuVt sAesieasmw 'fIdiOf~ yt lEb]l 3 i'ikBtLQ

tranquil, and a winter campaign will paci-fy the Sioux permanently.

These are days of intense suspense and-momentous interest to Montana. Tidingsfrom Grant, Sherman and Sheridan areawaited with the greatest anxiety, and thenext we hear may be a call for Montanavolunters. But the spirit of the army willbe aroused bythismassacre. Sheridan willprobably take the field in person, and thehonor of the country and the army demandscertain and swift vengeance. It cannot bethat the story of June 25th will fall on

listless ears or unsympathetic hearts any-where, or that the burning disgrace of theFetterman disaster will be followed by thegreater humiliation of tame submission to

the latter and greater slaughter. We mis-take the temper of America and the armyif by these repeated crimes culminating atLittle Horn the Sioux have not invoked

extermination. They are the demon tribeof the plains and there will be no more

peace till they are numbered with the evils

that were.Since the above was written details have

been received of the fights of Crook andCuster.

Opinions of the St. Louis NominationsINNCINNATI, June 28.-The news of the

nomination of Tilden is received here withquiet satisfaction by the hard money men,and with undisguised disgust by the green-

back wing of the party.INDIANAPOLIS, June 28.-There is among

the Democrats a universal feeling of disap-pointment.

CINCINNATI, June 28.-The Enquirer,in speaking of the nomination of Tilden,

the oination will fall heavily on,ad other western

States. There will be a re nr anUmthe center, for the party init wisdomvirtually abandoned these States. Weprefer Tilden to Hayes, and shall advisethe Democratic organizations to stand bythe nominee.

NEw Yoax, June 29.-The Stoatr Zetungis entirely satisfied with Tilden's nomina-tion and the platform, and will supportthem cordially.

The Sun says it was evident Tilden wouldbe nominated for a long time past. Thisnomination opens a way for an escape fromthe evils and dangers which threaten theRepublic. The nomination cannot fail toexcite in every part of the country a mosthearty and hopeful enthusiasm.

The Herald says it must be conceded byfriends and enemies alike that Tilden hasproved himself one of the ablest and mostastute managers that ever appeared inAmerican politics. Having never held butone important office, he lacks the Washing-ton experience of Thurman, Hendricks andBayard. His nomination therefore is atribute to his character and he may beproud whether he wins or not. His nomi-nation is not equivalent to an election.He will have a hard battle. Still thecountry has reason to congratulate itself.The platforms of both parties are so excel-lent that whether Hayes or Tilden beelected, the country is equally sure of goodgovernment.

The World says the Cincinnati conven-tion gave the nation a candidate without apurpose and a platform without a meaning.St. Louis responds with a candidate whosename is a symbol of reform, upon a plat-form which means a beautiful revolutionin the conduct of the government.

The Times has no doubt of Hayes' elec.tion.

The Tribune says the convention foughtbriefly but bitterly, and after filling all theSt. Louis bar-rooms with riot for two orthree days, has placed an admirable candi-date upon a bad platform. It was wise tonominate the strongest man. Whicheverside wins, we shall have a President ofhigh personal character and excellentrecord, honest sympathies and associations.Tilden's course has made him the repre-

two, but it is the party behind the Presi-dent which rules, and Tilden is full ofrascality and deceit. The Tribunae has noreasonable doubt of Hayes' election.

r'e The Post (Dem.) in speaking of the t.,e, Louis candidate and the platform, says thevital plank for the present is the financialo plank, and as it is framed, it is a poor stick

100 indeed. We have directed attention to thet Republican weakness in this respect, but

eft if the Cincinnati convention did not takeaY a determined step in advance, it at leastud did not take a step backward. This the

Wo St. Louis convention has done. Such a

"Is hard money man as Tilden must eitherfeel that he is compelled to stand upon am" soft piece of timber, in giving the candi.

ov- date to the East and in not giving the

m West the. platform without qualification.gh It looks very much as if Ohio and Indiana

were irretrievably lost in October.rne mcieo, June 29.-The Tributs. edito.hse rially referring to the nomination of Tilden,

says the battle ground of the campaignwill be New York, New Jersey, Connecti-

ld out, Ohio, Indiana and the Pacific States.

