=

OVOP=

SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

fkTboACTflk BbTtbbk pTorCTroAi CoAChp Aka miApTbo aAMAdbW Ak bumbofMbkTAi CAMmAfdk lk MAplkoY mAkbip Chiara CalderiniNI ptefania aegli AbbatiOI pergio iagomarsinoPI oiccardo dinanni CorradiniQI salerio miovanelloR ABpToACT qhe=paper=presents=the=results=of=an=experimental=test=campaign=carried=out=on=masonry=panels=covered=with= a= traditional= three= layers= plasters.= qhe= tests= aim= is= understanding= the= relationship= between= the=mechanical=behaviour=of=masonry=and=covering=layers=under=seismic=loads.=qhe=final=goal=is=to=provide=a=correlation=between=structural=and=nonJstructural=damage=in=masonry=walls=of=heritage=buildings=and=to= propose= innovative= intervention= techniques= for= the= reparation=of= seismic= damage.= qhe= laboratory=tests= are= conducted= in= diagonal= compressionI= on= fullJscale= mock= ups= made= with= materials= and=techniques= reproducing= as= far= as= possible= historic= masonry= and= artistic= surfaces.= qhe= masonry=reproduces=quite=well=that=of=i’Aquila= EftalyFI= for=which=many=data= are=availableI=while=frescos=are=defined= on= the= basis= of= ftalian= tradition.= fn= all= experimentsI= preJexisting= damage= patterns= on= the=covering=are=reproducedI=in=order=to=take=into=account=typical=decay=conditions=of=heritage=buildings.=fn=particularI= the= detachment= of= plasters= is= simulated= by= mean= of= round= paper= wafer= applied=at= the=interface= between= masonry= and= plaster.= qhe= tests= provide= information= onW= the= collapse= load= of= the=panels;=the=damage=pattern=of=masonry=and=covering=surfaces;=the=displacement=capacity=of=covering=in=its=damaging=process.==heywordsW eistoric masonryI qestingI aiagonal compressionI mlasterI peismic performance NK Teb molBibM lc pbfpMfC aAMAdb Tl AoTfpTfC AppbTp =A= comprehensive= reliable= risk= assessment= for= historical= monuments= should= regard= not= only= their=architectural= and= structural= componentsI= but= also= movable= EpaintingsI= statuesI= libraries…F= and=unmovable= EfrescosI= stuccoJworksI= pinnaclesI= battlementsI= banistersI= balconiesF= artistic= assets=accommodated=in.=qhis=latter=is=an=unexplored=xNJPz=and=critical=issueI=mainly=own=to=the=evidence=that=the=seismic=damage=of=artistic=assets= is= often=related=to=small=damage=levels=of=the=housing=structure.=qheir= protection= requiresI= thusI= the= definition= of= appropriate= limit= states= and= the= development= of=suitable=modelling=strategies.=qo=this=aimI=it=is=useful=to=distinguish=the=different=types=of=artistic=assets=in=historic=buildingsI=on=the=basis=of= their= typical=seismic=behaviour= xQz.=`oncerning=immovable=assets=onlyI= three=main=different=classes= may= be= recognizedW= the= first= one= is= that= of= artistic= assets= which= are= structural= elements= by=themselves=EcaryatidI=carved=stone=columnsI=carved=stone=archesI...F;=the=second=is=that=of=artistic=assets=which= are= not= structural= elements= but= have= an= own= seismic= response= EstatuesI= altarsI= pinnaclesI...F;=finallyI= the= third= one= is= that= of= artistic= assets= which= are= not= structural= elements= but= are= strictly=connected=to=structural=elements=EfrescosI=mosaicsI=stuccoesI...F.=fn=this=paperI=this=latter=class=of=assets=is=considered=Ecig.=NF.===================================================N=Assistant=professorI=rniversity=of=denoaI=chiara.calderini]unige.it=O=oesearch=assistantI=rniversity=of=denoaI=stefania.degliabbati]unige.it=P=cull=professorI=rniversity=of=denoaI=sergio.lagomarsino]unige.it=Q=fl=`enacolo=s.r.l.I=oomeI=ftalyI=riccardo.ginanni]ilcenacolo.net=R=fl=`enacolo=s.r.l.I=oomeI=ftalyI=valerio.piovanello]ilcenacolo.net=

