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PE
TIO
LE C
UR
L
Sym
ptom
s: A
vira
l dis
ease
that
cau
ses
extr
eme
curli
ng a
nd
twis
ting
of th
e pa
rtic
les.
Co
ntr
ol:
So
il a
na
lysi
s is
ne
cess
ary
. P
icki
ng
ou
t cu
rle
d le
ave
s a
nd
bu
rnin
g t
he
se w
ill p
reve
nt
the
dis
ea
se f
rom
sp
read
ing.
Reg
iste
red
pest
icid
es c
an b
e ap
plie
d or
are
rec
-om
men
ded.
”BO
HO
N”
Sym
pto
ms:
It
is c
au
sed
by
roo
t n
em
ato
de
s w
hic
h c
au
se
stu
nti
ng
of
gro
wth
an
d y
ello
w f
olia
ge
an
d e
ven
die
off
. N
odul
ar g
alls
als
o ap
pear
at t
he r
oots
.
Con
trol
: For
con
trol
the
area
sho
uld
be fl
oode
d. A
pplic
atio
n of
reg
iste
red
pest
icid
es is
rec
omm
ende
d.
Har
vest
ing
met
hods
Ken
af is
har
vest
ed a
t th
e be
ginn
ing
of fl
ower
ing,
eith
er b
y ha
nd o
r m
echa
nica
lly. S
tand
ard
cutti
ng, c
hopp
ing
and
bal-
ing
equi
pmen
t can
be
used
for
harv
estin
g ke
naf a
s a
fora
ge
and
fi bre
cro
p. It
is a
n ec
onom
ic a
dvan
tage
to u
se p
rese
ntly
av
aila
ble
com
mer
cial
har
vest
ing
equi
pmen
t. K
enaf
is h
ar-
vest
ed b
y cu
ttin
g th
e st
em n
ear
the
plan
t’s b
ase
with
any
cu
tting
tool
. The
bes
t tim
e to
har
vest
ken
af fo
r fi b
re is
dur
ing
the
plan
t’s fl
ower
ing
stag
e, m
onth
s af
ter
plan
ting
whe
n fi b
er
qual
ity a
nd q
uant
ity a
re h
ighe
st. H
arve
stin
g ke
naf f
or s
eeds
is
do
ne
4 t
o 5
,5 m
on
ths
aft
er
pla
ntin
g w
he
n 8
0 %
of
the
plan
ts h
ave
5 to
6 d
ried
caps
ules
.
Use
sK
enaf
fi br
es c
an b
e us
ed fo
r m
akin
g m
any
agric
ultu
ral a
nd
indu
stria
l app
licat
ions
like
pap
er p
ulp,
ther
mop
last
ics,
com
-po
site
s, g
eote
xtile
s, p
ottin
g m
ixes
, agr
icul
tura
l mul
ches
and
fi l
ms,
fabr
ics
and
indu
stria
l abs
orbe
nts.
Ken
af fi
bre
from
the
stem
is u
sed
for fi s
hing
net
s, r
opes
and
doo
rmat
s w
hile
fab-
ric c
an b
e w
oven
into
car
pets
, clo
th a
nd c
loth
es li
ning
. The
m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t use
of k
enaf
is p
rodu
cing
sac
ks. F
ibre
s fr
om
the
stem
can
be
used
as
anim
al li
tter
. T
he le
aves
may
be
edib
le t
o bo
th a
nim
als
and
hum
ans
and
can
be u
sed
as a
he
rb in
som
e di
shes
. Oil
prod
uced
by
the
plan
ts is
use
d fo
r fi
rst-
cla
ss c
oo
kin
g o
il a
nd
ma
rga
rin
e p
rod
uct
ion
. K
en
af
Fur
ther
info
rmat
ion
can
be o
btai
ned
from
:
Dire
ctor
ate
Pla
nt P
rodu
ctio
nP
rivat
e B
ag X
250
PR
ET
OR
IA 0
001
Tel
. +
27 1
2 31
9 60
79F
ax
+27
12
319
6372
E-m
ail
DP
P@
daff.
gov.
za
2012
Prin
ted
and
publ
ishe
d by
:
D
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re, F
ores
try a
nd F
ishe
ries
D
irect
orat
e C
omm
unic
atio
n S
ervi
ces
P
rivat
e B
ag X
144
P
RE
TOR
IA
0001
Sci
entifi
c n
ame:
H
ibis
cus
cann
abin
us L
.
Com
mon
nam
es:
Ken
af (
Eng
lish)
; Mes
ta, s
tock
-ros
e, b
asta
rd-ju
te,
Java
-jute
,
Sto
kroo
s (A
frik
aans
)
Ken
afK
enaf
agric
ultu
re,
fore
stry
& fi
sher
ies
Dep
artm
ent:
Agric
ultu
re, f
ores
try &
fish
erie
sR
EPU
BLI
C O
F SO
UTH
AFR
ICA
seed
s ca
n be
use
d in
sal
ads,
for
cook
ing
(fl o
ur)
and
lubr
ica-
tion
, a
s w
ell
as
for
the
ma
nu
fact
uri
ng
of
soa
p,
lino
leu
m,
pain
ts a
nd v
arni
shes
. Ken
af c
onta
ins
man
y po
tent
ially
use
-fu
l co
mp
ou
nd
s fo
r m
ed
icin
es
to e
ase
pro
ble
ms
such
as
brui
sing
, cut
s an
d ac
hes.