" The Republican party have now the knowl-to edge of whom they have to do with. Theyde have to do with a desperate, unscrupulous

-- foe, armed with wealth, centrolling alegion" of agents, skilled in the machinery of fraud-

as ulent elections, and despite all difference ofI opinion about men and measures, united tonh a man for the purpose of defeating the

•t Republican party and gaining possessionId of the government.

d- The Journal editorially says:-The St.1 Louis convention adopted a platform of

B mialignant sladers against the Republican-d party, and a currency plank which meansly nothing at all, and then nominated for4 President the hardest kindef a hard moneyd Demorat, and for Vice Prsidethe soft. I

Sest kind ofa soft money demagogue. The b

d Republicas with such noble staendrdI bearers as Hayes and Wheeler, need feel iP no spelial alarm, and yet there is evidently !

k a fght befores, afact which it wold beSfollyfor us to ignor e

a Sax PFaaxcrso, June 28.-The nomina. I5s on of Tdse ns w~re received here on

-.m. -. ._--a iu- and a

l M meetsi g wiftl be 1ee In a few lbdays. The sati-bhinese plank IntMa taform gives satisfactipb,.ad parotaieit E

I Dsso- t, saert thakthey ca Barr thetate on that isue. t

mIesWam't Aaesgts4 aI. f aWror m; Ju.ne ,Is E Rear n, aHe

drl e, barin patl* y dedtiued to be a pdid~ te Vr Vle ddP esidt In .~aest tel.. Ipmtsidsrlst ' .mo o'. tnhb aiit at b

turn Of thei

aela iUd sleiLsar s-m hie

*iS~iL~*-9ci.

A TURLIBZ SLAUG HT OF 0 0L-DIE8.

Caster Attacks a Camp of Sion With-out Awaiting Beinforcements.

COster, 15 Officers and 300 SoldiersBilled.

SPECIAL To Nnw NORTH-WUST.

Dsan LODGE, JUL. 4th, 1876, 7:30 p. m.A Times extra. Bozeman, Montana

July 8, 1876, 7 p. m., says : Mr. Tay-

lor, bearer of dispatches from Little Horn

to Fort Ellis arrived this evening and re-

ports the following: The battle was

fought on the 25th, thirty or forty miles be-

low the Little Horn. Custer attacked theIndian's village of from 2,500 to 4,000 war-

riors on one side and Colonel Reno was

to attack it on the other. Three companies

were placed on a hill as a reserve. General

Custer and fifteen ooers and every man

belonging to the five companies were killed.

Reno retreated under the protection of

the reserve.

The whole number of killed is 815. Gen.

Gibbon has joined Reno. The Indians left.

The battle ground looked like a slaughter

pen, as it really was, being in a narrow ra-

vine. The dead were very much mutilated.

The situation now looks serious. Geas

Terry arrived at Gibbon's camp on asteamboat, and crossed the command ova

sad accompanied it to join Custer who.auniU tr ie the fight .a

Burred. Lieut. Crittendon, son of General

Crittenen, is among the killed.

HuxAnD's SPECIAL COBE$sPONDNaT.

STILLWATER, July 2.--Muggns Taylor

scout for Gen. Gibbons got were last nightdirect from Little Horn River with talegraph dispatches. Gen. Custer found the

Indian camp of about S,000 lodges on the

Little Horn and immediately attacked the

camp. Custer took 5 companiesandcharged

the thickest portion of the camp. Nothing

is known of the operations of this detach-ment only as they are able to

trace it by the dead. Major Reno com-manded the other seven companies and at-tacked the lower portion of the camp. TheIndians poured in a murderous fire from alldirections. Bes'des the greater portionfought on horseback. General Custer, histwo brothers, nephew and brotber-in-lawwere all killed and not one of his detach-ment escaped. Two hundred and sevenmen were buried in one place, and the kill-ed is estimated at 800 with only thirty-onewounded.

The Indians surrounded Reno's mmmandand held them one day in the hilh out offfrom water until Gibbon's command camein sight, when they broke camp in the nightand left. The Seventh Cavalry fosghtpiketigers and were overcome by mere bruteforce. The Indian loss cannot be estimat-

ed as they bore off and cached the most oftheir killed. The remnant of the 7th cav-alry and Gibbon's command are returningto the mouth of LittleHorn where the steamboat lies. The In-dians got all the arms of the killed soldiers.

There were 17 commissioned officers kil-led and the whole Custer family died at thehead of their column. The exact loss isnot Iknown as the adjutant and sergeantmajor were both killed. The Indian camp

mouth.The Indians actually pulled the men off

their horses in some instances. I give thisas Taylor told me, as he was over the fieldafter the battle.