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OVOQ=

cigK N crescos=damages=by=OMMV=eartyhquake=in=the=church=of=panta=jaria=ad=`ryptas=Ecossa=–=AnF=Eon=the=leftF=and=diotto’s=fresco=damaged=by=NVVT=earthquake=in=Basilica=of=Assisi=EmdF=Eon=the=rightF=

=qhe=main= issue=for= the=considered=class=of=assets= is= the=interaction=between=the=behaviour=of=structural=and=nonJstructural=elements;=in=particularI=the=interaction=between=the=damage=in=the=sustaining=walls=and=the=damage=in=the=finishing=surfaces=Eplasters=and=painted=or=frescoed=surfacesF=should=be=analysed.=fn= the= paperI= preliminary= results= of= an= experimental= campaign= oriented= to= study= these= issues= are=presented.=qhe=research=has=different=aimsW=the=definition=of=proper=limit=states=for=finishing=surfaces=in=relation=to=the=damage=of=structure;=the=development=of=suitable=modelling=strategies=for=plasters=and=frescos=under=seismic=actions;=the=definition=of=innovative=intervention=techniques=forthe=reparation=of=seismic=damage.==OK abpCofmTflk lc Teb TbpT CAMmAfdk

OKNK Aim of experimental tests qhe=results=of=a= laboratory= experimental= test= campaign=carried=out=on=masonry=panels= covered=with=a=traditional= plasters= are= here= presented.= qhe= = tests= are= conducted= in= diagonal= compressionI= on= fullJscale=mock=ups=made=up=with=materials=and=techniques=reproducing=as=far=as=possible=historic=masonry=and=artistic=surfaces.=qhe=masonry=tries=to=reproduce=that=of=i’Aquila=EftalyFI=for=which=many=data=are=availableI= while=plasters=are=defined=on=the=basis=of= ftalian= tradition.= fn=all= experimentsI=preJexisting=damage=patterns=on=the=covering=are=reproducedI=in=order=to=take=into=account=typical=decay=conditions=of=heritage=buildings.==qhe=tests=provide=information=on=both=the=behaviour=of=structural=elements=Emasonry=panelsF=and=nonJstructural=ones=EcoveringsF.=fn=particularI=the=strength=of=masonry=will=be=defined=on=the=basis=of=the=collapse= load= of= the= panels.= joreoverI= an= approximate= evaluation= of= the= shear= modulus= will= be=provided.=qhese=parameters=will=be=useful=to=calibrate=models=available=in=the=literature=and=developed=by= the= authors= in= past= researches= xRz.= qhe= results= of= the= experiments= will= support= the= updating= of= =mechanical=parameters=to=be=adopted=in=models=and=codes.=cinallyI=the=relationship=between=structural=damage= states= and= structural= limit= states= will= be= analysed.= `onsidering= nonJstructural= elementsI= the=damage=of=covering=surfaces=will=be=analysed=in=terms=of=crack=width=and=distribution=during=the=tests.=qhe=crack=pattern=of=coverings=will=be=compared=with=that=of=masonryI=by=removing=the=plasters=after=the= tests.= joreover= the= effect= of= preJexisting= damage= will= be= discussed.= cinallyI= preliminary= limit=states=will=be=defined=on=the=basis=of=the=data=collected.===OKOK aescription of tests and test set up qhe=laboratory=tests=are=conducted=in=diagonal=compression=on=eight=masonry=panels=VM=×=VM=×=PS=cm=largeI= finished= with= three= layers= plaster;= in= all= experimentsI= preJexisting= damage= patterns= on= the=covering=are=reproduced=throungh=some=round=paper=wafers=applied=at=the=interface=between=masonry=and=plaster.=qhe =diagonal =compression =test =is =carried =out =with =a =procedure =similar =to =that =described =in =Apqj=b=RNVJMO= xSz= and= ofibj= q`= TSJirj= xTzI= in= which= a= square= masonry= panel= is= subàected= to=a=compressive=force=applied=on=one=of=its=diagonals.=fn=some=casesIan=edge=load=is=appliedin=order= to=producepreJcompression= stresses= normal= to= bed= àoint= planes= Ecig.= OF.qhe= load= on= the= specimen= is=

