Flame Detection System

JSCELECTRONSTANDARTPRIBOR FireDetectionIntroduction

JSCELECTRONSTANDARTPRIBOR,RUSSIA

JSCELECTRONSTANDARTPRIBOR28,Zatsepa

street.,Moscow,RUSSIA,115054Tel.(495)6332244Fax.(495)6332244

Email:[email protected]

FireDetectionIntroduction TableofContents

FireDetection

TableofContents

1.

Whatisfiredetection?2.

Whatclassesoffiredetectorsareavailableinthe

market? Smoke Heat Gas Flame

3.

Classesofflamedetectors SingleUVdetectors IR/UVdetectors MultiSpectrumIRdetectors Visualflameimagingdetectors

FireDetection

TableofContents

4.

Performancecharacteristicsofflame detectors

5.

Fieldofview

6.

Potentialfalsealarm

sources

7.

Howtochooseflamedetectortypesand locations

8.

Motivatorstoinstallfire/flamedetectors

9.

Competitivesummarymatrix

Whatisfiredetection?

Whatisfiredetection?

Theobjectiveofafiredetectionforthe

petroleumindustryistorapidly detectafirewherepersonnel,high

value,andcriticalequipmentmaybe involved.Oncedetected,executive

actionisinitiatedtoalertpersonnel forevacuationwhilesimultaneously controllingandsuppressingthefire

incident.

Hydrocarbonvaporsimmediatelyburn

withflametemperaturesthatare considerablyhigherthanthatof

ordinarycombustibles.Forthis reasondamagefromahydrocarbon

fireismuchmoreseverethanfrom anordinarycombustiblefire.

Mainchemicalreactionis

HC+O2

=CO2

+H2

O

ClassesofFireDetectorsOffered intheMarket

SmokeDetectors ThermalorHeatDetectors GasDetectors FlameDetectors

SmokeDetectorsSmokedetectorsareemployedwherethe

typeoffireanticipatedandequipment

protectionneedsafasterresponsetime

thanheatdetectors.Asmokedetector

willdetectthegenerationoftheinvisible

andvisibleproductsofcombustionbefore

temperaturechangesaresufficientto

activateheatdetectors.Theabilityofa

smokedetectortosenseafireis

dependentontherise,spread,rateof

burn,coagulationandairmovementof

thesmokeitself.Wherethesafetyof

personnelisaconcern,itiscrucialto

detectafireincidentatitsearlystages

becauseofthetoxicgases,lackofoxygen

thatmaydevelop,andobscurationof

escaperoutes.Smokedetectionsystems

shouldbeconsideredwhenthesefactors

arepresent.

ThermalorHeatDetectors

Heatdetectorsareslowerthanothertypesof

detectiondevicestorespondtoafire,since

theyrespondtotheheatofafire.

Therearetwocommontypesofheatdetectors

fixedtemperatureandrateofrise.Bothrelyon

theheatofthefireincidenttoactivateasignal

device.Fixedtemperaturedetectorssignal

whenthedetectionelementisheatedtoa

predeterminedtemperaturepoint.Rateofrise

detectorssignalwhenthetemperaturerisesat

arateexceedingapredeterminedamount.

Rate

ofrisedevicescanbesettooperate

rapidly,areeffectiveacrossawiderangeof

ambienttemperatures,usuallyrecyclerapidly

andcantolerateaslowincreaseinambient

temperatureswithouteffectinganalarm,and

recycleautomaticallyonadropinambient

temperature.

TypesofHeatDetectors

FixedTemperature

Signaldeviceisactivatedbythe heatofthefirewhenthe

detectionelementisheatedtoa predeterminedtemperature

point.

RateofRise

Signaldeviceisactivatedbythe heatofthefirewhenthe

temperaturerisesatarate exceedingapredetermined

amount. Canbesettooperaterapidlyand

usuallyrecyclesrapidly. Hasawiderangeofambient

temperatureeffectiveness Slowincreasesinambient

temperaturesaretolerated withoutraisinganalarm.

Adropinambienttemperature causesanautomaticrecycle.

ThermalorHeatDetectorsThehigherreliabilityfactorofheatdetectorsleadstofewerfalsealarmsthan

withothertypesoffiredetection.However,astheyareslower

toactivatethan

otherdetectiondevicesanddonotsendsmokeandvisibleflame,

theyshould

beinstalledonlywherespeedofactivationisnotconsideredcritical,or

installedasabackupforotherfiredetectionsystems.Heatdetectorscanbeusedasspotdetectors,orstrungasalinedeviceto

protectanextendedpath,andtheyaresuitableforoutdoorapplications.Commonissuesafterinstallation:

Thedevicetendstobepaintedover.

Thedeviceissusceptibletodamage.

Longinstallationmaycausethefusibleelementtosufferchangesin

activationtemperature.

GasDetectors

Gasdetectorsrecognizethe conditions

necessaryfora

fireorexplosiontooccur, ratherthantheactual

fire.Thedevice accomplishesthisby

trackingtheamountof flammablevaporsor

gasesinanarea.