Signed

W..H. NORTON*

but Ake wTleg flat oi 1itloe or10cant

t Details of the Battle Betwio Custer'sher Conand ad the ionx,

Id.e Be •r •,t Daca sq msa Naw Noasa-War.the (The following is telegraphed from the

on. special correspondence of the Helena Her-,n , .-ED. N. N.-W.)Bozr•ax, July 4.-Although the tele-

ito. graph has already informed you of the dis-e4 aster which has befallen Custer's command,ign it may be of interest to your readers to get,ti the particulars as far as they can be asoer-es tained here. While I may not be perfectlywl- cormet in all details, my information comes

ey from the best sources, and may be reliedis upon as substantially accurate.

on First as to the locality. The fight took;_ place on the Little Big Horn, a streamof emptying into the Big Horn some 20 milesto above its month, and the Indian camp washe situated about the same distance up thepn Little Big Horn. This stream heads in the

Big Horn mountains, and the Boasemanit road croses several branches of it afterof leaving the foot bills. Its general course

u is north by north west, and runs through a.s broken bad lad country. Especially arepr hills high on theeast ide where there is 1

J but a very narrow strip of bottom while Ii- the valley eq the left bank is wider and theo country somewhat better and less broken.a There is considerable cottonwood timber Iel and numerous dense thickets along the

ly stream. Othe right bank of the stream t

a the Indian camp was located. The lodges astood in the edge of the timber forming a eSlane a little over four miles long; two rows Iaon either side. The nearest bluits were s

a thickets scattered through the tim-rbe The dia aderything prepared

_ trma lae a4sperate rlse an attackk L were piled up into bremeastok The Ee hinea se hallowed oet for plaos of Ahel. gtet h.. hht place made impaemtra.. able arfo ralr. The number of lodges is aoiaeM t' 80g whlis waId make the C

, a1lu hers estet 4,a00 warriors andlt PabmeoIega aser athe yoeaunsem fsea I b** IO Joaad &Ap hlin their St. 4 eis ibend tolbredt f steult

aof esas.d "al his: tStn dee i? a. takem I

Pweisr reafsw se;f ibcas the

t seeeI em 'ao

"hbub 'try`.

of ~ l-- ;

south with four companies and take hisdivision down into the valley through aravine opening into the bottom at theextreme a pper (south) end of the camp.Three companies were left on the bluff asa reserve, while General Custer himselfwith five codipanies charged into the campthrough another ravine opening oppositethe middle of the camp. The arrangementswere perfect. Both attacks were madealmost at the same moment. Here endsour knowledge of the movements of Custer.Not a man of his five companies lives togive us an account of the disaster. Wecan only guess that his impetuous chargecarried him too far, that he was entirelysurrounded and so closely pressed from allsides that another charge become impossi-ble, while no single man could cut his waythrough the ranks of the surroundingenemies.

Custer seems to have fallen at the headof his troops and probably at the beginningof the fight, while nearly 200 men layalmost in a heap close to him. The rest ofthose killed were scattered nearer the bluffsas if cut off while trying to escape. Allindications go to show that the gallantseventh was true to its high record. Theboys seem to have fought to the last. Sixtydead Indians were found within the campafterwards, while the line of their retreat,as far as followed (14 miles) was lined withbodies of men and horses.

Reno's attack had been promptly madeat the time agreed upon, but he met withsuch a determined resistance that he wascompelled to fall back. Only one of hiscompanies succeeded in getting inside ofthe camp, but it was impossible for themto hold their position. The Lieutenaxit incommand was compelled to dismount hismen, abandon his horses and fight everyinch of his way back to join his comrades.He accomplished this retreat without muchloss, although wounded in the head andleg. The Indians not satisfied withhavingbeaten Col. Reno, followed up their advan-tage and compelled the soldiers to fighttheir way back to the summit of the bluffwhere they were joined by the reserve.They knew nothing of Gen. Custer's fatebut supposed when the firing in his direc-tion died away that he had been compelledto retreat. Meanwhile, the Indians gavethem sufficient anxiety on their own ac-count. They continued to press closely andclosed around them until the soldiers wereconcentrated on a round hill with thouse-ands of yelling and murdering savages onall sides. They were indeed in a desper-ate strait. The only protection they hadwas the bodies of their dead horses, whileamong them were 50 wounded men and nota drop of water. During the night severalattempts were made to reach the stream toprocure a supply of water but they succeed-ed in getting only a few canteens full andthese cost the lives of 8 men. That nightand all the following day (26th) the fightlasted continually, the Indians closing inaround them steadily. The situation wasbecoming terrible, but help was close athand. Gen. Gibbon had left his positionon the north side of the Yellowstone andmoved up to the vicinity of Ft. Pease wherehe was crossed by the Josephine and movedup the east bank of the Big Horn towardsthe Indians. On the 25th and 26th he madeforced marches, making more than 30 mileson the 26th over a very rough country, andalthough too late to retrieve the fortunes ofthe day he was just in time to save ColonelReno and what was left of the 7th regimentof cavalry. Only on Gibbon's arrival didthey learn of the fate of Custer. Two Crowscouts had brought the news to Gibbon.Late on the evening of the 26th he arrivedwithin 6 miles of the battle field and assoon as the Indians found this out they be-gan moving off,

