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Outputs of Project Activities Output 2: Water Quality Survey

The Project for Capacity Development in Basic Water Environment

Management and EIA System in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar(Water Environment Management Component)

Final Seminar in Yangon

15 May 2018Tomoe TAKEDA, JICA Expert Team

Framework of Output 2 Activities

Output : Capacity for implementing water quality survey to obtain reliable

information is enhanced.

Indicator : Water quality survey reports are prepared in the pilot area by

YCDC and MCDC

Collect information

Develop criteria for sampling

Develop a survey plan

Develop a manual

Implement the survey

Supervise the sampling

Prepare a survey report

Evaluate laboratories

Verify the results

2015.6 2017.2 2018.6

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Water Quality Surveys in 2016 and 2017

Category Period 1 (2016 – early 2017) Period 2 (late 2017 – early 2018)

Period • 1st survey: Feb 2016 (dry season)• 2nd survey: Jun 2016 (rainy season)• 3rd survey: Jan - Feb 2017 (dry

season)

• 4th survey: Sep - Oct 2017(rainy season)

• 5th survey: Feb 2018 (dry season)

Scope Hlaing River Basin

• 9-10 sampling points• 8 on-site-measurement parameters• 29 measurement parameters for lab

analysis at max.

• 10 sampling points• 8 on-site-measurement parameters• 35 measurement parameters for

lab analysis at max.

Doke HtaWaddyRiver Basin

• 10-14 sampling points• 8 on-site-measurement parameters• 29 measurement parameters for lab

analysis at max.

• 15 sampling points• 8 on-site-measurement parameters• 35 measurement parameters for

lab analysis at max.

Water Quality Surveyin Hlaing River Basin

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Survey Scope

Hlaing River Basin

• 4th survey (late Sep 2017) & 5th survey (middle Feb 2018)

(spring tide period)

• In ebb tide time in Hlaing River

• 15 sampling points

[On site measurement]

• pH, EC, DO, TDS, salinity,

turbidity, water temperature,

ORP

[Lab analysis]

• TSS, BOD, COD, cyanide, oil

and grease, phenols, total

phosphorus and total nitrogen,

for all points

• Total coliform, zinc, total

chromium, hexavalent

chromium, arsenic, copper,

total mercury, cadmium, and

lead for representative points

• 17 pesticides* and PCBs for

one or two points

*Aldrin, atrazine, 4,4'-DDD, 4,4'-DDE, 4,4'-DDT,

endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, endrin, HCH-alpha

(benzene hexachloride-alpha), HCH-beta, HCH-delta,

HCH-gamma(Lindane), alachlor, diazinon, chlorpyrifos,

dimethoate and imidacloprid5

Survey Questions

Hlaing River Basin

Survey Questions

1. What is the status of water quality in Hlaing River?

2. Does water quality in Hlaing River change from upstream to

downstream?

3. Does water quality in Hlaing River change with season?

4. How is the pollution impact from IZs to Hlaing River?

5. What are the statuses of water quality at the future intake

points of water supply?

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(1) Classification of Water Quality in Hlaing River

Hlaing River Basin

Water Quality in Hlaing River

• Rainy season: Acceptable for conservation of aquatic lives, irrigation and

water transportation except TSS and total coliform

• Dry season: Deteriorated at most points (high COD, slight oil and grease

etc.)

• No elevated levels of toxic substances within the scope of surveyUnit: mg/L

Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average

Hlaing River 1.2 2.3 1.6 2.4 3.7 3.0 10 14 12 20 71 44

Pan Hlaing River 0.7 1.6 1.1 3.8 44.6 24.2 12 14 13 63 3400 1732

Kokkowa River

Creek Creek in Shwe Pyi Tar IZ 5.4 32 14 134 268 222 19 44 28 230 5700 3610

8.3 5.23.7 5.7

COD

Rainy Season(Sep 2017) Dry Season(Feb 2018)

River

Target Rainy Season(Sep 2017) Dry Season(Feb 2018)

BOD

Vietnamese Environmental Standard(QCVN08:2015) for reference

BOD COD

A1 For domestic water supply 4 10

A2 For domestic water supply with treatment and conservation of aquatic lives 6 15

B1 For irrigation 15 30

B2 For water transportation and other purposes with demand for low-quality water 25 50

>25 >50Less than B2

Water Usage

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(2) Spatial Distribution of WQ in Hlaing River

Hlaing River Basin

DownstreamUpstream

• Rainy season: Not significantly changes from upstream to downstream

• Dry season: COD increased in downstream probably caused by higher

suspended solid.