Ack
now
ledg
emen
tM
em
be
rs o
f A
gri
-Afr
ica
/Ka
rwil
Co
nsu
ltan
cy a
re a
ckn
ow
l-ed
ged
for
the
info
rmat
ion
prov
ided
.
The
con
trib
utio
n of
the
Nat
iona
l Lib
rary
of
Sou
th A
fric
a is
gr
atef
ully
ack
now
ledg
ed.
Ref
eren
ces
Hitt
ersa
y, P
. 200
5. S
A k
enaf
pro
duct
ion
hold
s gr
eat p
rom
ise:
cro
ps. F
arm
er’s
W
eekl
y, v
ol. 1
5: 4
8–50
.
http
://re
gion
10.d
ost.g
ov.p
h/in
dex.
php?
optio
n=co
m
Bac
kgro
und
Ken
af is
a w
arm
sea
son,
sho
rt-d
ay, a
nnua
l her
bace
ous
bast
fi b
re p
lant
whi
ch o
rigin
ated
from
Wes
t Afr
ica.
Ken
af b
elon
gs
to t
he
fa
mily
ca
lled
Ma
lva
cea
e (
Ma
llow
) fo
r b
oth
its
eco
-no
mic
and
hor
ticul
tura
l im
port
ance
. Und
er g
ood
cond
ition
s ke
naf w
ill g
row
to a
hei
ght o
f 5 to
6 m
in 6
to 8
mon
ths.
It is
m
ostly
unb
ranc
hed
and
rapi
dly
reac
hes
mat
urity
, in
only
4 to
5
mon
ths
the
plan
ts c
an g
row
to 2
to 5
m ta
ll w
ith a
dia
met
er
of 1
2 m
m. I
n S
outh
Afr
ica
kena
f is
foun
d in
Kw
aZul
u-N
atal
M
idla
nds.
Clim
atic
and
soi
l req
uire
men
ts
Ken
af is
bes
t su
ited
to a
tro
pic
or s
ubtr
opic
clim
ate
whe
re
the
mea
n da
ily t
empe
ratu
re d
urin
g th
e gr
owin
g se
ason
is
mor
e th
an 2
0 °C
. Opt
imum
tem
pera
ture
s fo
r gr
owth
are
15
to 2
7 °C
, al
thou
gh m
ean
daily
tem
pera
ture
s ab
ove
20 °
C
are
fa
vou
rab
le t
hro
ug
ho
ut
the
gro
win
g s
ea
son
. It
is q
uite
se
nsiti
ve to
coo
l tem
pera
ture
s an
d do
es n
ot to
lera
te fr
ost.
It is
als
o se
nsiti
ve to
sun
light
. Ken
af g
row
s w
ell i
n a
varie
ty o
f so
il ty
pes
but i
t doe
s be
st in
dee
p, r
ich
loam
that
is n
eith
er
acid
ic n
or a
lkal
ine.
To
ensu
re a
goo
d cr
op,
soil
mus
t ha
ve
suffi
cien
t qua
ntity
qua
ntity
x of
org
anic
mat
ter.
The
cro
p pr
e-fe
rs w
ell-d
rain
ed s
oil o
f med
ium
text
ure.
Cul
tura
l pra
ctic
es
Soi
l pre
para
tion
The
land
sho
uld
be p
loug
hed
at le
ast
20 c
m d
eep
once
or
twic
e, d
epen
ding
on
the
soil
type
whe
n pl
antin
g ke
naf.
The
fu
rrow
s m
ust b
e 30
to 4
8 an
d 60
to 9
6 cm
apa
rt fo
r fi b
er a
nd
seed
pro
duct
ion,
res
pect
ivel
y.
Pla
ntin
g
Fo
r fib
er
pro
du
ctio
n,
ken
af
sho
uld
be
pla
nte
d d
uri
ng
th
e m
onth
s of
Apr
il to
Oct
ober
to e
xpos
e th
e pl
ant t
o lo
ng d
ay-
light
. It
req
uire
s 12
½ t
o 12
¾ h
ours
or
long
er f
or p
rodu
cing
lo
ng
ste
ms.
To
pro
du
ce s
ee
ds,
ke
na
f sh
ou
ld b
e p
lan
ted
fro
m N
ove
mb
er
to D
ece
mb
er
wh
en
da
yle
ng
th i
s sh
ort
. P
lant
ing
dept
h is
abo
ut 0
,5 to
3,2
cm
. See
d is
bro
adca
sted
or
dri
lled
to a
row
spa
cing
of
20 t
o 30
cm
with
5 t
o 10
cm
be
twee
n ro
ws.