=

OVOR=

applied=by=a =hydraulic =àack=action=on=steel =shoe=placed=at =the=top=corner =and=trasmitted=to=a =similar =shoe= at= the= bottom= corner.= qhe= tests= are= performed= with= many= cycles= of= loading= and= unloadingI=increasing=the=àack=action=gradually=until=the=failure=of=the=panel=so=as=to= identify=the=shear=diagonal=tensile=strength=ft=and=the=shear=modulus=dI=depending=on=the=progress=of=cracking.=A=system=based=on=an=infrared=camera=is=used=in=order=to=follow=in=detail=covering’s=damaging=process=and=to=evaluate=plaster’s=damage=pattern=and=displacement=capacity.=curthermoreI=during=the=testsI=the=detachment=of=plaster=process=is=identified=by=thermography.==

a.= b.=

=cigK O==aiagonal=test=set=up=with=EaF=or=without=EbF=the=edge=load=applied=in=order=to=produce=preJcompression=

stresses=normal=to=bed=àoint=planes==OKPK Technical realization of test mock-ups qhe= masonry= panels= are= built= in= order= to= = reproduce= traditional= rubble= stone= masonry= walls= of= old=buildings=in=i’Aquila.=qhe=crossJsection=is=formed=by=two=external=leaves=made=of=smallJmedium=size=stones= Estandard= stone= dimensions= are= about= NU=×=NO=×=NO= cmF= and= a= central= leaf= made= of= smaller=stones=and=mortar= infill.=qhe=two=external= leaves=are=not=connected=through=systematic=crossJthrough=stones;= howeverI= each=panel= is= characterized=by= the= random= presence= of= some=bigger= stones= which=ensure= a= good= crossJsection= connection.= qhe= face= of= the= masonry= panel= is= characterized= by= the=presence=of=roughJhewn=stonesI=quite=small=and=not=very=stretchedI=while=mortar=àoints=are=quite=thick.==

=aF= bF=

cigK P==bxample=of=front=EaF=and=crossJsection=EbF=of=masonry=walls=in=i’Aquila===All=the=panels=are=built=with=lime=stones=and=air=lime=mortar.=qhe=stones=have=been=carefully=chosenI=in=order=to=maximize=the=fitting=and=the=interlocking=between=them.=qhe=remaining=voids=have=been=filled=with=mortar=and=small=stonesI= roughly=broken=and=then=finished=off= with=care=and=then=hit= it= with=the=hammer= until= ensuring=even=better=placing=with= the=mortar= àoints.=qhe=stoneLmortar= volume= ratio= is=about=NWN.R.=

=

OVOS=

cigK 4 jasonry=walls=constructionW=typical=cross=sections=Eon=the=leftF=and=external=face=Eon=the=rightF =qhe=stones=used=for=the=panels=are=made=up=of=a=sedimentaryI=carbonaceousI=monomineralogic=stoneI=characterized=by= different= colouring= changeable= from= dark= grey= to= light= grey.= ko= particular= textural=characteristics =are =to =be =noticedI =such =as =laminations =or =colour =stringsI =while =at =a =deep =microscopic =analysis= it= reveals= to=be=quite= thick.= ft= has= no=vacuoles= nor= fossils= but=presents= thin= calcitic= stripesI=while=on=the=surface=there=is=a=slight=patina=due=to=orange=oxides.=All=the=stones=come=from=a=quarry=located=in=sado=iigureI=pavonaI=ftaly.=qhe= mortar= used= to= build= the= masonry= panels= is= a= non= magnesiac= air= lime= mortarI= made= up= of=a=normally=seasoned=non=hydraulic=patty=and=aggregate=obtained=by=crushing=and=grinding==the=same=limestone=of=stones.==qhe=non=hydraulic=patty=is=classified=as=`i=VMJp=referring=to=rkf=bkJQRVJNWOMMO=xUz.=qhe=aggregate=is= calcareous=and=characterized=by=a=grading=which= is=variable=from=very=fine=to=rough.=cig.=R=shows=the=grading=curve=that=characterizes=itI=where=xJcoordinate=represents=mesh’s=sieve=and=yJcoordinate=the=crossing=aggregate=percentage.===