When Brisbin's 4 companies of cavalrydrew near the next morning, the Sioux aresaid to have formed a perfect line of battleS•ith'airmishers thrown out in front andtroops, however, were too much exhaustedto follow and the Indians departed unmo-lested. They are said to have been sixbours passing a given point, marching fourabreast. This march was towards the headof the Rosebud where General Crook issupposed to be with his forces. On the27th the dead were buried and the next dayit was the intention of the command tomove down to the month of the Little Hornwith the wounded where the Josephine isawaiting them.

What the intentions of Gen. Terry areIe otter taking his wounded away is not

known. Although the Indians carried offmost of their lodges and other propertythey left immense quantities of cookingthe utensils, skins, robes, meat, etc., whichrer- were to be destroyed. The circumstances

of this fight are yet too imperfectly knownile- to express any opinion of the disastrous at.lie tack. If Gen. Caster acted rashly he hasd, paid dearly for it. He had two brothersget (one a citizen) his brother-in-law, and tener- other oooers, two surgeons and 207 mently killed. Of these 204 were found and ba-es rled. 8everal of the ofiloers were so badly

ed mutilated as to make idqutiflcation impossi.ble. Coster himself was dressed in aok backskin hunting-sunit, and therefore notm recognized by the Indians. He was stripped

lea but not scalped or otherwise mutilated.as The total loss exceeds 250, .or about one-he half of the whole command. Gen. Terrybe is now left with seven companes of the 7thni infantry, under Gibbon; four eompanies ofor the second cavalry under Brlshin," d ser-se en companies of the 7th cavaly under Reno.

a While our people here are very muchre exercised over this disaster, we anticipate

is no danger to the settlements. When Crookle and Terry join their forces they must have

J more than 2,500 men left.n. We do expect, however, that we willwr have no mote trifling on the part of the

is .government; no degrading qty as aftern the msacre at Phil. Kea ny, bas a serf-

4s one, determined cainpa•gn which will nota end ti the Sioux question is finrallysettled,

's leaving all of Eastern Montana open to'ad 'l eaud t Ikolangerof Indians

, *• ., .., , ; p,p .,,,zi ;L I"" l ve killed r-Gen.I Caster; Co Cs{I hrtesrotherof alu en le BRuyerJgeaqt t r; Dr. Lorad ;,C opt. Sturegi, son of tlenera Sturgis ;Lt. Crltteden,.a m of Gens rOrittmai 4 naOaptaiz5eo gh;

S pt. Yoates Limit. Cask, Adjt.; Ient. #e Calhena j I~in. Perr; L ies.t KharllyI iet. Ead'. B i t ; d Teasa Lient. 4

SDr f;. Dr. fla nsitaoi,AiAeg Ass trfw ~ Pwk KMca. L

jb b igtt _ted Onskeeag t 0

S eM0

A EISTOBICAL S1ETCH OF

Deer Lodge County, Valley, and City.

BY oRAirv.,LE STUART, ESQ.