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(2) Spatial Distribution of WQ in Hlaing River

Hlaing River Basin

Water Quality in Pan Hlaing River

• Dry season : Could be dysoxic in some areas probably related with high

TSS and organic matter

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(3) Seasonal Changes

Hlaing River Basin

Concentrations of pollutants : rainy season < dry season

(Due to dilution by storm water in the rainy season)

Creek in Shwe Pyi Thar IZ

(middle and downstream)

Hlaing River

Pan Hlaing River

Hlaing

River

Pan Hlaing River

Creek in Shwe Pyi

Thar IZ(middle and

downstream)

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(4) Pollution Impact from IZs to Hlaing River

Hlaing River Basin

Hlaing River

Flow in creek

Brown-colored water flow in the creek to

Hlaing River

Pollution plume from a pipeline

discharging the wastewater

Water Quality in the Creek in Shwe Phy Thar IZ

• Highly deteriorated, as indicated by low pH, low DO, high organic matter

and nutrients, oil and grease and slight phenols

• Hinges on the impact of wastewater from factories

(Improved in 2017 after temporary shutdown of distilleries and again

deteriorated in 2018 after new pipeline discharged wastewater)

• No harmful levels of heavy metals detected

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(4) Pollution Impact from IZs to Hlaing River

Hlaing River Basin

• Apparently not high

pollution impact from

Shwe Pyi Thar IZ due to

high dilution effect of

Hlaing River

• It is not clear how the

pollutants travel upward

and downward, settle

and flocculate in the river.

• More monitoring data is

required to clarify the

state of water quality in

tidal area

Feb 2018

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(5) Comparison with Draft Drinking Water Quality Standard for Existing/Possible Domestic Water Supply

Hlaing River Basin

• Slight total chromium and lead detected in Wataya in Feb 2018 probably due to

natural heavy metals in suspended solids

• No elevated levels of toxic substances within the scope of survey

• Should be monitored as drinking water quality monitoring in one tide cycle and

throughout the year for wider rage of parameters

Sep 2017 Feb 2018 Sep 2017 Feb 2018

pH - 7.89 8.35 7.61 8.21 6.5 - 8.5

Turbidity NTU 545 169 618 >1000 5

TDS mg/L 66 140 81 156 1000

Cyanide(total) mg/L < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 0.07

Zinc (Zn) mg/L 0.029 0.014 0.054 0.13 3

Total chromium (T-Cr) mg/L 0.019 0.010 0.048 0.11 0.05

Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.0016 0.0015 0.0026 0.011 0.05

Copper (Cu) mg/L 0.010 0.0054 0.017 0.045 2

Total Mercury (Hg) mg/L < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 0.001

Cadmium (Cd) mg/L < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.003

Lead (Pb) mg/L < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0097 0.024 0.01

Pesticides (total 17 parameters)mg/L <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005Specified for some

parameters respectively

: Satisfied with reference standard

: Not satisfied with reference standard

Kokkowa WatayaMOH Draft National

Drinking Water Quality

Std(2014)

UnitParameter

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4th Survey Result (1) : Oct 2017 : Basic parameters

Hlaing River Basin

pH DO BODTotal

ColiformTSS COD Cr

Total

Cyanide

Oil and

greasePhenols

- mg/L mg/LMPN/100

mlmg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

1 Wataya 7.61 6.67 2.30 35000 420 11 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.005

2 H1 7.23 6.60 1.16 - 390 14 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.005

3 H3 7.62 8.92 1.80 - 440 14 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.005

4 H5 7.69 6.71 1.26 92000 330 10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.005

5 PH1 7.15 4.69 1.57 - 230 14 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.005

6 PH2 7.43 5.30 0.72 54000 290 12 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.005

7 Shwe1 7.36 7.16 5.41 >160,000 180 19 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.005

8 Shwe3 7.00 8.84 5.94 >160,000 27 22 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.005

9 Shwe5 7.15 4.46 32.07 >160,000 25 44 < 0.1 1.3 < 0.005

10 Kokkowa 7.89 6.68 3.72 4600 120 8.3 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.005

A1 For domestic water supply 6 - 8.5 ≥6 4 2500 20 10 0.05 0.3 0.005

A2

For domestic water supply

with treatment and

conservation of aquatic lives

6 - 8.5 ≥5 6 5000 30 15 0.05 0.5 0.005

B1 For irrigation 5.5 - 9 ≥4 15 7500 50 30 0.05 1 0.01

B2

For water transportation and

other purposes with demand

for low-quality water

5.5 - 9 ≥2 25 10000 100 50 0.05 1 0.02

<5.5, >9 <2 >25 >10000 >100 >50 >0.05 >1 >0.02

Comparison with Vietnamese Environmental Standard for reference

Less than B2

Location NameNo.