FlameDetectors PrinciplesofOperationInfrared(IR)andUltraviolet(UV)spectroscopyandvisualflame

imagingaretheopticalmethodsmostflamedetectorsuseto identifyflames.Flamedetectors,designedtosensetheabsorption

oflightatspecificwavelengths,candiscriminatebetweenflames andfalsealarms.

Example:Typically,theflamesatarefineryarefueledby

hydrocarbonsthatproduceheat,carbondioxide,andother combustionproductsinthepresenceofoxygenandanignition

source.Thiscreatesemissionsofvisible,IR,andUVradiation detectablebyflamedetectors.

FlameSensingTechnologies

Thefourprimaryopticalflamesensing

technologiesbeingusedbyflame detectorstodayare:

Ultraviolet(UV)

Infrared/Ultraviolet(IR/UV)

Multispectruminfrared

Visualflameimaging

FlameSensingTechnologies

Allflamesensingtechnologiesare basedonlineofsightdetection ofradiationemittedbyflamesin theUV,visible,andIRspectral

bands.Flamedetectorsofferarangeof

technologiestofitthe requirementsofmonitoring

applications.Theseincludefield ofview(FOV),responsetime,

detectionrange,andparticular immunitytocertainfalsealarm sources.

Acontinuousspectral descriptioncurvedisplay

fromheatedsolidsand liquids.

Narrowdistribution moleculetype

characteristicsdisplayed byflamesandelectrical

discharges.

FlameDisplays

FlameRadiationSpectrum

235HzCharacteristicFlickering

Thevisibleredyellowseeninafireis

causedbycarbon.

TheinvisibleIRpartofthefireis

experiencedasheat.

NonHydrocarbonse.g.Hydrogen,burns

lightbluetransparent(nocarbonin theflame).

Also,itdoesnothavetheCO2

peakat

4.4

andcanthereforebedetected

inadifferentway.

TheCO2

peakinthefirerepresentsless

then2%ofthetotalfireenergy.

FlameRadiationSpectrum

BlackbodyRadiationInfraredsensorsarealsoaffectedbyinfraredradiation

notoriginatingfromafire.Thefiremaybemasked

bythisblackbodyradiation.

DualorMultiInfrareddetectorssuppresstheeffectof

blackbodyradiationbysensingenergyjustbeside

theCO2

radiationpeake.g.on4.1m.Theprinciple

isbasedonthefactthatarealHydrocarbonfire

causesadifferencebetweenthesensors.

Theremustbealargerdifferenceinsensoroutputthan

thebackgroundradiationpresent.Thatis,the

detectorcanbedesensitizedwhenblackbody

radiationispresent.

Everyobjectthathasatemperaturehigherthan0o

Kelvin(or2730C)radiatesenergyand,atroom

temperature,theenergyisalreadydetectableby

themostsensitiveInfraredsensors.Sometimes,a

movinghandclosetothesensorisenoughto

generateanalarm.At700K,ahotobjectalready

startstosendoutvisibleenergy(glowing).

HowOpticalFlameDetectionWorks Selectsoneormorespectralbands

Analyzesflickeringfrequency(235Hz)

Determinesradiationintensitythresholds

EmploysDetectionAlgorithm(includingmathematicaltechniques

suchasratios,ANDgatecomparisons,correlationsand

autocorrelations).

OpticalFlameDetection

Advantages: Detectiondistance Sensitivity Speedofresponse Reliability

ComparisonofFireDetectorsTypeof

Detection

DetectorType Speed Cost

Human

Human Moderate Expensive

Telephone Moderate Moderate

PortableRadios Moderate ModeratetoExpensive

MPS/MAC Moderate Moderate

SmokeIonization Fast Moderate

PhotoElectric Fast Moderate

VESDA VeryFast High

Heat

FusibleLink LowtoModerate Moderate

PlasticTube LowtoModerate Low

FusibleTube LowtoModerate Moderate

Quartzoid

Bulb LowtoModerate Moderate

OpticalFiber LowtoModerate Moderate

BimetallicWire LowtoModerate LowtoModerate

HeatAct/ROR LowtoModerate Moderate

Optical

UV VeryFast HighIRIR VeryFast High

IR/UV VeryFast High

MultiBand VeryFast High

VideoCamera Fast Expensive

ClassesofFlameDetectors

UVFlameDetection

Advantages: Unaffectedbysolar

radiation Unaffectedbyhotobjects

Disadvantages: Subjecttofalsealarms

fromUVsources(arc welding,electricalsparks,

halogenlamps) Blindedbythicksmoke

vapors,greaseandoil depositsonthedetectors

windowReferenceFire

100ft(30m)

UVFlameDetection

UVflamedetectorradiationresponseinthespectral rangeisapproximately180260nanometers.

Wavelengthresponsetolowenergylevelsoutsidethe rangeofsunlightandnormalhumanvisibilityis

between0.185and0.245microns.Becausetheyreacttohalogenlamps,electrical

dischargessuchaslightning,andarcwelding,UVflame detectorsaregenerallyusedindoors,wheretheir

sensitivityandquickresponsetimeincomparatively shortranges(050feet)makethemagoodchoice.

Failurescanbecausedbythicksootysmoke.

Advantages: Allpurposegeneraldetectorthatrespondsat

differentratestomostburningmaterials.