This county was created by the first Leg-islature of Montana on the 2nd day of Feb-ruary, 1865. Prior to that time it hadformed a portion of Missoula county, whichwas organized in 1862 under the laws ofWashington Territory, of which it thenformed a part. Missoula county, at thattime, embraced all of that part of what isnow Montana that lies west of the RockyMountains. On te •.4 of March, 1863,Congress created the Territory of Idaho outof portions of Washington, Oregon and Da-kota, which threw Missoula county, in-cluding what was afterwards Deer Lodge,into the new Territory; and on the 26thof May, 1864, Congress created Montanaout of that part of Idaho lying north of theBitter Root Mountains and north and eastof the Rocky Mountains, and when thefirst Montana Legislature met at BannackCity in December, 1864, they divided theTerritory into counties, Deer Lodge beingone of the number. The name of thecounty, valley and town is derived from theHot Spring mound or butte near Belanger'sHotel in the upper part of the valley,whichwas called by the Snake Indians " TheWhite-tailed Deer Lodge," from the fact ofthose deer (Cerous Virginianus) being veryabundant in the swamps in that vicinity,andfrom the resemblance that the mound boreto an Indian lodge of a winter's morningwhen the steam rose from the hot springon its summit like smoke from a lodge. Thevalley and county were a sort of neutralground among the surrounding tribes ofIndians and was not permanently occupiedby any of them, at least not during the his-torical period. The cause of this wouldseem to have been the frequent incursionsof the Blackfeet, who were then very nu-merous and overran all of what is nowWestern Montana, keeping the Mountaintribes, who by reason of fewer numbersand inferior arms were unable to cope withthem, in constant terror. The Blackfeetobtained fire arms at a very early periodfrom the Hudson Bay and other traders onthe Assinneboine and Saskatchewan rivers,and seem to have been the most aggressiveand warlike of all the tribes of this region.From about 1804, at which time the Amer-icans first came in contact with with them,down to 1860 their war parties ravaged thecountry south and west of them, frequentlygoing as far as Ft. Hall and Boise valley onSnake River. Many were the fierce en-counters between them and the bands oftrappers that, under the leadership of oldJim. Bridger, Milton, and William Sub-lette, wandered over this region in quest ofthe rich harvest of furs and peltries thatwere then so abundant and easily taken.Often have they swooped down upon thescattered parties of trappers in the oldendays and driving off all their horses leftthem to rejoin the main body as best theycould, fortunate if some did not lose theirlives as well as their horses; and amongthe earlier settlers in Montana there are fewwho did not have to mourn the loss of manya good horse at their bands. Their lastgreat exploit was the taking of 180 horsesfrom within a mile of Deer Lodge city inApril, 1864. The owners, John F. andJas. C. Grant, Thos. Lavatta and a fewothers, raised a small party and went in hotpursuit. They overtook and surprised theIndians while they were halted for rest at aspring near Birdtail Rock beyond the Dear-born river, but by bad management letthem all escape on some six or seven of thebest horses. Since that time they have al-most every year stolen a few horses fromthe vicinity of Lincoln Gulch and BigBlackfoot valley in the northern part of thecounty, but west of the main range. Theirraids are no longer frequent, nor do theylo••siiione which they often visit.

There is reason to believe that the firstwhite men who ever visited what is nowMontana were a party from Canada underthe Chevalier De La Verendrye who,in 1742seem to have come up the Missouri river asfar as the Gates of the Rocky Mountains,near where Helena now stands, and wentfrom there by way of the Muscleshell to theYellowstone and Wind River valleys. Asketch of this expedition will be found in theforthcoming first volume of the MontanaHistorical Society. For 60 years after thiswe hear no more of any parties having vis-ited this region until the famous expeditionof Lewis and Clarke in 1804-5-6 brought itagain into notice. This was followed bythe trapping and trading expedition sentout by the Missouri Fur Company in 1808,and this again by Astor's parties in 1809-.10-11.

t- It is probable that the first buildingsB erected within the limits of what is nowMrs Montana was Lisa's Fort, built by Eman.

en uel Lisa, on the Yellowstone just belowen the mouth of the Big Horn river, in 1809- or 1810. The next was a post built by Gen.

ly Ashley on the lower Yellowstone in 1822.S- In 1832 Alexander Culbertson (still a resi-

a dent of Montana at Ft. Belknap on Milkot River) built Fort Union on the Missourild about five miles above its junction with thed. Yellowstone. Subsequently, other tradinge- posts were established on both rivers cul-

y minating in the building by Culbertaon ofh Ft. Benton m 1846. During all this timeof large bands of trappers roved all over ther- Rocky Mountain region; some were out-

I. fitted and employed by the forts on theh' Missouri and Yellowstone, and others whoa sought to contest this rich field with themk came ly the way of the Platte and Green

| rivers under the Sublettes and Bridger.

