Fishing: An Industry at the Crossroads. Canadian Fisheries Canada’s fishing industry had a bright future up to the 1980’s The fishing industry looked

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Fishing: An Industry at the Crossroads

Fishing: An Industry at the Crossroads

Canadian FisheriesCanadian Fisheries

• Canada’s fishing industry had a bright future up to the 1980’s

• The fishing industry looked forward to years of regular employment because the fish in the oceans, lakes, and rivers were a renewable resource (replace themselves)

• The fishing industry collapsed during the 1990’s• Fish stocks on the East Coast declined and shut

down in 1992 - cod fishery• A few years later, the fishing industry was alarmed by

the collapse of the salmon fishery on the West Coast

Canadian FisheriesCanadian Fisheries• Commercial fishing today makes up only about

0.15% of the total value of Canada’s economy

• This may seem relatively unimportant, but in parts of Atlantic Canada, the Pacific Coast, and some inland areas, it is the foundation of the

economy




• Canadian commercial fishing occurs in three areas: the East Coast, the west Coast, and the freshwater inland lakes

• Production from the East Coast is higher than that from the West Coast, and freshwater production is smaller than both




Fishery Number Value of Catch Total Exports

of Fishers ($ millions) ($ millions)

East Coast49 957 1104 2059

West Coast 14 164 394 829

Freshwater 6900 28 148

Types of Ocean FishTypes of Ocean Fish

There are different kinds of ocean fish

caught. They are categorized as:

Groundfish - bottom feeders

Pelagic Fish - open water feeders

Shellfish





Types and Locations of FishTypes and Locations of Fish

Category Description Examples

Groundfish

Fish that feed and arecaught near theocean floor.

Cod, Pollock,haddock, halibut,redfish

Pelagic Fish

Fish that feed and arecaught near thesurface.

Salmon, herring,mackerel, tuna,caplin

ShellfishMolluscs andcrustaceans.

Shrimp, lobster,oyster, scallop,mussels

• Although Canada is not one of the top ten fishing nations in the world, it is one of the world’s leading exporters of fish - Canadians do not eat much fish

• More than 50% of the Canadian catch is exported

• Canada’s fish exports are greater than our imports, which helps our balance of trade

The East Coast FisheryThe East Coast Fishery

• Until recently, the ocean waters off the East Coast of Canada were one of the world’s greatest fishing grounds

• In the 1980’s, the East Coast fishery noticed that they were catching fewer and smaller fish - northern cod off Newfoundland

• They seemed to be disappearing• The government responded by halting all fishing

for northern cod and by making major cuts in the catches allowed for other groundfish species

Why the East Coast Fishery Collapsed


Five possible reasons for

the collapse:

• Overfishing• Improved Fishing Technology• Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing• Destructive Fishing Practices• Changes in Natural Conditions





• Overfishing - the catch that was allowed was too high. Scientists may over-estimated the amount of fish becoming adults each year. Therefore, more fish was caught than reached maturity

• Improved Fishing Technology - the advancements of technology brought navigation systems that helped fishermen to locate schools of fish more accurately.

• Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing - fleets of countries such as Russia and Japan caught far more fish than sustained yield methods



Destructive Fishing Practices - When fishermen were trying to

catch one kind of fish, many other types of fish may have become

caught in the nets. Unwanted fish, which were already dead, were

usually just thrown away

Changes in Natural Conditions - environmental conditions can be

blamed for the collapse. The water temperatures dropped and

ocean salinity (saltiness) levels changed. Fish may changed their

migratory routes. Also, the decline in sealing resulted in seals

eating large quantities of small fish like caplin - major food source

for cod - and cod.



Why the WestCoast Fishery Collapsed

Why the WestCoast Fishery Collapsed

• The most important catch on the West Coast is salmon - coho, chum, pink, spring (chinook) and the most valuable - sockeye

• It also included herring, halibut, cod, crab, tuna, shrimp, and oysters



Why the West Coast Fishery Collapsed

Why the West Coast Fishery Collapsed

Possible reasons for

the collapse:

• Overfishing

• Changes in the Environment

• Lack of a Salmon Fishing Treaty



Reasons for the West Coast Collapse


Overfishing - During the 1990s, Canadian and American salmon-fishing boats were catching over 800 000 tonnes of fish per year. Salmon weren’t being replenished because they didn’t have a chance to reach maturity. Where there was once 100 major fishing plants in B.C., there are now fewer than 10.

Changes in the Environment - global warming seems to be increasing the temperature of the Pacific Ocean - this could threaten the salmon’s habitat because salmon prefer temperatures below 7ºC. If this continues, salmon will continue to move northward - salmon would spawn in the rivers of Alaska rather than in the southerly rivers of B.C.



• Lack of a Salmon Fishing Treaty - a long-standing dispute continues between U.S. and Canada. Canadian officials claim that fewer salmon, should be caught in order to preserve the stock - U.S. officials don’t think so - they claim there is enough salmon

Challenges to the West Coast FisheryChallenges to the

West Coast Fishery

• Commercial Fishing

• Sport Fishing

• Fishing by the

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Commercial Fishing - fish farms, which raise salmon inpens, are now producing more salmon than are caughtin the wild and sold more cheaply than wild salmon

Sport Fishing - sport fishing wants a bigger share of theavailable salmon for economic reasons - a salmon caught bya recreational angler yields a much greater economic benefitthan a salmon caught by a commercial-fishing boat

First Nations - the Superior Court guaranteed the right of theFirst Nations to fish for their own food - this use takesprecedence over all other considerations except conservation

Challenges to the West Coast FisheryChallenges to the

West Coast Fishery

Documents

Fishing: An Industry at the Crossroads. Canadian Fisheries Canada’s fishing industry had a bright future up to the 1980’s The fishing industry looked