Upload
adventius-ronald
View
223
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
1/36
By: Group 7
FIRE IN MINE
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
2/36
MEMBERS OF GROUP:
•
ADVENTIUS RONALD PALISU D62113004• KSATRIA SURAHMAT RAUF D62113005
• YUNI WULAN AGRIANI D62113014
• ADY KURNIAWAN D62113315
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
3/36
FIRES IN MINE MAY BE DIVIDED TWO TY
• Open fires caused as a result of ignition of a combusmaterial
• Fires resulting from spontaneous combustion of coa
and sulfhide ore
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
4/36
OPEN FIRES
Combustible materialThe combustible material encountered underground are a• Methane• PVC and other similar materials( belts,brattice cloth,
on cables, tyres)• Flammable fluids and greases (hydraulic oils, lubricans• Others (paper, rags)
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
5/36
POTENTIAL SOURCES OF HEAT FOR F
Heat can be generated by:• Conversion of mechanical energy• Conversion of electrical energy• Chemical reaction
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
6/36
FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
•
Water• Foam• Carbon dioxide• Dry chemical
1. Sodium bicarbonate based
2. Potassium bicarbonate based
3. Monommonium phosphate
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
7/36
FIRE EXTINGUISHING EQUIMENT
• Portable Fires extinguishers
• Fixed Fire extinguishing systems
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
8/36
a. Underground fuel storprotection.
b. Underground fuel tranprotection (after Pomro
UNDERGROUND REPAIR AND REFUELLIN
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
9/36
SHAFT AND SHAFT STATION AREAS
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
10/36
PLAN VIEW OF THE FIRE PROTECTION AND SHAFT STATION AREAS
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
11/36
(a) Level road – negligiblevel downwind)
(b) Dipping road – oppose(c) Rising road – assists ve
THE EFFECTS OF A LARGE (SEVERE) OPFIRE IN MINE ROADWAYS (AFTER WILL
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
12/36
EFFECT OF A SEVERE FIRE IN A DIPPIROADWAY (AFTER WILLET, 1973)
EFFECT OF A SEVERE FIRE ON A DESCENSIO
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
13/36
EFFECT OF A SEVERE FIRE ON A DESCENSIOVENTILATED LONGWALL FACE (AFTER WILLE
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
14/36
to extinguish a fire in its incipient stage, almost any
is effective. the most common is a shovel full of ro
and the use of multipurpose dry chemical from
extinguisher directed at the fire.
EXTINGUISHING A FIRE
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
15/36
1. Evaluation of the potential of coal for spontaneous combustion.
a. Oxygen absorption
b. heating rate/crossing-point temperature
c. adiabatic calorimetry
d. Isothermal calorimetry
2. Factors contributing to spontaneous combustion
a. Coal characteristic
b. Airflow rate
c. Geological factors
d. Mining practice
e. Incubation period
EX SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION OF COTINGUISHING A FIRE
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
16/36
9.2.3 PREVENTION OFSPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION
1. Mining layout
2. Air leakage
3. Inhibitors
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
17/36
9.2.4 DETECTION OF SPONTANEOUCOMBUSTION
1. Haze formed when air heated by anincipient fire meets colder air2. Sweating or condensation in the roof
exposed surface due to the moistureformed by combustion
3. Fire stink with a characteristic smell,variously described as musty.4. Smoke in airways and5. Fire
9 2 4 DETECTION OF SPONTANEOUS COM
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
18/36
9.2.4 DETECTION OF SPONTANEOUS COM
Carbon monoxide/oxygen deficiency ratio (Graratio)
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
19/36
9.2.4 DETECTION OF SPONTANEOUS COMB
typical values of the carbon monoxide / oxygen
deficiency ratio for underground coal mines argiven below• 0,4 or less normal value• 0,5 neccesity for a thorough check-up•
1,0 heating is almost certain• 2,0 heating is serious, with or without the
presense of active fire• 3,0 active fire surely exists
9 2 4 DETECTION OF SPONTANEOUS COMB
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
20/36
9.2.4 DETECTION OF SPONTANEOUS COMB
Continuous monitoring of carbon monoxide in m
Automatic minitoring for carbon monoxide is mines susceptible to heating. automatic monitorpermits the determination of carbon monoxid
and absolute values using microprocessors withneed to relate them oxygen deficiency.The infra-red analyser is one type of analyser, afor continious monitoring of carbon monoxide in
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
21/36
INJECTION OF INERT GASES
Inert gases such as carbon dioxide gases produc
complete combustion and nitrogen have all been usemine fires. Carbon dioxide is delivered to the site form and is then vapourised. this method has not beeany significant extent for the following reason:
1. Carbon dioxide is not available in large quantities2. The permissible maximum carbon dioxide conte
by volume would be very rapidly reached and eon the return side of the fire3. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by rock
9 3 SPONTANEOUS OXIDATION AND COMB
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
22/36
9.3 SPONTANEOUS OXIDATION AND COMBOF SULPHIDE IN UNDERGROUND MIN
Before starting to mine, a thorough assesstmepotentially reactive ore body should be carriImportant considerations include the geostructures, composition of ground waters a
chemical behavior of the sulphide minerals
9 3 SPONTANEOUS OXIDATION AND COMB
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
23/36
9.3 SPONTANEOUS OXIDATION AND COMBOF SULPHIDE IN UNDERGROUND MIN
At mount isa mines, estimated volume flow
requrements for each particular mining methgiven below
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
24/36
9.4 SEALING OFF FIRES UNDERGROU
When more direct methods of combatting aheating underground have proved unsuccessfuconsidered impractiable on unsafe, it is necesseal off the area from the rest of the mine.
