Final Rogers

8/4/2019 Final Rogers

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Person - Centered Theory

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nondirective to client centered person centered group - centered person to person

Therapy V.S. Theory

He didnt like the idea of making theories because itimplies finality.

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He used Empirical research for his study.

Follows the if then framework

IF certain conditions exists, then a process will occur; ifthis process occurs, then certain outcomes can beexpected (Feist & Feist, 2009)

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Kevin Rebolledo


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Organism

Phenomenological Field

Self

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Kevin Rebolledo


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The organism, psychologically conceived, is the locus of allexperience ( Hall and Lindzey, 1957).

It is the total organism.

Experience: Includes everything potentially available to awareness.

The Organism has one basic tendency it is striving toactualize, maintain and enhance the experiencingorganism (Limpinco, ___)

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Portions of the organismic self may be beyond thepersons awareness or simply not owned by the person (Feist & Feist, 2009).

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The individuals frame of reference that can only beknown to the person.

Subjective Perception

the persons point-of-view

Not identical to the Field of Consciousness.

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Kevin Rebolledo


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What enables people to separate fact from fiction in theirsubjective world ( Hall & Lindzey, 1998)?

The Great Paradox of Phenomenology: A persons experience is not reality. Experiences are

tentative hypothesis about reality that may be trueor not.

This hypothesis can only be answered by testing. Example: Salting his food

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Kevin Rebolledo


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I began my work with the settled notion that the self was avague, ambiguous, scientifically meaningless term which had

gone out of the psychologists vocabulary with the departureof the introspectionists (Rogers, 1959)

Rogers realized during his practice that the self is animportant element in the experience of the client.

The goal of the client is to be his/her REAL SELF.

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Organized pattern of perceptions that includes those partsof the phenomenal field discriminated by the individual asself, me, or I (Rogers, 1959).

A major structural concept in Rogers Theory.

Hall and Lindzey(1957), said that the concept self is

the attitudes or the feelings of a person about himself.

Fluid and changing.

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Ideal Self

Qualities which are usually positive that the

person wants or wishes to possess.

It is who the person wants to be.

Incongruence

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Formative TendencyRogers (1978, 1980) believed that there is a tendency for all

matter, both organic and inorganic, to evolve fromsimpler to more complex forms (Feist & Feist, 2009)

It is when a simple form evolves into a morecomplex form.

Example: Babies being delivered by storks ->reproduction.

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The tendency within all humans to move towardcompletion on fulfillment of potentials.

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Anjefecar Melicent Mercado


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Maintenance is similar to the lower steps onMaslows hierarchy of needs.

Enhancement This need to be more, to develop andto achieve growth. The need for enhancing the self isseen un peoples willingness to learn things that arenot immediately rewarding.

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Enhancement needs are expressed in variety if forms:

Curiosity

Playfulness Self-exploration

Friendship

Confidence

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Individuals perceive their experiences as reality, andthey know their reality better than anyone else.

Do not need to be: Directed

Controlled

Exhorted/ manipulated

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Other animals and even plants have inherent tendencyto grow toward reaching their genetic potential provided certain conditions are present.

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People must be involved in a relationship with partner:

who is congruent or authentic who demonstrates empathy

and unconditional positive regard.

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Infants begin to develop a vague concept of self when aportion of their experience becomes personalized anddifferentiated in awareness as I or me experiences

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Aware of their identity

Taste: good- bad

Feels: pleasant not

Evaluate experiences

Positive - Negative

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Self-actualization is the tendency to actualize theself as perceived in awareness.

Actualization tendency refers to the organismicexperiences of the individual.

Whole person conscious and unconscious, physiologicaland cognitive.

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Includes all those aspects of ones being and onesexperiences that are perceived in awareness by theindividual.

Not identical with the organismic self.

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ones view of self as one wishes to be.

Contains all those attributes, usually positive, thatpeople aspire to possess.

