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The form

factor

of

a motherboard

determines

the

specifications

for

its

general shape and size.

Form Factor

It also specifies what type of case and power supply will be supported,

the placement

of

mounting

holes,

and

the

physical

layout

and

organization of the board.

AT

ATX

MICRO

ATX

LPX

NLX

BTX



AT

Prior to 1997, IBM computers used large motherboards. After that,

however, the size of the motherboard was reduced and boards using

the AT ( Advanced Technology ) form factor was released. The AT form

factor is found in older computers (386 class or earlier).



305 × 244

ATX defined to address four areas of improvement: enhanced ease of use,

better

support

for

current

and

future

I/O,

better

support

for

current

and

future processor technology, and reduced total system cost

ATX

With the need for a more integrated form factor which defined

standard locations

for

the

keyboard,

mouse,

I/O,

and

video

connectors, in the mid 1990's the ATX form factor was introduced.



Micro‐ATX

This form factor was developed as a natural evolution of the ATX form factor to

address new

market

trends

and

PC

technologies.

MicroATX

supports:

• Reduction in the physical size of the motherboard

• Reducing the number of I/O slots supported on the board

• Current processor technologies

• The

transition

to

newer

processor

technologies

• AGP high performance graphics solutions

• Smaller motherboard size

• Smaller power supply form factor

244 × 244



LPX Low Profile eXtension

White ATX is the most well‐known and used form factor, there is also a

non‐standard proprietary form factor which falls under the name of

LPX, and Mini‐LPX. The LPX form factor is found in low‐profile cases

NLX New Low‐Profile EXtended motherboard

Boards based

on

the

NLX

form

factor

hit

the

market

in

the

late

1990's.

This "updated LPX" form factor offered support for larger memory

modules, tower cases, AGP video support and reduced cable length.

BTX Balanced Technology Extended The BTX, or Balanced Technology Extended form factor, was developed to take

advantage of technologies such as Serial ATA, USB 2.0, and PCI Express. The BTX form

factor provides

the

industry

push

to

tower

size

systems

with

an

increased

number

of

system slots.

Supports

current

and

future

processor

technologies

Supports new Accelerated Graphics Port (A.G.P.) high performance

graphics solutions

Supports tall memory technology

Provides more

system

level

design

and

integration

flexibility



A System

Configuration

is

defined

as

the

computers,

processes,

and

devices that compose the system and its boundary.

The system configuration is the specific definition of the elements that

define and/or

prescribe

what

a system

is

composed

of.

Sys tem Con f igu r a t ion

System configuration is the process of setting up your hardware

devices and assigning resources to them so that they work together

without problems.



Chipset : Combining a PC’s

sophisticated logic circuitry onto a fewchips shorten the signal path allows thecircuits to operate at higher speed is

known as chipset.FSB : The pathway between CPU & RAMis called Front Side Bus.



NorthBridge

IC

SouthBridge

IC



Northbridge Chip : This is the chip responsible for interfacing theCPU, main memory, local bus and main system bus

•



Southbridge Chip : Since ports and buses generally operate atspeeds that are far slower than the FSB, system support provided

through a second chip called Southbridge chip.



•

Hub Architecture:

Intel introduced its hub architecture starting with the 820chipset, which divides control between a memory controller chip(MCH) and an I/O controller chip (ICH).





Hub Architecture:

North Bridge chip is called a Memory Controller Hub (MCH) and

South Bridge is called an I/O Controller Hub (ICH).

Now MCH is replaced with Graphics Memory Controller Hub (GMCH)& connects through dedicated hub interface that is twice as fast asPCI.

Advantages over North/South Bridge Architecture

•It’s faster –The Accelerated Hub Architecture (AHA) interface used by

the 8xx series has twice the throughput of PCI. Also 9xx series use

DMI (Direct Media Interface), which is 7.5x to 15x faster than PCI•Reduced PCI loading –

The hub interface is independent of PCI. This improvesperformance of all PCI bus connected devices.

•Reduced board wiring –The AHA interface is only 8 bits wide & requires only 15

signals to be routed on the motherboard, while MDI is only 4 bitswide requiring only 8 pairs of signals.

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