Extremelyfast lessthanafewmilisecondsfor

specialapplications(e.g.,explosivehandling).

Depositsoficeonthelensdonotgreatlyaffectit.

Notgenerallyaffectedbyhotblackbodysources.

Blindtomostformsofartificiallight,including

solarradiation.

Generallyindifferenttophysicalcharacteristicsof

flames meetssignalinputfunctionswithout

requiringa"flicker."

Specialmodulesavailableforuseinhigh

temperatureapplicationsupto125C(257F).

Canspecifyanautomaticselftestingfacility.

Fordistancesofmorethan32.8feet(10meters)

fromthedetector,ahandheldsourcecanbeused

fortesting.

Canfieldadjustmostmodelsforeithertimedelay

functionorflamesensitivity.

Limitations: Smokereducesthesignallevelseenduringa

fire. Reactstoelectricalarcsfromwelding.

Mayproducefalsealarmfromlightningwith

longdurationstrikesorotherformsof

radiation(suchasNDToperations).

Maybeaffectedbydepositsofgreaseandoil

onthelens. Signalattenuationmayresultfromsome

vapors(typicallyvaporswithunsaturated

bonds).

UVFlameDetection

IR/UVFlameDetectors

TheprincipleofIR/UVopticalflame detectorsissimplevoting.This

typeincorporatesasolarblind UVsensorandanIRsensor

selectedfromthefollowing: 4.3mIRsensor(detectsCO2

radiation)

ReferenceFire

100ft(30m)

Detectionofthesimultaneousexistenceofcharacteristic

infraredandultravioletradiation

IR/UVFlameDetectors

Advantages: Falsealarmrateisvery

low. Detectorisnotaffected

bysolarradiation.Disadvantages:

Thedetectorcanbe blindedbyvapors,thick

smoke,andoiland greasedepositonits

window.

IR/UVFlameDetectors

IntegrationofanIRsensorwiththeUVopticalsensor producesadualbanddetectorsensitivetotheIRand

UVradiationemittedbyaflame,makingitsuitablefor bothindoorandoutdooruse.Thedetectorresponds

withmoderatespeedandoffersincreasedfalsealarm immunityovertheUVdetector.However,heavy

smokemayreducetheunit'sdetectionrange.ThetwotypesofdetectorsclassifiedasIR/UVboth

respondtofrequenciesintheUVwavelengthandIRin theCO2

wavelength.Togenerateanalarm,bothtypes requirethesimultaneouspresenceofIRandUV

signals,andtheymustmeettheratiorequirement betweenlevelsofIRandUVsignals.

Advantages: Respondreadilytowiderangeof

hydrocarbonfires. Notsusceptibletomostformsofartificial

lightortosolarradiation. Ignorearcweldingandelectricarcs;minor

issueswithotherformsofradiation. Notaffectedbyblackbodysources.

Canfieldadjustsimplevotingdetectorfor

flamesensitivity. Respondtofireinthepresenceofahigh

backgroundIRsource.

Limitations:

Smokeandsomechemicalvaporsreduce

thesignallevelduringafire. IceparticlesonthelenscanblocktheIR

channel;oilandgreaseonthelenscan

blocktheUVchannel.

InitiationofanIRsignalinputdependson

aflickeringflame.

IR/UVFlameDetectors

MultiSpectrumIRFlameDetectors

Advantages: Greatestimmunityto

falsealarms Greatestsensitivity Longestdetectionrange

ReferenceFire

210ft (64m)

MultiSpectrumIRFlameDetectors

MultispectrumIRflamedetectorsperformwellinlocationswherecombustionsourcesproduce

smokyfires.Multipleinfraredspectralregionsenhancedistinctionbetweenflamesources

andnonflamebackgroundradiation.Thesedetectorsaresuitableforbothindoorsand

outdoors,operatingatamoderatespeedwitharangeofupto210feetfromtheflame

source.Theyproviderelativelyhighimmunitytohotobjects,e.g.,sunlight,infraredradiation

fromarcwelding,andlightning.Bymeansofphotocellstomonitorseveralwavelengthsofpredominantfireradiation

frequencies,microprocessingisusedtocomparethemeasurementstonormalambient

frequencies,alarmingwhenthefrequenciesreachabovecertainlevels.

Advantages:

Highlysensitive. Verystable. Themicroprocessorcanbeprogrammedtorecognizecertainfiretypes.

DetectionoftheflamescharacteristicCO2

emissionline

bytheuseofthreewavelengthbands

MultispectrumIRFlameDetectors

VisualFlameImagingFlameDetectors

Visualflamedetectorsestablishthepresenceofafire

throughflamedetectionalgorithmsandstandard

chargedcoupledevice(CCD)imagesensors.To

differentiatebetweenflameandnonflame

sources,thelivevideoimagefromtheCCDarrayis

processedbytheimagingalgorithmstoanalyzethe

shapeandprogressofapparentfires.

Fordetectionoffires,thedevicesdonotdependon

emissionsfromwater,carbondioxide,orother

productsofcombustion.Therefore,whereaflame

detectorisrequiredtodifferentiatebetweenafire

resultingfromanaccidentalreleaseofcombustion

materialandaprocessfire,thisdetectorisnot

commonlychosen.