The Hudson Bay Company also entered into1 the contest with the American companies,e and from their old established posts on the

r Assinnieboihe askatchewan and Columbia

rivers pushed trading posts into the regiont now embraced in. Montana and Idaho, the'most southern of tobir estabishmentsabeingSFt,. lil on t akriver. The riyalryt betweenall t cese companies was very peatand anuy werethle rough triks they playedupon one another, which, at times almostSresulted in bloodshed. About 184647 thebeaver, owing to the incessant trapping of.so many companies, became so soarce a to

no ulonger pay the tripper for the hardships iand dangers eneoqatered la the wildeneam,andaearsly 41 the roving bands aba pdnedthe oou , Many of he torts were alsodismantled and thus the country relapsedInto its prmeral state of barbarism, fromwhich it was aroused some fifteen years Ilater by the discovery of the all potent oiv- clIser, coLS , which aon brhnuhtin -a per- amapnnt populqtion which the fur trade •coald neverdor, as nambnrs twer a disad.-vaatage Ilnrt uda pr ma pursuit.

usTerwltory being eseatud, It is proper te 4

among the few mountaineers still in thecountry and in the spring of 1856 a party,among whom were Robert Hereford, late ofH~lena, John Saunders, called "LongJan," (wh6 oould'throw a stone with al-meat toe fees mad precision of arille ball),Bil Maidieo and one or two ethers whowere passing " Benetsee" Creek on theirway to Salt Lake from the Bitter Root val-ley where they had spent the winter trad-ing with the Indians and prospecting a lit-tle, found more gold than had been ob-tained by Finlay. One piece weighed aboutten cents and they gave it to old CaptainGrant who used to show it, up to-the timeof his death in 1862, as the first piece ofgold found in the country. The matter

'rested here until the spring of 1858 whenThomas Adams, (now of Washington city),Reece Anderson and James and GranvilleStuart searched for gold in that vicinityand found as high as ten cents to the panof gravel,but as they had neither provisions(they were living on wild meat straight,without salt,) nor tools they could not ac-complish anything, more especially as theBlackfeet stole four of their horses and soharrassed them that they abandoned thecountry for a time, returning, however, inthe fall of 1860 firm in the faith that thiswas a rich gold country. In the meantime,during the summer of 1860, a mining en-thusiast by the name of Henry Thomasf (but who, as soon as his peculiarities be-

came known,was designated "Gold Tom,"by which he ever afterwards went), cameup by the way of the Pend d'Oreille Lakeand began to prospect on Benetsee Creekabout one mile west of where Pioneer Citynow stands. Almost unaided, he sunk ashaft over 30 feet deep in the glacial detri-tus along the creek, getting a little gold allthe way down. He also washed some onthe surface at this point during this andthe following summer,butonly made about$1.50 a day, owing to the great disadvan-tage under which he worked. His wind-lass and four little sluice boxes, hewed outwith an axe and now fast falling to decay,may still be seen where he worked. Alas !poor Tom ! The writer lost sight of him in'66 or '67 and often wondersif he fell a vic-tim to the ignusfatui of Ceur d'Alene,Peace River, Stickeen, Cassiar, White Pine,Pioche, Yellowstone, and last, but not least,the Black Hills, and wherever he may be,may Fortune smile upon him with a broadergrin than fell to the lot of any of the pio-neers at " Pioneer Creek" in 1860-1-2. Heusually preferred to be alone and wouldspend days and weeks among the moun-tains without other companions than hishorses and trusty rifle ; yet he was not atall misanthropic. In the fall 1860 andspring of 1861 Anderson and the Stuartsprospected in the dry gulches putting intoBenetsee Creek and found what they con-sidered good paying mines, but did littletoward working them that season for tworeasons: First, they had very few and im-perfect tools and no lumber auntil they couldget it whipsawed ; and second, all the partyexcept the writer went to Ft. Benton forthe purpose of purchasing supplies from thesteamboats expected up the river that year.The one boat (the Chippeway) that startedup was burned near the mouth of MilkRiver, and the summer was lost in waitingfor her. On this boat were the Hons. Win.Graham, of Philipsburg, and Frank L.Worden, of Missoula. Early in the springof 1862 the Stuarts, Adams, Burr and Pow-ell began to mine, having had lumber sawedby hand at ten cents a foot, and picks andshoyels packed up from Walla Walla, 425miles distant, by Worden & Higgins' trainthat brought their goods to IIellgate, andon the 8th day of May they set the firststring of sluices ever used in Montana andbegan to mine by the old pick and shovelprocess.