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4th Survey Result (2) : Oct 2017 : Nutrients, Heavy Metals and PCBs

Hlaing River Basin

T-P T-N Zn T-Cr Cr 6+ As Cu T-Hg Cd PbPCBs

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/Lmg/L

1 Wataya 0.16 1.0 0.054 0.048 < 0.005 0.0026 0.017 < 0.0005 < 0.001 0.0097 < 0.00052 H1 0.19 1.1 0.060 0.048 < 0.005 0.0028 0.019 < 0.0005 < 0.001 0.0098 -3 H3 0.16 1.2 - - - - - - - - -4 H5 0.14 1.1 0.049 0.038 < 0.005 0.0030 0.016 < 0.0005 < 0.001 0.0083 -5 PH1 0.18 1.4 - - - - - - - - -6 PH2 0.13 0.83 0.040 0.038 < 0.005 0.0020 0.020 < 0.0005 < 0.001 0.0070 -7 Shwe1 0.18 1.3 0.032 0.024 < 0.005 0.0019 0.013 < 0.0005 < 0.001 < 0.005 -8 Shwe3 0.22 2.0 0.021 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0012 < 0.005 < 0.0005 < 0.001 < 0.005 -9 Shwe5 0.65 4.9 0.042 0.010 < 0.005 0.0033 0.014 < 0.0005 < 0.001 < 0.005 -10 Kokkowa 0.089 0.71 0.029 0.019 < 0.005 0.0016 0.010 < 0.0005 < 0.001 < 0.005 -

A1 For domestic water supply Specified as PO43-

Specified as NO2-

and NO3-

respectively0.5 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.005 0.02

-

A2

For domestic water supply

with treatment and

conservation of aquatic lives

Specified as PO43-

Specified as NO2-

and NO3-

respectively1.0 0.1 0.02 0.02 0.2 0.001 0.005 0.02

-

B1 For irrigation Specified as PO43-

Specified as NO2-

and NO3-

respectively1.5 0.5 0.04 0.05 0.5 0.001 0.01 0.05

-

B2

For water transportation and

other purposes with

demand for low-quality

water

Specified as PO43-

Specified as NO2-

and NO3-

respectively2 1 0.05 0.1 1 0.002 0.01 0.05

-

- - >2 >1 >0.05 >0.1 >1 >0.002 >0.01 >0.05 -

No. Location Name

Less than B2

Comparison with Vietnamese Environmental Standard for reference

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5th Survey Result (1) : Feb 2018 : Basic parameters

Hlaing River Basin

pH DO BODTotal

ColiformTSS COD Cr

Total

Cyanide

Oil and

greasePhenols

- mg/L mg/LMPN/100

mlmg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

1 Wataya 8.21 6.9 3.7 610 980 25 < 0.1 1.2 < 0.005

2 H1 8.14 6.54 2.82 - 250 20 < 0.1 1.6 < 0.005

3 H3 8.34 5.46 2.44 - 1,200 61 < 0.1 1.3 < 0.005

4 H5 8.14 5.33 2.91 54,000 1,400 71 < 0.1 2.2 < 0.005

5 PH1 7.95 0.74 44.61 - 98,000 3,400 < 0.1 2.0 < 0.005

6 PH2 8.02 5.12 3.8 35,000 1,800 63 < 0.1 1.5 < 0.005

7 Shwe1 5.66 0.54 267.57 >160,000 2,400 4,900 < 0.1 4.8 1.1

8 Shwe3 4.98 1.91 264.37 >160,000 280 5,700 < 0.1 3.5 0.10

9 Shwe5 6.72 0.54 133.97 >160,000 12 230 < 0.1 2.1 0.021

10 Kokkowa 8.35 7.01 5.73 930 60 5.2 < 0.1 1.9 < 0.005

A1 For domestic water supply 6 - 8.5 ≥6 4 2,500 20 10 0.05 0.3 0.005

A2

For domestic water supply

with treatment and

conservation of aquatic lives

6 - 8.5 ≥5 6 5,000 30 15 0.05 0.5 0.005

B1 For irrigation 5.5 - 9 ≥4 15 7,500 50 30 0.05 1 0.01

B2

For water transportation and

other purposes with demand

for low-quality water

5.5 - 9 ≥2 25 10,000 100 50 0.05 1 0.02

<5.5, >9 <2 >25 >10,000 >100 >50 >0.05 >1 >0.02Less than B2

Location NameNo.