=

cigK R `alcareous=aggregate’s=grading=curve==qwo=types=of=air=lime=mortar=are=realizedW=the=first=one=has=a=binderLaggregate=ratio=of=N=to=PI=while=the=second=one=has=a=lower=binderLaggregate=ratio=of=N=to=O.RI=so=that=the=air=lime=mortar=results=to=be=more=fluid=and=capable=to =fill =all =the=spaces=between=the=stones. =fn=order =to =create =a =perfect =mixtureI =sand=quarry=and=patty=have=been=mixed=for=a=long=time.=qhe=surface=of=each=panel=has=been=finished=by=a=three=layers=lime=plaster.=bach=layer=has=a=different=thickness=and=different=aggregate=grading=Eqable=NF.=qhe=plaster=has=been=realized=by=mixing=the=same=patty=and=aggregate=used=for=the=panel=construction.=

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OVOT=

Table N ceatures=of=lime=plaster’s=layers==

iAYbo TefChkbpp AddobdATb afAMbTbo EAsboKF fnner= kecessary=to=level=panel’s=surface= U=mm=jean= NJN.R=cm= Q=mm=luter== O=mm= M.R=mm=

=fn =order =to =simulate =a =preJseismic =damageI =one =round =paper =wafer =Eφ= = =OM =cmF =has =been =applied =between=the=inner=and=the=mean=layer=of=plaster=on=one=side=of=each=panel=Ecig.=SF.=qhe=wafer=has=been=alternately=located=in=the=centre=of=the=surface=Efor=half=panelsF=and=in=an=asymmetric=position=Efor= the=other=onesF.==

aF= bF=

cigK S iocation=of=round=wafer=on=each=panel’s=single=frontW=aF=in=the=centre=of=the=surface;==bF=in=an=asymmetric=position=

=qable=O=summarizes=the=features=of=each=panel=subàected=to=diagonal=compression=test.==

Table O pummary=of=the=features=of=the=mockJups===

mAkbi cbATrobp lc ifMb MloTAo

TYmb lc miApTbo

mAmbo tAcbo’p mlpfTflk

TbpT pbT rm AddobdATb Bfkabo BfkaboLAddoK

oATfl

N=

`alcareous=kon=

hydraulic=patty=

NWP=

qraditional=three=layers=

plaster

`entral=tith=

additional=edge=load==O=

P=Asymmetric=

tithout=additional=edge=load Q=

R=

NWO.R=

`entral=tith=

additional=edge=load==S=

T=Asymmetric=

tithout=additional=edge=load U=

PK CeAoACTbofZATflk lc MAplkoY =A=set=of=tests=have=been=performed=in=order=to=preliminarily=characterize=the=masonry=components.===PKNK ptones fn=order= to= characterize=the=stonesI= the= following=tests=have=been=performedW=hydrostatics=weighting=testI= whose=aim= is= to= obtain= specific= gravity;= moint= ioad=qestI= whose=aim= is= to= obtain=a= preliminary=classification=of=the=stones.=fn=particularI=the=specific=weight=has=been=obtained=for=six=stone=samplesI=