In '61 the Stuarts had written to theirbrother Thomas who was in Colorado Ter-ritory to come out here, as they thought

no reason to change and still adhere to.Thomas showed the letters to many friendsof his and the result was that quite a num-ber left there in the spring of '62 for DeerLodge. The first of these, a party of 12,arrived at Pioneer about the 20th of June,and among them was J. M. Bozeman, whowas murdered by the Indians on the Yel-lowstone in 1867 and after whom the flour-ishing town of Bozeman in Gallatin valleywas named. The party found good pros-pects in a branch of Benetsee or GoldCreek as it now began to be called, whichbranch took the name of Pike's Peak gulchfrom the fact of the discoverers being fromPike's Peak as Colorado was then general-ly called. Other parties also began tostraggle in from Pike's Peak and Utah.andabout theim 29th of June Sam'l T. Hauser,Frank Lonthan and - Alt arrived, beingthe advance guard of a number whocameup on the steamers from St. Louis, and whowere on their way to Florence, in the Sal-mon River mines, not having heard of thediscoveries at Gold Creek, where, however,many of them stopped and are now amongour oldest and most respected citizens.

Speaking of Florence City brings to mindan interesting relic of early days in thatrich but nearly inacoessible mining camp ofa bill of goods bought there in the spring of1861 bya miner who afterwards came to _BannackCity, and from whom the writerprocured it as worthy of preservation. I

BILL OP PROVISIONS.100 lbs. Beans ;1.25 .. ......... ; 126 Ol800 bs. Flour 1.00 ............".300 00S11 lbs. Coffee @1.25r ..... 1~ ,5S800 bs. Be@ef 1... ..... 1 750Sbs. ... ....... 700

*.ib Bea ........... 99503 sks. Salt @4.00.......00.... 12001Bar oap ...................... 800O bs. [email protected]................ 60010 bs. Sugar @1.50. .......... 1002 26ba Bacon 1.25...........1 Paper •erats ... ...... .... 800

595 50Paid -

This might strike the pamperea dwellersin Eastern cities as beingratherhigh livingfor a new country, and it does seem thatWay ; but provisions eame near reaching asgiddy an altitude at Virginia City in thespring qf 1865, and in fact flour surpassedit,ieing held at $145 per 100 bs. just priorto the floor riot which broke up the combi-nation. Other necessaries were not, how.ever, up to the Floremee bill, although theywere higr enough to glvene's purse the" sweeney " n about fie minutes.

But i turt to those whoo iae uptheMissouri. Aboat the middle of July oneof this parrtynasmed uribu t (against whoma sulight -pirejudioeexlissed hiaseb pnor was a big negro, wit whom he atmsa maleptdiseovere& te Pie.ly Peadaigawhere the town of in tmas a

t;su h Em np4le. byJo W. Peniea4hwovered the ,"Old 8a r" on Mort Bona.trIasot seies

at Saunae* Ocf skuc by Jouabyu

as Jras t sta tty',a i. s lgs on tosebee r aarilaue ql bj

e&,~w6 red~m I

which, for the same reason, was called WestBannack) soon overshadowed the other in-cipient cities, and during the winter of 1862had a population of some 4t)0 souls and be-came the centre of the population, wealth,and beauty of the country, although it wasthen in Dakota while Deer Lodge was inWashington Territory.

In the summer of 1863 the famous AlderGulch was struck and the people flocked toit from every quarter, since which time ourmining history is known to all.

To return to Deer Lodge county. Thefirst house in it was built in 1859 by JohnF. Grant at the mouth of Little BlackfootCreek, and the first houses built at DeerLodge City were erected in October, 1860,by Thomas Lavatta and Joe. Hill, while inNovember the Stuarts and Anderson builtat the mouth of Gold Creek, and in Decem-ber or January Robert Dempsey built onthe present Dunkelberg ranch, six milesbelow Gold Creek. Each of these placesbecame the nucleus of a small village.Dempsey's was soon known as Dublin, theStuart's as American Fork, and Grant's asGaontville; while Deer Lodge was some-times called Cottonwood and sometimesSpanish Fork. In the summer of 1863Grant moved up to Cottonwood and Grant-ville became deserted; and after the dis-covery of Alder Gulch the Stuarts and mostof the residents of American Fork movedto Virginia City, and that village, too, lostprestige and has finally become extinct.Dempsey and retainers also raised cawmpand went to the "Pah-Sam-er-ri," oi" Water of the Cottonwood Groves," as the

Snake Indians called the Stinking Waterriver, and Dublin, too, was left unto itselfdesolate.