Limitations:

Cannotdetectflamesthatareunseenbythenaked

eye,e.g.,hydrogenflames.

Theunit'sabilitytodetectfirecanbeimpairedby

heavysmoke.

PerformanceCharacteristics ofFlameDetectors


Whenconfiguringaflamedetectionsystemforaplantand evaluatingthevariousflamedetectiontechnology

alternativesavailabletoday,itisusefultoconsiderthe followingflamedetectorperformancecriteria:

FalseAlarmImmunity DetectionRange ResponseTime FieldofView SelfDiagnostics


FalseAlarmImmunityTheabilitytodiscriminatebetweenactualflamesandfalsealarmsourcesisone

ofthemostimportantconsiderationsinselectingaflamedetector.False alarmscanbecostlyandinterferewithproductivity.Itisthereforeessential

thatflamedetectorsdiscriminatebetweenactualflamesandradiationfrom sunlight,lightning,arcwelding,hotobjects,andothernonflamesources.

DetectionRangeandResponseTimeAflamedetectorsmostbasicperformancecriteriaaredetectionrangeand

responsetime.Dependingonaspecificplantapplicationenvironment,eachof thealternativeflamedetectiontechnologiesrecognizesaflamewithina

certaindistanceandadistributionofresponsetimes.Typically

thegreaterthe

distanceandtheshorterthetimethatagivenflamesensingtechnology requirestodetectaflame,themoreeffectiveitisatsupplyingearlywarning

againstfiresanddetonations.


FieldofView

Thegreaterthefieldofview,thebroadertherangeofthedetector,whichmayalso

reducethenumberofflamedetectorsforcertainapplications.Fieldsofviewof about90

to120

arecommonformostoftodaysmodels.

SelfDiagnostics

Tomaintainthereliabilityoftheflamedetectors,theopticaldevicesareautomatically

selftestedforradiationtransmission.Programmedtoactivateabout

onceevery

minute,thisselfcheckensuresthatthedetectorisfunctioning,theopticalpath

is

clear,andtheelectroniccircuitryisoperational.Iftheselfcheckfindsafault,it alertsviathe020mAoutputorbyadigitalcommunicationsprotocolsuchas

Modbus.

FireSizeandMaximum DetectionDistances

Dependingonthetypeoffuel,thesizeofthefireisdefineddifferently instandardtests.

LiquidFuel Bysteelpanfiresize,e.g.,0.09m2

(1ft2)gasolinepanfire

GaseousFuel Byflameheight,orificesize,pressure,e.g.,0.5m(20")CH4

plume fire(3/8"ODorifice@3psi)

SolidFuel Byweight,sizeandpreignitionconfiguration,e.g.,woodcribfire

arrangedin20x20cmsquarestack

FireSizeandMaximum DetectionDistances

Theresponsetimeandmaximumdetectiondistanceofthe detectorarerelatedtothesizeofthefire.

Theperformanceofthedetectorisusuallystatedwith respecttoastandardfire,e.g.,1ft2

gasolinepanfire.

Thedetectorcanbefurtherdefinedbythedistanceat whichitwilldetectthestandardfiresizeandbythe

specifiedresponsetime.

ESPSafetyFlameDetector Characteristics

IPESIR3Flameresponse,falsestimuli,fieldof

view,hazardouslocationratingsand environmentalratings:

Operatingtemperaturerating:40oCto

+85oC(40oFto+185oF)

ExplosionElectricalequipmentverified

perFM3615

AutomaticFireAlarmSignaling

PerformanceverifiedperFM3260(2000)

RadiantEnergySensingFireDetectorsfor

AutomaticFireAlarmSignalingverified

perANSI/NFPA72(2002)

ExplosionProofforClassI,Div1,Groups

B,C,andD,T4Ta=40oCto+85oC(40oF

to+185oF),IP66HazardousLocationsper

FM3615

ExplosionProofEnclosuresforUsein

ClassIHazardousLocationsverifiedper

CSAC22.2No.301986(Reaffirmed2003)

IPESIR3ResponseCharacteristics(ConfirmedbytestingbyFMApprovals)

Veryhighsensitivity

Fuel PanSize Distance,feet(m) Averageresponsetime(seconds)

nHeptane 1x1foot 211(64.3) 9JP4 1x1foot 201(60) 12JP4 2x2foot 206(62.8) 8

Gasoline 1x1foot 200(60) 14Gasoline 2x2foot 196(60) 4Kerosene 1x1foot 164(50) 11Kerosene 2x2foot 196(60) 6Diesel 1x1foot 151(46) 15Diesel 2x2foot 151(46) 10

Methanol 1x1foot 151(46) 9Ethanol 1x1foot 151(46) 11

MethanePlumeDiameter

3/8in,height3

foot

151(46) 10

MethaneMethanesand

burner1x2foot

151(46) 10

IPESIR3ResponseCharacteristics(ConfirmedbytestingbyFMApprovals)