A wide gap between the ideal self and the self-conceptindicates incongruence and an unhealthy personality.

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The symbolic representation of some portion of ourexperience

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Concepcion Patulin


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Rogers focused upon the ways in whichevaluations of an individual by others,

particularly during childhood, tend to favordistancing between experiences of theorganism and experiences of the self.

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Concepcion Patulin


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If the evaluations are positive in sign

(unconditional positive regard), then nodistancing or incongruity between organismand self would occur.

Self-regard would be unconditional

The individual will continue to be

psychologically adjusted & fullyfunctioning.

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Concepcion Patulin


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If the evaluation of the childs behavior issometimes positive and sometimes negative

the child would know the difference betweenactions and feelings that are worthy(approved) or unworthy (disapproved).

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Concepcion Patulin


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If more and more of the true values of aperson are replaced by values taken over orborrowed from others, yet which are

perceived as being ones own.

The person will feel tense, uncomfortable

and he will feel as if he does not really knowwhat he is and what he wants.

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Concepcion Patulin


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The altered perceptions arising from theconditions of worth that the individual

departs from the integration whichcharacterizes his infant stage is the basic

estrangement in man.

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Concepcion Patulin


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He has not been true to himself, to his ownnatural organismic valuing of experience, but for

the sake of preserving the positive regard ofothersto perceive them only in terms based

upon their value to others. (Rogers, 1959)

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Concepcion Patulin


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1. Growing openness to experience - they moveaway from defensiveness and have no need forsubception

2. Increasingly existential lifestyle - not distortingthe moment to fit personality or self concept butallowing personality and self concept to emanate

from the experience.

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Concepcion Patulin


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3. Increasing organismic trust - they trust their ownjudgment and their ability to choose behavior that is

appropriate for each moment.

4. Freedom of choice - not being shackled by therestrictions that influence an incongruent individual

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Concepcion Patulin


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5. Creativity- it follows that they will feel more freeto be creative.

6. Reliability and constructiveness - they can betrusted to act constructively.

5. A rich full life - the life of the fully functioningindividual as rich, full and exciting.

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Concepcion Patulin


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Angel Pastores


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Psychopathology develops when a

person concerns him/herself with the

expectations and evaluations of others

instead of focusing on self-actualization

Angel Pastores

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1. Incongruence

2. Defensiveness

3. Disorganization

Angel Pastores

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Introject the values of others with the belief that they

can only be accepted ifthey meet otherpeoples

expectations and approval

Disregard own and look beyond ourselves for guidance

and direction tend to be incongruent or out of

balance

Angel Pastores

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gap between the real self and the ideal self, the Iam and the I should

fail to recognize organismic experiences as self-experience

Leads to discrepant and inconsistent behaviors

Angel Pastores

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The conditions (external evaluations) put on

them by those around them make it necessary for

them togive up their genuine, authentic lives to

meet with the approval of others.

Angel Pastores

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VULNERABILITY Greater the incongruence, more vulnerable

Unaware of the incongruence

ANXIETY AND THREAT Awareness of incongruence

Angel Pastores

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Protection of the self concept against anxiety andthreat

Defense mechanisms: Distortion

misinterpret an experience to fit into self concept

Not understand true meaning

Denial Refuse to perceive an experience in awareness

Angel Pastores

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Defensive behaviors reduce the consciousness ofthe threat but not the threat itself. As the threatsincrease:

the work of protecting the self concept becomes moredifficult

the individual becomes more defensive and rigid in their

self structure.