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
25/36
The build up of methane percentage in the a ir depends upon the cross sect
of the pipe, the percentage of gas in the pipe and the cross sectional area o
roadway, and can be calculated using the following relationship
9 4 1 MINIMUM FLOW RATE OF AIR REQU
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
26/36
9.4.1. MINIMUM FLOW RATE OF AIR REQUTHE SEAT OF FIRE.
The minimum flow rate of air required over a fire zone must be calculatHowever, sometimes a quick calculation can be made using the following e
Where:
Qam = Minumum air volume flow rate, m3/minute
LL = Lower limit explosibility of the mixture flowing over the seat of the fire as deter
cCH4 = initial concentration of inflammable
Q g = Volume flow rate of inflammable
Cg = sum total of the percentage of the inflammbel gases
Q a = Volume flow rate of air over the fire zone, m3/minute.
9 4 2 PRESSURE BALANCING ACROSS STOP
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
27/36
9.4.2 PRESSURE BALANCING ACROSS STOPWhen an area is scaled by two or more stoppings, the pressureson the outeach stopping should, as far as is practicable, bebalanced to prevent circulthrough the scaled area, particularlypast the seal of the fire.The pressustoppings can be eílicicnlly balanced by removingor adjusting doors in
connecting the outbyc sides of thestoppings
Fig. 9.11. Methods of balancing pre
pressureequalising roadways and
1973). (a) By removingdoors in a rooutbye sides of the stoppings; (
stoppings in the intake and return r
open Connecting roadway; (c) by a
C =stoppings; D = doors.
9 4 3 REMOTE SEALING SYSTEM
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
28/36
9.4.3 REMOTE SEALING SYSTEMTo overcome the risks involved in building stoppings undergrounsealing systems have been develoved that are capable of working atalmost 500 m.
A. layout of venture injectors for controlli
air pressure.
B. layout of auxiliary fan for controllin
chamber air pressure. (after Willet,
leakage regulating valve: B = throttle valv
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
29/36
9.5 REMOTE SEALING SYSTEM
As the fire hazard is always present, every mine should perfect and mown rescue and fire fighting organisastion by:
(1) training rescue crew and other personnel(2) preparing a detailed plan of action in which all workers. Suofficials, rescue crew and managemcn( know what they are requirthe time of a mine fire;(3) providing necessary fire fighting facilities at suitable places undewell as providing for their care and maintenance:(4) providing communications;(5) pros ¡ding copies of fIre fIghting plans a suitable places under gon the surface;(6) laying down procedures conducting fire fighting operations.
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
30/36
9.5.1 TRAINING
The mine should develop a fire fighting organisation by
personnel with special reference to matters such as fire prfire drill, sealing, procedure, ventilation control, use of types of extinguishing agents and methods which may bthe case of different classes of fires.
Personnel should be well aware of the procedures and re
for the checking of person leaving and entering the workfirst aid organization and fasilities, transportation pcommunication systems and steps to be adopted in caemergency.
9 5 2 PROSEDURES AFTER DETECTIO
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
31/36
9.5.2 PROSEDURES AFTER DETECTIOA FIRE
At the appearance of any sign of fire, the worker whoitshould inform the nearest supervisory official as soon asOndiscovery of an open tire, the person and any othevicinity of thefire should make a prompt effort lo extinguiinform without delaythe nearest supervisory official. Ifcannot be easily and quicklyextinguished or if the Smoke
fire is too dense to permitinvestigation. all workers in thand other parts of the mine likelyto be affected by fire gpossible explosion must withdraw to a safe area.
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
32/36
9.5.3 FIRE FIGHTING FACILITIE
The efficiency of a mine fire fighting organisation dependavailability of adequate and proper fire fighting facilities a
places underground as well as on their constant mainte
that they operate reliably at peak operating efficiency at a
is advisable for large mines to appoint a safety officier res
for fire protection.
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
33/36
9.5.4 COMMUNICATION
Every mine should have adequate communication facilities
suitable points underground and the mine surface so that alarsent in emergencies at all times. Telephones are the simthequickest means of communication in mines. They should beatthe top and bottom of evcry shaft or mine entry, at each shafatloading Stations and on the ititake and return sides of vdistricts.In large mines with cxtcnsivc mine workings, it is advato set upa telephone exchange underground which is connectpoints onthe surface and to a surface telephone exchange andcommunication office which can he used ;is the main central ofoperationsin case of an emergency. An emergency communicatiis invariably installed in mines which is independent of thcommunicationsystem, which has a tendency to be jammed byand outgoingcalls during an emergancy.
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
34/36
9.5.5 PLANS
At every mine there must be provided in the control rescue rooms as well as at suitable places underground aset of plans and sections of the mine and tire fighting planmineventilation, water lines with diameters, hydrants apressure.location of fire and hose stations, fire trucks, fstone dustbarriers, preparatory fire stoppings, tire-pro
telephones, andcompressed air, pumping. and electrical sy
9.6 RECOVERY OF SEALED – OFF ARE
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
35/36
9.6 RECOVERY OF SEALED OFF AREMINES
The re-opening of an area which has been sealed off owing to an
or spontaneous combustion is an arduous and hazardous taskno one procedure of recovery which would satisfy all conditioncase has to be considered separately.The recovery of a sealeshould be undertaken only whenconditions inside the area arthose engaged in the recovery workand will not cause additionto the mine. A certain amount oftime must clapse before the cbecome favourable. The time ofopening of a seated-off area de
the following factors (Ramlu,1975).1. Extent and intensity of fire at the time of sealing.2. Nature of adjacent strata3. Airtightness of stoppings and the enclosed4. composition of the fire gases
8/16/2019 Fire in Mine RLT
36/36