Highsensitivity


nHeptane 1x1foot 143(43.5) 5

IsopropylAlcohol 1x1foot 99(30) 6

JP4 2x2foot 115(35) 12

MediumSensitivity


nHeptane 1x1foot 108(32.9) 5

IsopropylAlcohol 1x1foot 87(26.5) 5

JP4 1x1foot 60(18.2) 6

JP4 2x2foot 95(29) 7

IPESIR3ResponseCharacteristicsinthePresenceofFalseAlarmSources

Veryhighsensitivity

Falsealarmsource DistanceFeet(m) FireSource Distance,feet(m)Averageresponsetime(seconds)unmodulated modulated

1.5kWheater 16(5)nHeptane

(1x1foot)

82(25) 2.0 2.0

100Wincandescent

light

16(5)nHeptane

(1x1foot)

82(25) 2.1 2.2

500Whalogenlight 16(5)nHeptane

(1x1foot)

82(25) 2.3 2.3

Arcwelding(100A,

#7118,3/16')

16(5)nHeptane

(1x1foot)

82(25) 2.0 2.1

Two20Wfluorescent

lights

16(5)nHeptane

(1x1foot)

82(25) 2.0 2.1

Sunlightexposure

(direct,reflect)

nHeptane

(1x1foot)

82(25) 2.0 2.2

Mediumsensitivity

Falsealarmsource DistanceFeet(m) FireSource Distance,feet(m)Averageresponsetime(seconds)unmodulated modulated

1.5kWheater 10(3)nHeptane

(1x1foot)

108(32.9) 10.4 5.2

100Wincandescent

light

10(3)nHeptane

(1x1foot)

108(32.9) 3.1 3.4

500Whalogenlight 10(3)nHeptane

(1x1foot)

108(32.9) 3.7 5.2

Arcwelding(100A,

#7118,3/16')

10(3)nHeptane

(1x1foot)

108(32.9) 6.2 5.5

Two20Wfluorescent

lights

10(3)nHeptane

(1x1foot)

108(32.9) 6.0 5.9

Sunlightexposure

(direct,reflect)

nHeptane

(1x1foot)

82(25) 2.0 2.2

IPESIR3FalseAlarmImmunityVeryhighsensitivity

Falsealarmsource DistanceFeet(m)Modulated

responseUnmodulated

response

1.5kWheater 3(0.9) Noalarm NoalarmArcwelding(100A,#7118,

3/16') 9(2.7) Noalarm Noalarm

100Wincandescentlight 1(0.3) Noalarm Noalarm500Whalogenlight 3(0.9) Noalarm Noalarm

Two20Wfluorescentlights 0(0) Noalarm NoalarmSunlightexposure(direct,

reflect) Noalarm Noalarm

Highsensitivity


responseUnmodulated

response

1.5kWheater 3.2(1) Noalarm NoalarmArcwelding(100A,#7118,

3/16') 10(3) Noalarm Noalarm

100Wincandescentlight 3.2(1) Noalarm Noalarm500Whalogenlight 6.5(2) Noalarm Noalarm

Two20Wfluorescentlights 0.25(0.008) Noalarm NoalarmSunlightexposure(direct,


Mediumsensitivity


responseUnmodulated

response

1.5kWheater 7.3(2.2) Noalarm NoalarmArcwelding(100A,#7118,

3/16') 10(3) Noalarm Noalarm

100Wincandescentlight 3.2(1) Noalarm Noalarm500Whalogenlight 6.5(2) Noalarm Noalarm

Two20Wfluorescentlights 0.25(0.008) Noalarm NoalarmSunlightexposure(direct,


IPESIR3FieldofView

Veryhighsensitivity

Fuel SizeDistance

feet(m)

Horizontal

(degrees)

Avg.horiz.

responsetime

(seconds)

Vertical

(degrees)

Avg.vert.

responsetime

(seconds)

nHeptane 1x1foot 105(32)45 4.4 45 5.945 6.4 45 8.5

JP4 1x1foot 98(30)45 4.2 45 4.345 13.5 45 7.5

Gasoline 1x1foot 98(30)45 5.7 45 4.945 10.4 45 5.5

Kerosene 1x1foot 98(30)45 6.3 45 7.045 18.9 45 14.0

Diesel 1x1foot 75(23)45 6.5 45 5.245 18.6 45 8.9

Methanol 1x1foot 75(23)45 2.7 45 3.045 4.2 45 3.1

Ethanol 1x1foot 75(23)45 3.0 45 2.445 3.7 45 2.6

Methane

Plume

Diameter

3/8in,

height3foot

75(23)

45 2.5 45 2.6

452.8

452.8

IPESIR3FieldofView

Highsensitivity

Fuel SizeDistance

feet(m)

Horizontal

(degrees)

Avg.horiz.

responsetime

(seconds)

Vertical

(degrees)

Avg.vert.

responsetime

(seconds)

nHeptane 1x1foot 71.5(22)45 6.8 45 6.445 13.6 45 8.5

Isopropyl

Alcohol

1x1foot 50(15)45 5.7 45 4.2

45 8.2 45 4.2

Mediumsensitivity

Fuel SizeDistance

feet(m)

Horizontal

(degrees)

Avg.horiz.

responsetime

(seconds)

Vertical

(degrees)

Avg.vert.