=

OVOU=

which=looked=different=in=terms=of=colours=and=textures;=the=results=are=not=very=different=for=each=type=of= stone= and= are=similar= to= the=standard=values= proposed= in= literature=for= limestone= EO.SJO.U= gLcmPF.=moint= ioad= qest= has= been= performed= in= laboratory= on= various= samples= of= different= shapesI= as= the=oecommendations=fpoj=ENVVQF=suggest=xVz.=qhe=main=aim=is=to=obtain=the=resistance=to=a=point=load=fsERMFI= which=can=be=correlated=both= to= the= tensile=strength=EfpERMF= is=about=M.UM= times=the=direct= tensile=strength=obtained=from=“Brasiliana=test”F=and=to=the=compressive=one=EfpERMF=is=about=OMJOR·`MI=where=`M=is= the= compressive= strengthF.qhe= results= obtained= are= lower= than= the= expected= values= for= limestone=Ecompressive= strengthW= about=OP=jpa;= tensile= strengthW= about=N.P= jpaF.= eoweverI= it= is= important= to=point=out=that=since=only=few=samples=were=testedI=the=reliability=of=this=test=is=scarce=Ethe=aim=was=only=to =have =a =preliminary =classification =of =the =stonesF. =cor =this =reasonI =a =more =accurate =mechanical =characterization=obtained=through=the=sampling=of=some=cores=from=the=stone=quarry=is=planned=in=the=near=future.===PKOK Air lime mortar fn=order= to=define=the= exact= mixture=of= the=mortar= before=the=masonry=panels= constructionI=different=types=of=air=lime=mortars=have=been=tested=following=the=indications=of=rkf=bk=NMNRJNNWOMMT=xNMz.=fn=particularI= OQ= prismatic= specimens= Emeasuring= NSM=×=QM=×=QM=mmF= have= been= realized= by= using=different=aggregate=types=and=binderLaggregate=ratioI=as=shown=in=qable=P.==

Table P=qypes=of=air=lime=mortar=samples==

krMBbo lc pAMmibp Bfkabo TYmb AddobdATb TYmb BfkaboLAddobdATb

oATfl

S=

klk=evaoArif`=mAqqv=

`Ai`Aoblrp=AddobdAqb= NWO=

S=P=parts=of=`Ai`Aoblrp=

AddobdAqb=H=N=part=of=ofsbo=pAka=

NWO=

S= `Ai`Aoblrp=AddobdAqb= NWP=

S=P=parts=of=`Ai`Aoblrp=

AddobdAqb=H=N=part=of=ofsbo=pAka=

NWP=

=lne=flexural=and=one=compressive=test=have=been=performed=each=week=on=one=sample=of=each=type=of=mortar;=the=fourth=weekI=the=three=last=samples=of=each=type=have=been=tested=in=order=to=have=a=statistic=result.= qhe= tests= aimI= on= the= one= handI= is= to= evaluate= the= flexural= and= compressive= strength= of= the=mortar= and= theinfluence= of= different= binderLaggregate= ratio= and= aggregates;= on= the= other= handI= is= to=evaluate=the=ageing=period=and=the=expected=increase=of=flexural=and=compressive=strength.=qhe=results=of=the=experimental=tests=on=mortar=specimens=show=thatW=

– qhe=binderLaggregate=ratio=of=NWP=is=better=than=the=binderLaggregate=ratio=NWOI=even=if==the=results=are=not=so=different;=

– qhe=presence=of=river=sand=does=not=affect=the=final=resistance=of=the=air=lime=mortar;==– qhe=resistance=of=air=lime=mortar=is=quite=low=Ecompressive=strength=is=about=TJU=kgLcmO;=flexural=

strength=is=about=PJQ=kgLcmOFI=but=it=slowly=increases=as=evident=in=literature.=

cigK T==clexural=test=Eon=the=leftF=and=compressive=test=Eon=the=rightF=on=mortar=specimens=