Ofte
n tw
o se
eds
are
drill
ed a
nd o
ne s
eedl
ing
rem
oved
if g
erm
inat
ion
has
been
goo
d to
ens
ure
an e
ven
stan
d fo
r th
e pr
oduc
tion
of u
nifo
rm s
talk
s.
Pro
paga
tion
Pro
paga
tion
is d
one
by s
eed.
Fer
tilis
atio
n
Du
rin
g f
ert
ilisa
tion
20
0 t
o 2
50
kg
of
am
mo
niu
m s
ulp
ha
te
with
21
% n
itrog
en g
ive
bette
r yi
elds
and
sho
uld
be a
pplie
d on
the
furr
ows
and
cove
red
with
soi
l of 2
to 3
cm
thic
k be
fore
so
win
g. F
ertil
iser
sho
uld
be a
pplie
d ag
ain
18 to
25
days
af-
ter
sow
ing
whe
n th
e se
eds
have
spr
oute
d an
d ag
ain
whe
n th
e pl
ants
are
60
to 7
0 da
ys o
ld a
roun
d th
e ar
ea 4
cm
from
th
e pl
ant’s
bas
e, th
en c
over
ed w
ith th
e so
il. F
or h
igh
yiel
ds
adeq
uate
nitr
ogen
fert
ilisa
tion
of 6
0 to
100
kg N
/ha
is r
ecom
-m
ende
d.
Irrig
atio
n
In l
ow
-ra
infa
ll re
gio
ns,
irr
iga
tio
n s
ho
uld
be
ap
plie
d w
ith
abou
t 240
to 4
90 m
m a
nd e
venl
y di
strib
uted
ove
r th
e 4
to 5
m
onth
gro
win
g cy
cle.
Wee
d co
ntro
l
We
ed
ing
is
do
ne
3 t
o 4
we
eks
aft
er
pla
nti
ng
. O
nce
th
e pl
ants
are
est
ablis
hed
and
have
out
grow
n th
e w
eeds
, wee
d-in
g is
no
long
er n
eede
d.
Pes
t con
trol
Ken
af p
lant
s ar
e pr
one
to s
mal
l bla
ckfl y
bee
tle a
nd tu
ssoc
k m
oth.
Sym
ptom
s: F
ly b
eetle
s at
tack
the
plan
t’s le
aves
and
ste
ms
at it
s la
tter
stag
e of
gro
wth
. Tus
sock
mot
hs tu
nnel
s in
to th
e st
em.
Con
trol
: The
con
trol
of t
hese
pes
ts c
an b
e do
ne b
y ha
rves
t-in
g ea
rly in
fest
ed a
reas
or
by s
pray
ing
with
con
tact
inse
cti-
cide
s.
Ken
af is
hos
t to
oth
er s
ever
al in
sect
pes
ts,
incl
udin
g pi
nk
bollw
orm
, spi
ny b
ollw
orm
and
cot
ton
aphi
d. T
hese
pes
ts d
o no
t cau
se s
ever
e da
mag
e an
d yi
eld
loss
. Pes
t tol
eran
t var
i-
etie
s an
d cr
op r
otat
ion
are
the
mos
t eco
nom
ic a
nd e
ffect
ive
met
hods
of c
ontr
ollin
g su
ch p
ests
at p
rese
nt.
Dis
ease
con
trol
Ken
af is
affe
cted
by
com
mon
dis
ease
s su
ch a
s B
otry
tis c
i-ne
rea
and
Scl
erot
ium
rol
fsii,
ant
hrac
nose
, lea
f mos
aic,
pet
i-ol
e cu
rl an
d ro
ot n
emat
ode
(Mel
oido
gyne
spp
.).
AN
TH
RA
CN
OS
E (
CO
LLE
CT
OT
RIC
HU
M H
IBIS
CI)
Sym
ptom
s: T
his
fung
al d
isea
se in
fest
s yo
ung
leav
es, s
tip-
ules
and
mer
iste
ms
or g
row
ing
tips
whi
ch tu
rn b
row
n, w
ither
an
d di
e of
f.
Con
trol
: Thi
s ca
n be
con
trol
led
by s
pray
ing
copp
er o
xych
lo-
ride
ont
o th
e le
aves
eve
ry o
ther
wee
k. B
efor
e pl
antin
g on
pr
evio
usly
affe
cted
are
as, t
reat
thes
e w
ith 5
0 kg
pot
assi
um
per
hect
are.
LEA
F M
OS
AIC
Sym
ptom
s: It
cau
ses
a ch
loro
tic m
ottli
ng o
f lea
f lam
ina,
re-
sulti
ng in
low
yie
ld.
Con
trol
: A s
oil a
naly
sis
shou
ld b
e do
ne a
nd b
alan
ced
nutr
i-en
ts a
pplie
d be
fore
pla
ntin
g.