Angel Pastores

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Self unable to defend itself against threateningexperiences

Disorganized behaviors resulting from incongruencebetween the self and experience

Behavior is still consistent with the self-concept but

this self-concept has already been shattered

Angel Pastores

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Client-Centered Therapy

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Angel Pastores


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Follows an if-then framework

Conditions Process Outcomes

Angel Pastores

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Counselor Congruence (Genuineness ) Spontaneity, openness, authenticity

Unconditional Positive Regard Convey non-possessive warmth

Empathic Listening Sees the world through the clients eyes

Angel Pastores

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To be congruent means to be real or genuine, to bewhole or integrated, to be what one truly is

Congruent counselors: Have feelings that are neither denied nor distorted

Aware and honest of such feelings

Freelyexpress themselves

Wear no mask

Angel Pastores

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Need to be liked, prized, or accepted by anotherperson

Therapists with unconditional positive regard: Actively involved in a relationship with the client

Warm, positive, accepting attitude

without regard to the clients behavior

Do not evaluate clients

Angel Pastores

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Feeling with a client (the ability to understand and sharethe feelings of another)

Emphatic therapists: Accurately sense the feelings of their clients

Able to communicate these perceptions

No judgments

Permit the client to be a separate person

Angel Pastores

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Release of personal feelings (emotional catharsis)

followed by insight into the origin and nature of thedifficulties

concluding with the application of the insights topositive choices and decisions

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Angel Pastores


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Stage 1: Relationship to Feelings and Personal

Meanings

Feelings are unrecognized or unexpressed Feelings are experienced freely in the immediate

moment

Angel Pastores

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Stage 2: Manner of Experiencing

Individual is remote from experiencing Experience is an accepted referent

Stage 3: Degree of Incongruence Individual is unaware of contradictory self-statements

Individual is able to recognize temporary moments of

incongruence

Angel Pastores

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Stage 4: Communication of Self

Individual avoids revealing himself Individual experiences his self and is able to communicate

his self-awareness

Stage 5: Manner in which Experience is Construed

Individual has rigid constructs which he accepts as facts

Constructs are recognized to be ways of interpreting a

moment of experiencing and are open to change

Angel Pastores

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Stage 6: Relationship to Problems

Problems not recognized or perceived to be external toself; individual is closed to change

Individual lives his problem and seeks to cope with it

Stage 7: Manner of Relating

Close relationships avoided as dangerous

Individual risks being himself in the process of relating

to others

Angel Pastores56


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The basic outcomes of client-centered counselling arecongruent clients who are open to experience and whohave no need to be defensive.

57Mendato Marcaban


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Person of tomorrow is a concept that describes a fullyfunctional person.

There are three necessary and sufficient conditions:congruence, unconditionally positive regard and

empathy are optimal

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More adaptable they are the person that would bemore likely to survive

-this person can realize that conformity andand adjustment to a fixed condition

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Open to their experiences- are persons of awareness

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Trust in their organismic selves- their are the personwho would not want to depend on other people

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Live fully in the moment their are the person who areopen for new experience

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Harmonious relation to others they are the personswho would feel no need to be liked or to beloved byeveryone because they know that they wereunconditionally recognize and accepted by someone.

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Integrated- they would see clearly the difference whatis and what shou;d be; they bridge the gap of their realself and their identity and they are confident of whothey are

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Basic trust of human nature- people who doesn't harmfor personal gain and just being human.

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If you obtain the six characteristics of a person of

tomorrow you would enjoy greater richness in

life than do other people, they would feel moredeeply than other, thus will live in the presentand participate more richly in ongoing events

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Clearer picture of themselves and a morerealistic view of the world.

People who are realistic have more accurateview of their potentials

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Clients experience less physiological andpsychological tension, are less vulnerable tothreat and have less anxiety

They becoming more accepting of others,make fewer demands, and simply allow other tobe themselves.

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69Mendato Marcaban


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Moderate in generating research High on falsification

High on organization

Low on guiding for solution High on internal consistency

Middle in parsimonius

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free choice vs deterministic- free choice Optimistic vs pessimistic- optimistic

Casuality vs teleology teleology

Conscious vs unconscious- conscious Biological vs social social

Uniqueness vs similarities-uniqueness

Mendato Marcaban

Documents

Final Rogers