responsetime

(seconds)

nHeptane 1x1foot 60(18)45 4.8 45 17.445 4.5 45 3.8

Isopropyl

Alcohol

1x1foot 44(14)45 19.5 45 7.345 7.3 45 6.9

JP4 1x1foot 30(9)45 20.9 45 20.8

45 11.9 45 12.8

IPESIR3

FieldofViewatIndicatedDistance


inFeetfornHeptaneat

inMetersfornHeptaneat

VeryHigh

Sensitivity(1x1foot)

VeryHigh




inFeetforJP4at

inMetersforJP4at

VeryHigh


VeryHigh


IPESIR3



inFeetforgasolineat

inMetersforgasolineat

VeryHigh


VeryHigh




inFeetforkeroseneat

inMetersforkeroseneat

VeryHigh


VeryHigh


IPESIR3



inFeetfordieselat

inMetersfordieselat

VeryHigh


VeryHigh




inFeetformethanolat

inMetersformethanolat

VeryHigh


VeryHigh


IPESIR3



inFeetforethanolat

inMetersforethanolat

VeryHigh


VeryHigh




inFeetforMethaneplumeat

inMetersforMethaneplumeat

VeryHigh

Sensitivity(3/8inch,3feet)

VeryHigh

Sensitivity(3/8inch,3feet)

IPESIR3



inFeetfornHeptaneat


High


High




inFeetforIsopropylat


High


High


IPESIR3



inFeetfornHeptaneat


Medium


Medium




inFeetforJP4at

inMetersforJP4at

Medium


Medium


IPESIR3



inFeetforIsopropylat

inMetersforIsopropylat

Medium


Medium


FieldofView

FieldofView

ESPSafetysdetectors havea90o

fieldofview.

Whenplaced downwardsatanangle

of~45,thedetectoris abletoseeboth

straightaheadand straightdown.This placementtrapsthe leastamountofdirt.

FieldofView

TypicalfieldofviewfortheIR3 detector

Blindspotsinthedesigncan resultfromreducedsensitivity

attheedgesofthefieldof view.

Thedetectorwouldneeda largerfieldofviewinorderto

respondtoafire.

Inactualoperation,thefield ofviewshouldbeupto4

timeslargerthanonthe centralaxis.

HorizontalFieldofView 90o

VerticalFieldofView 90o

FieldofView

Keepinmindthattheconeisthreedimensional

FieldofView

Thefieldofviewforflamedetectors rangesfrom70120.

Theassertionthatalargerareacan becoveredbyawiderfieldof

viewisatbestmisleading,andin manycasesisincorrect.

TheIR3detector,witha90

fieldof view,candetecta1footsquare fireat65meters.Tocoverthe

sameareawouldrequireupto7 15mdetectorswith120

fieldof

view.

15m

60m

FieldofView

Thedifferencebetween 15mand65m:

One

60meter

IR3 detector

VERSUS

Seven

15meter

IR/UV detectors

IR3 FieldofViewPlacingtheflamedetectorin

thecornerofastructure allowsmaximumcoverage

alongbothwallsandinto theareatobeprotected.

However,inthesecond illustration,2030

ofthis

120

detectorisoutsidethe wallsofthebuildingand

notavailabletoprovide coverage,thusneutralizing

theareaofadditional protection.

InverseSquareLaw

Thesizeofthefiredeterminesthe detectorssensitivityand

detectionrange.

Ifthedetectorislocatedfarther from(orcloserto)thesourceof

thefire,thedetectablefiresize willvaryaccordingtotheInverse

SquareLaw.

Ifthedetectiondistanceisdoubled, only25%oftheradiantenergy

willreachthedetector,i.e.,the sizeofthefirewouldneedtobe 4timeslargerforthesame

responsetime.

InverseSquareLaw

Example:AnIR/UVdetector candetecta0.1m2

gasoline

fire@15m.

Toprovidethesameresponse timeatdifferentdistances:

30m

Minimumfiresize wouldneedtobe0.4m2.

5m

Minimumfiresize wouldneedtobeonly

~0.01m2.

EnvironmentalConditions

ESPSafetysIPESdetectorsaredesignedforharsh environmentswithextremetemperatureranges,from

40Fto+185F(40Cto+85C).

AlldetectorsmeetIP66/67(NEMA2506P)forweather resistance.

ESPSafety'sdetectorsarerigorouslytestedforshock, vibration,temperatureandhumidity.

Despitethisenvironmentalrange,itisimportanttoselecta detectorthatissuitedtotheenvironmentalconditions.

PotentialFalseAlarm Sources

PotentialFalseAlarm

Sources

TheSun HighIntensity UniqueRadiationPeaks

Mostofthetremendous energygeneratedbythe

sunisabsorbedbythe atmosphere.However, sunlightcanstillbea

potentialfalsealarm source.

Infraredflamedetectorsusing 4.4

wavelengthsare

renderedsolarblind,since sunlightisfilteredaround

4.4

andcoldCO2intheair absorbs4.4

energy.

PotentialFalseAlarm

Sources

HeatSources(e.g.,radiators, electricalheaters)

NoUV,weakvisible,mediumIR radiation

Stableradiation

Arc(e.g.,lightning,welding) HighintensityUVradiation WeakIRradiation Unstableradiation(similarto

flickeringfire)

PotentialFalseAlarm

Sources

Environment(e.g.,warmobjectssuchaspeople

orobjectsinthesurroundingarea)

Stableradiation IRradiationofmediumintensity,e.g.a

standardfireat30m.