Comparison with Vietnamese Environmental Standard for reference (QCVN08:2015)

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5th Survey Result (2) : Feb 2018 : Nutrients, Heavy Metals and PCBs

Hlaing River Basin

T-P T-N Zn T-Cr Cr 6+ As Cu T-Hg Cd PbPCBs

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/Lmg/L

1 Wataya 0.19 0.92 0.13 0.11 < 0.005 0.011 0.045 < 0.0005 < 0.001 0.024 < 0.0005

2 H1 0.29 0.64 0.052 0.034 < 0.005 0.0051 0.014 < 0.0005 < 0.001 0.0066 -

3 H3 0.15 1.4 - - - - - - - - -

4 H5 0.32 1.2 0.21 0.17 < 0.005 0.024 0.071 < 0.0005 < 0.001 0.039 -

5 PH1 0.42 92 - - - - - - - - -

6 PH2 0.33 1.6 0.28 0.24 < 0.005 0.031 0.096 < 0.0005 < 0.001 0.058 -

7 Shwe1 9.7 130 0.46 0.24 < 0.005 0.038 0.18 < 0.0005 < 0.001 0.066 -

8 Shwe3 6.5 140 0.16 0.014 < 0.005 0.003 0.045 < 0.0005 < 0.001 < 0.005 -

9 Shwe5 1.4 19 0.022 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0038 0.10 < 0.0005 < 0.001 < 0.005 -

10 Kokkowa 0.074 0.16 0.014 0.01 < 0.005 0.0015 0.0054 < 0.0005 < 0.001 < 0.005 -

A1 For domestic water supply Specified as PO43-

Specified as NO2-

and NO3-

respectively0.5 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.005 0.02

-

A2

For domestic water supply

with treatment and

conservation of aquatic lives

Specified as PO43-

Specified as NO2-

and NO3-

respectively1.0 0.1 0.02 0.02 0.2 0.001 0.005 0.02

-

B1 For irrigation Specified as PO43-

Specified as NO2-

and NO3-

respectively1.5 0.5 0.04 0.05 0.5 0.001 0.01 0.05

-

B2

For water transportation and

other purposes with

demand for low-quality

water

Specified as PO43-

Specified as NO2-

and NO3-

respectively2 1 0.05 0.1 1 0.002 0.01 0.05

-

- - >2 >1 >0.05 >0.1 >1 >0.002 >0.01 >0.05 -Less than B2

No. Location Name

Comparison with Vietnamese Environmental Standard for reference(QCVN08:2015)

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4th and 5th Survey Result : Pesticides

Hlaing River Basin

mg/L

1 Aldrin < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

2 Atrazine < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

3 4,4'-DDD < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

4 4,4'-DDE < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

5 4,4'-DDT < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

6 Endosulfan < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

7 Endosulfan sulfate < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

8 Endrin < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

9 HCH-alpha (benzene hexachloride-alpha)(alpha-BHC) < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

10 HCH-beta(beta-BHC) < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

11 HCH-delta(delta-BHC) < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

12 HCH-gamma(Lindane)(ganma-BHC) < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

13 Alachlor < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

14 Diazinon < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

15 Chlorpyrifos < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

16 Dimethoate < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

17 Imidacloprid < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005

No.Wataya KokkowaWataya Kokkowa

Oct 2017 Feb 2018

Parameter

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Key Conclusions in Hlaing River Basin

Hlaing River Basin

1. Pollution level in Hlaing River• Acceptable for conservation of aquatic lives, irrigation and water

transportation for most parameters• Deterioration of water quality in the dry season• No harmful levels of toxic substances in the water environment

2. Spatial distribution of water quality• No clear deterioration from upstream to downstream in rainy season• COD was increased in the downstream in dry season but BOD was not

increased and the mechanism is not exactly clear

3. Seasonal changes of water quality • Worse in dry season than in rainy season

4. Pollution impact from IZ• Highly polluted in the creek receiving the wastewater from distilleries• Apparently not high impact to Hlaing River observed within the scope of

survey• Require more monitoring data to clarify the status of water quality in tidal

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1) Standardize an environmental analytical method• An environmental analytical method of laboratories in Myanmar should be

standardized, as a first step to secure the good quality control of monitoring data in order to obtain reliable results.

2) Develop an proper water environmental Std/GL• It is recommended to utilize these monitoring data in Output 2 for

establishment of an environmental quality standard/guideline in Myanmar, in order to develop a proper criteria that is adequate for characterization and water usage etc. of each water body.

3) Regular surface water quality monitoring• More monitoring data is required to identify the spatial and temporal changes

of surface water quality e.g. Monthly monitoring for representative points, analysis of specific forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in rivers, pesticides survey in farming and flood season, drinking water survey for wider-range measurement and period, etc.

4) Investigate mechanism of water quality status in the tidal area• Water quality in vertical direction in daily tide cycle between spring tide and

neap tide• Oxygen consumption by sediment and nitrogen elution by sediment

Recommendations from Output 2

Hlaing River Basin

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Thank you for your attention.