=

OVOV=

PKPK mlan of collection and reprocessing of the masonry construction data auring=panels=constructionI=an=easy=and=quick=methodology=for=the=collection=of=all=the=construction=data= has= been= tuned= up.= qhis= methodology= was= based= on= the= combination= of= an= accurate= photoJcampaign=of=all=leaves=for=each=masonry=panelI=supported=by=the=filling=of=a=specific=form=to=organize=some=extraJinformation=which=cannot=be=deduced=by=pictures.=fn=particularI=pictures=of=all=the=leaves=for=each=masonry=panel=have=been=taken=during=the=panel=constructionI=together=with=a=picture=of=each=side=of= the=panel.= bach=picture=was= then=straightened=up.=qhe=picture=analysis= allowed=us= to= collect=quantitative= information=on= the=masonry=pattern= such= as= the= real= dimensions= of= the=used= stonesI= the=number=of=bigger=or=smaller=stonesI=the=number=of=empty=spaces=etc…qhe=number=of=stone=fragments=Ewhich=cannot=be=deduced= from= the=pictures=because= of= the=presence= of= mortarF=was= marked= in= the=formI=specifying=their=location=in=the=face=or=in=the=crossJsection=of=the=panel.==qhe=aim=of= this= work=was= to=deduce= the=real=pattern=of= each=masonry=panel= a posterioriI =in =order =to =possibly= establish= a= connection= between= the= mechanical= behaviour= of= the= panel= subàected= to= the=diagonal=compression=test=and=its=building=characteristics.= 4K ClkCirpflkp =rnluckilyI=at=the=momentI=the=results=of=the=tests=are=not=yet=available=since=they=will=be=performed=on=guly=OMNO.== AChkltibadbMbkTp =qhe= results= have= been= achieved= in= the= proàect= mbombqrAqb= Ewww.perpetuate.euFI= funded= by= the=buropean= `ommission= in= the= peventh= cramework= mrogramme= EcmTLOMMTJOMNPFI= under= grant=agreement=n°=OQQOOV.= obcbobkCbp =xNz AgbabianI=j.p.I=jasriI=c.p.I=kigborI=o.i.=ENVVMFW“bvaluation=of=seismic=mitigation=measures=for=

art =obàects”. =aept. =`ivil =bngrgI =rniv. =of =pouthern =`aliforniaI =ios =Angeles; =qhe =detty =`onservation=fnstituteI=jarina=del=oeyI=`A.=

xOz iiberatore= a.= EeditorF= EOMMMFW= “sulnerabilità= dei= beni= archeologici= e= degli= oggetti= esibiti= nei=musei”I=`koJdruppo=kazionale=per=la=aifesa=dai=qerremoti.=

xPz Augusti=d.I=Airoldi=i.I=`iampoli=j.=ENVVOFW=“jitigation=of=seismic=risk=for=juseum=contentsW=an=introductory= investigation”.= fnW= mrocK 1Mth tCbbI torld ConfK on barthquake bngrgKI= jadridI=A.A.=BalkemaI=ootterdamI=RVVR.=

xQz iagomarsino=p.I =Abbas=k.I =`alderini =`.I =`attari =p.I =oossi =j.I =dinanni =`orradini =o.I =jarghella =d.I= jattolin= c.I= miovanello= s.= EOMNNFW= “`lassification= of= cultural= heritage= assets= and= seismic=damage=variables=for=the=identification=of=performance=levels”.=fnW=mrocK of ptructural repairs and Maintenance of eeritage Architecture conferenceI=SVTJTMUI=tfq=mressI=fppk=NTQPJPRMV.=

xRz `alderini= `.I= `attari= p.I= iagomarsino= p.= EOMMVFW=“qhe= use= of= the= diagonal= compression= test= to=identify=the=shear=mechanical=parameters=of=masonry”I=Construction and Building MaterialsI=OQI=pp.=STTJSUR.=

xSz Apqj= b= RNVJMO= EOMMOFW= “ptandard= qest= jethod= for= aiagonal= qension= EphearF= in= jasonry=Assemblages”I=Annual Book of ApqM ptandardsI=American=pociety=for=qesting=and=jaterials.=

xTz ofibj= q`= TSJirjENVVNJNVVQFW= “aiagonal= qensile= strength= tests= of= small= wall= specimens”.=ofibM mublications pAoi;=NVVQ=

xUz rkf= bkJQRVJN= EOMMOFW= “`alci= da= costruzione=–= aefinizioniI= specifiche= e= criteri= di= conformità”=Efn=ftalianF.=

xVz oecommendations= fpoj= for= the= measurement= of= the= punching= resistanceI= oivista ftaliana di deotecnica=NLVQ.=

xNMz rkf=bk=NMNRJNN=EOMMTFW=“ptandardI=jethods=of=test=for=mortar=for=masonry=–=aetermination=of=flexural=and=compressive=strength=of=hardened=mortar”.=