NegligibleUVradiation,assumingthelackof

highvoltagetransformersnearby

LightSources(e.g.,Mercury,tungsten,halogen) Stableradiation(exceptwhenthepoweris

beingturnedonandoff)

Highintensityvisiblelight,weakIR,e.g.,

standardfire1 10%

UVradiationofamediumintensity(for

unshieldedhalogentams),e.g.,astandard

fireapproximately10%

PotentialFalseAlarm

Sources

FriendlyFire(e.g.,Acetylene welding,matches,fluxburningin

arcwelding) Unstableradiation IRemissionspectrumresembling

fire LowintensityIRradiation UVradiation(usuallyofhigher

intensitythanfire)

FlameSpectralAnalysis

ThreemajorspectralareasforFlameDetection

Determinewhether interferents

arepresent

Knowingwhetherinterferents

arepresentorcouldpossiblyemergefromafireisvital.

Examplesofinhibitorsthatcanblindthedetectorare:UVDetectors

Hydrocarbonvapors(e.g.Toluene,Xylene)

Oil/greaseonthelens

Chloridevapors

IRDetectors

Anyofthefollowingonthelens:

Water

Fog

Ice

Salt

MultiIRDetectors

Blackbodyradiationfromhotmachinery

RadiationAbsorbingMaterials

Flamedetectorsensitivityisaffectedbyavarietyof materials:

Material

Effect

Grease,dust,dirt

IR&UVabsorber

Water,ice,steam

IR&UVabsorber

Oil

UVabsorber

Standardwindowglass

UVabsorber

Plasticfilms

UVabsorber

NuisanceAlarmSources

Source

Affects Welding(arc&gas)

IR&UV

Coronaandarcing

UV Electricmotorarmatures

UV

Combustionenginebackfire

IR&UV Blackbodyradiation

IR

Xray,nuclearradiation

UV Hotturbines,reactors,boilers

IR

Flarestacks

IR&UV

HowtoChooseFlameDetector TypesandLocations

IdentifytheChallenges

Thefollowingshouldbecarefullyconsideredtohelp determinethetypeofdetectorneeded:

Whatmaterials/fuelsarepotentialsourcesoffire/risk?

Whatisthesizeofthefiretobedetected?

Whatdetection/distancerangeisrequired?

Whatresponsespeedisrequired?

Whatsourcesoffalsealarmradiationarepresent?

Whatenvironmentalconditionsarepresent?

FuelTypes

Indeterminingthetypeofflamedetectortouse,thefollowingshould beconsidered:

Whichfuels/materialsarepresentthatcouldrepresentapotential firehazard?

Arethefuelshydrocarbonbasedornonorganic? Arethefuelsliquid,gaseous,orsolid?

Furtherconsiderations:

Anypotentialsourcesoffalsealarmsthatcouldaffectthedetector. Anyenvironmentalfactorspresentthatcouldaffectthedetector,

e.g.,weatherextremes,grease.

Makesurethedetector canseethefire

Thewaythedetectorisinstalledstronglyinfluencestherangeof flamedetection.Thefollowingshouldbeconsidered:

Determinewhatthedetectorcan"see."

Isthedetectormountedsothattheobjects/areathatneed protectionarecovered?

Arethereanypotentialfalsealarmsourcesinthefieldofview (e.g.,flares,engine,orturbineexhaust)?

Makesurethe angleiscorrect!

PreventBlindSpots

Onewaytopreventblindspotswhileprovidingbackup coverfortheflamedetectoristolocateanother

detectorintheoppositecorner

IdentifyAnyPossible FalseAlarmSources

Inorderforthedetectortooperatereliablyandcontinuetomerittheuser'sconfidence,it's

importanttodetermineifanyfalsealarmsourcesarepresent.Thefollowingareexamplesof

falsealarmssources:

UVDetectors

Arcweldingradiation

Halogenorhighpressuremercurylamps(withoutprotectiveglass)

Coronaandstaticarcs

IRDetectors

Choppedblackbodyradiation

Directchoppedsunlight(insomecases)

MultiIRDetectors

Lesssusceptibletochoppedsunlightorblackbodyradiation

Canbecomeinsensitive

MotivatorstoInstallFire/Flame Detectors

DetectorType Applications Advantages Disadvantages

TripleIR(IR3)

Moderatespeed

AffectedbyIRsourcesonlyat

shortrangeincertainrarefire

scenarios

Hydrocarbonfires Highestsensitivity

Indoors/outdoors Highimmunitytofalsealarms

Longerdetectionrange

Unaffectedbysolarradiation

MultiIRHydrocarbonand

Hydrogenfires AswithIR3,butwithhydrocarbon

andhydrogenfiredetection

AsIR3Indoors/outdoors

CCTV(IR3+Video)

AswithIR3butwithcolorvideo

AsIR3Hydrocarbonfires Moreinformation&recordofthe

protectedareabefore,duringand

afterfirescenario

Indoors/outdoors

SingleI(IR)

ModeratespeedSubjecttofalsealarms(inthe

presenceofflickeringIR

sources)

Hydrocarbonfires Moderatesensitivity

Indoors Unaffectedbysolarradiation

Lowcost

SingleUltraviolet(UV)

Hydrocarbon,Hydrogen,Silane,

Ammonia,otherhydrogenbased

fuelfiresandmetalfires

FalsealarmsfromUVsources

(arcwelding,electricalsparks,

halogenlamps)

Highspeed

Moderatesensitivity

Unaffectedbysolarradiation

UnaffectedbyhotobjectsBlindedbythicksmoke,

greaseandoildepositsonthe

detectorwindow

Lowcost

Indoors

WhyInstallFire/ FlameDetectors?