During the summer of 1862 Capt. JosephLa Barge, of St. Louis, who had started anopposition fort at Ft. Benton, came overto Cottonwood and was so much pleasedwith the place that he talked of removinghis establishment from Ft. Benton andbringing it here. Thereupon the citizensof Cottonwood had a town' a mile squarelaid out and named it La Barge City,underwhich name it appears on many maps ofMontana even to this day. The village ofAmerican Fork, which hung a horse-thiefin July, 1862, also figured for years on themaps as Hangtown, although never knownby that name in its vicinity. Cottonwooddid not go into a decline as the surround-ing villages had done, but gradually in-creased in population and wealth until 1864,when a disposition being shown by many toignore the survey of the town and build inthe streets and wherever else they chose,James Stuart, in connection with some ofthe principal citizens, organized a Town-Site Company for the purpose of havingthe place built in proper shape and employ-ed Col. W. W. De Lacy to re-survey andcarefully plat it, re-christening it by itspresent title of Deer Lodge City.

As before stated the county was createdby the first Montana Legislature February2d, 1865, and Governor Sidney Edgertonshortly after appointed George Searle, J. W.Burnside and Joseph A. Clark as the firstboard of county commissioners. The couri-ty seat was then located at Silver Bow city,which was then a thriving little town out-numbering Deer Lodge in population, butit soon began to decline, and Ophir, SnowShoe, Jefferson, Washington, Bear and Elkgulches being struck the majority of thepopulation shifted to the other end of thecounty, and in 1866 the county seat was re-moved to Deer Lodge city-the Town-SiteCompany donating the blocks where ,theCourt House and Jail now stand, althoughthey were not erected until 1868. Occupy-ing a noble site and being well laid out,Deer Lodge is the most beautiful town inthe Territory, if not in the entire RockyMountains, and that its citizens are patriot-ic, the magnificent display of to-day bearswitness.

rht Prior to the last session of the Legisla-et. ture which ceded that Dart of the county*n eastof the Rocky Mountains to Choteau

to. counmty, Deer Lodge was truly a princelyids domain. It was about 250 miles long,from.m- north to south, and about 75 miles wide. It.eer extended from north latitude 450 40' to lat-12, itude 490 and lies between the 112th and

ae, 114th meridians west. It contained 14,625

'ho square miles, or 9,860,000 acres, and wasel. larger than either Vermont, New Hamp-er- shire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhodeley Island, Delaware, Maryland or New Jersey.as- It was also larger than the kingdom of)ld Belgium which has a population of 4,350,-

ch 000; and larger than Hanover which has ach population of 1,759,440, and .about five-m sixths as large as Switzerland which con-al- tains 2,372,920 souls, while Deer Lodge

to county has about 4,600 inhabitants or aboutad three to the square mile. About one-fourth%r, of the county is plains or -undulating land,ag so called in contradistinction to the moun-ae tains, and three-fourths are mountains, but0o there is very little worthless land, the only

d- part that could properly be called suchhe being that part of the mountains above ther, -timber line, all the rest being covered withkg either timber or a rich growth of nutritiolus

grasses. About one-fourth of the countyid is timbered land and three-fourths areat adapted to graing. About one-eight of the>f latter is also good sagricultural .land, the>f soil being of unsurpassed fertility. Streams

o are numerous although owing to the great)r altitude none navigable. The drainage is... perfect-.a stream running through the

centre of every valley, into which flow nu-merous ice-oold creeks from the mountainson either side. The valleys are long and0 narrow, sloping from each side to the cen-5 tre, and are equal in beauty to the Happy0 Valley described in Johnson's Rasselas.0 The Rocky Mountains bend around and

0 enclose the ceanty on the south, east and0 northeast, and except west of the Deer-I Lodge Pass,where they rise in broken, jag-Iged, and almost inaccessible peaks, theyare usually of rounded outlines and welltimbered, rarely rising above timber line.Deer Lodge ofty is 4,545 feet above the seaand the genal average of the valley isabout 4,00 feet; yet such is thq mildnessof the climate that snow enough for sleigh.Iag only feIs abou one winter in three.Big Biaoqgt rvalley lise at an sltitude orbouQtteet ; Flint reek valley, about4,800 feet ; Deer L;dge Pras, 4~80 feet;Pipestone Pass, estimated at 5,600 feet;Park or Butte Pass estlmated at 5,650 feet;Dry ttoaonwood Pal, eatimated at 6,200feet; Malln's PFes, between Deer Lodgeand Helena, 5,980. feet; McClellan Pass,.

000 et; Oadotte's Pass, 6,187 feet, antLevisnd Chla Pa 8881 feet, showinga gruasdi hnte belgt of the rangefrome •e • Lodge Pass nortkw• e ard.As this keteh has grown too long I willhSeioeaah a •st wealt in mines oranti sl cesubin-

r Subeautyi , and a cli-' eat. ele a u eitfa s, the

[ t * ~e, a the

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