Legalrequirements FireDepartmentrequirements Fearofactualloss Catastrophicloss Businessinterruption/lossofrevenue Insurancepremiumbenefit Recognitionofrisk Preventivemeasure

ApplicationofFixedFireDetectionDevicesLocationorFacility Hazard

FixedDetector

TypeOptions

Reference

OfficeOrdinaryCombustibles MPS

NFPA101,Section263.4.1.ElectricalFire

HeatSmoke

AccommodationOrdinaryCombustibles MPS NFPA101,Section183.4.1

&Section203.4.1.ElectricalFire Smoke

Kitchensand

Cafeterias

Cooking MPS NFPA101,Section83.4.1ElectricalFire Heat NFPA96,Section73.1.4

ControlRooms ElectricalFireMPS

NFPA75,Section6.2Smoke

SwitchgearRooms ElectricalFireMPS

NFPA850,SectionSmoke

TurbinePackageElectricalFire Heat

NFPA30,Section55.5.1.HydrocarbonFire Optical

ProcessUnits HydrocarbonFireMPS

NFPA30,Section55.5.1.HeatOptical

PumpStations HydrocarbonFireMPS


LoadingFacilities HydrocarbonFireMPS


TankorVessel

Storage

HydrocarbonFireMPS


OffshoreDrillingor

ProductionFacility

HydrocarbonFire

MPSAPIRP14G

SmokeHeat

NFPA30,Section55.5.1.Optical

Laboratories HydrocarbonFireMPS

NFPA45,Section41.1&4.5Heat

WhatDoes theCustomerExpect?

Thecustomerwantsadetectorthat:

Detectsfires Detectsonlyfires,notfalsealarms Respondsanytimethereisafireanywhere Hasarapidresponsetime Announcesfaultconditions

CompetitiveSummaryMatrix

CompetitiveSummaryMatrix

ESP Dettronics GeneralMonitors Spectrex

IPESIR3 X3301 FL4000 20/20ST40/40I

IPESIR/UV X5200 FL3100 40/40LLB40/40L4L4B20/20LLB

TheEnd

JSCElectronstandartpribor28,Zatsepa

street,Moscow,Russia,115054Tel.(495)6332244Fax.(495)6332244

Email:[email protected]

JSC ELECTRONSTANDART-PRIBORFire Detection IntroductionFire Detection IntroductionTable of ContentsFire Detection - Table of ContentsFire Detection - Table of ContentsWhat is fire detection?What is fire detection? 7Classes of Fire Detectors Offered in the MarketSmoke Detectors Thermal or Heat DetectorsTypes of Heat DetectorsThermal or Heat DetectorsGas DetectorsFlame Detectors Principles of OperationFlame-Sensing TechnologiesFlame-Sensing Technologies 17Flame Radiation SpectrumFlame Radiation SpectrumBlackbody RadiationHow Optical Flame Detection WorksOptical Flame DetectionComparison of Fire DetectorsClasses of Flame DetectorsUV Flame DetectionUV Flame Detection 27IR/UV Flame Detectors 29IR/UV Flame DetectorsIR/UV Flame Detectors 32Multi-Spectrum IR Flame DetectorsMulti-Spectrum IR Flame Detectors 35Visual Flame Imaging Flame DetectorsPerformance Characteristics of Flame Detectors Performance Characteristics of Flame DetectorsPerformance Characteristics of Flame DetectorsPerformance Characteristics of Flame DetectorsFire Size and Maximum Detection DistancesFire Size and Maximum Detection DistancesESP Safety Flame Detector CharacteristicsIPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3IPES IR3Field of ViewField of ViewField of ViewHorizontal Field of View 90oVertical Field of View 90oField of ViewField of ViewField of ViewIR3 Field of ViewInverse Square LawInverse Square LawEnvironmental ConditionsPotential False Alarm SourcesPotential False Alarm SourcesPotential False Alarm SourcesPotential False Alarm SourcesPotential False Alarm SourcesFlame Spectral AnalysisDetermine whether interferents are presentRadiation-Absorbing MaterialsNuisance Alarm SourcesHow to Choose Flame Detector Types and LocationsIdentify the ChallengesFuel TypesMake sure the detectorcan see the fire 83Prevent Blind SpotsIdentify Any PossibleFalse Alarm SourcesMotivators to Install Fire/Flame Detectors 87Why Install Fire /Flame Detectors?Application of Fixed Fire Detection DevicesWhat Does the Customer Expect?Competitive Summary MatrixCompetitive Summary MatrixThe End

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Flame Detection System