Final Review

This is an aid. Not an answer key.

Measurement • Accuracy• Precision• What are the rules for

reading instruments in the lab?

• How do you decide the best instrument to use in the lab?

Significant Figures

• What are the rules?

• 0.5260

• 5.02

• 5020

• 0.00502

• 500.

Significant Figures

• What are the rules for addition and subtraction?

• 5.20 + 6.2 = 5.21 – 5.234 =

• What are the rules for multiplication and division?

• 5.02 x 5.203 = 5.54 x 5.4/5 =

Density

D

M

Vensity

ass

olume

D = MV

M = D x V

V = MD

lecturePLUS Timberlake 6

Density

• Osmium is a very dense metal. What is its density in g/cm3 if 50.00 g of the metal occupies a volume of 2.22cm3?

• The density of octane, a component of gasoline, is 0.702 g/mL. What is the mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane?

D = m/Vm = D*VV = m/D

Conversions

• How many micrometers are in 5 meters?

• How many kilometers are in 4.95 x 105 millimeters?

• How many miles are in 4.95 x 105 millimeters?

• How many liters are in 8.95 ounces?

• How many pounds are in 9.8 milligrams?

Matter

• What is matter?

• What kinds of pure substances can you have? Definitions.

• What kinds of mixtures can you have? Define each.

Chemical and Physical Change

• How do we know something is a chemical change?

• What are some chemical changes?

• How do we know something is a physical change?

• What are some physical changes?

Chemical and Physical Properties

• What is a chemical property? Physical property?– Melting point - length– Corrosive - toxicity– Solubility - mass– Density - Flammability– Boiling point - combustibility

Atomic Models

• Describe the atomic models (experiment, evidence, conclusion).– Dalton– Thompson– Rutherford– Bohr– Quantum theory

Atomic Structure

• What is an isotope?• How many protons,

neutrons, and electrons?Br

80 35

Carbon- 12Carbon- 12

S3216

Atomic Structure

Element Atomic Mass

Protons Neutrons Electrons

Sodium -24 11 11

Oxygen-18 18 10 10

Calcium-41 41 20 18

Nuclear Chemistry(Decay Particles)

Particle Symbol What is it? Penetration

Alpha ()

Helium nucleus (2 p+)

0.2 mm

(paper)

Beta () High Speed e-

100 mm

(wood)

Gamma ()

High Energy

Electromagnetic Wave

500 mm

(concrete)

242 He

-01- e

00

Nuclear Chemistry(Decay Particles)

Types of Radioactive Decay

alpha production (): helium nucleus

beta production ():

92238

24

90234U He Th

90234

91234

10Th Pa e

2

4

He

1

0e

2+

Half-life Concept

http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/radioactive-dating-game

Fission

Fusion

Electron Configuration

Electron Configuration

• What are the quantum numbers?• What is the electron configurations for:

– Sodium– Fluorine– Phosphorus– Calcium– Iron– Bromine

What are the shorthand configurations?

Ionization energy, electronegativity

Electron affinity INCREASE

Atomic size increases, shielding constant

Ionic size increases

Periodic Trends

• Which atom is larger and has the greater electronegativity?– Sodium or chlorine– Magnesium or barium– Oxygen or lithium

• Which ion is smaller? – Calcium or barium– Magnesium or silicon– Chlorine or silicon

Compounds

• Identify each of the following as ionic or covalent. Write the name of each compound.– NaBr F3H9

– P3N7 Mg3P2

– O4Br6 NaCl

– Ca3N2 SrI2

– B2I8 BaBr2

Two Types of Compounds

Smallest piece

Melting Point

State

Types of elements

Formula Unit Molecule

Metal and Nonmetal

Nonmetals

solidSolid, liquid or gas

High >300ºC Low <300ºC

Ionic Molecular

Naming Compounds

• Identify each of the following as ionic or covalent. Write the name of each compound.– NaBr F3H9

– P3N7 Mg3P2

– O4Br6 NaCl

– Ca3N2 SrI2

– B2I8 BaBr2

Write the formulas for these• Lithium sulfide• tin (II) oxide• tin (IV) oxide• Magnesium fluoride• Copper (II) sulfate• Iron (III) phosphide• gallium nitrate• Iron (III) sulfide

Identify the cations and anions above.

Polar-Covalent bonds

Nonpolar-Covalent bonds

Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds

Electrons are unequally shared Electronegativity difference between .3 and 1.7

Electrons are equally shared Electronegativity difference of 0 to 0.3

PolarityPolarity A molecule, such as HF, that has a A molecule, such as HF, that has a

center of positive charge and a center center of positive charge and a center of negative charge is said to be polar, of negative charge is said to be polar, or to have a dipole moment.or to have a dipole moment.

+

FH

Draw Lewis StructuresPolar/Non-Polar

• H2O

• O2

• CH3Cl

• HCl

• CCl4• N2

• PH3

Table – VSEPR Structures

Calculating Formula MassCalculate the formula mass of magnesium Calculate the formula mass of magnesium carbonate, MgCOcarbonate, MgCO33..

24.31 g + 12.01 g + 3(16.00 g) 24.31 g + 12.01 g + 3(16.00 g) ==

84.32 g84.32 g

Calculations with Moles:How many grams of lithium are in 3.50 moles of lithium?

3.50 mol Li= g Li

1 mol Li

6.94 g Li24.29

Calculations with Moles:Converting grams to moles

How many moles of lithium are in 18.2 grams of lithium?

18.2 g Li= mol Li

6.94 g Li

1 mol Li2.62

Calculations with Moles:Using Avogadro’s Number

How many atoms of lithium are in 3.50 moles of lithium?

3.50 mol Li = atoms Li

1 mol Li

6.022 x 1023 atoms Li 2.11 x 1024

Calculations with Moles:How many atoms of lithium are in 18.2 g of lithium?

18.2 g Li

= atoms Li

1 mol Li 6.022 x 1023 atoms Li

1.58 x 1024

6.94 g Li 1 mol Li

(18.2)(6.022 x 1023)/6.94

Experiments

• Can you identify the independent, dependent, experimental control, and controlled variables?

• Can you write a hypothesis? If…(what you do)…then….(what will happen)…., because… (scientific reason).

• Can you graph data?(titles, units, dependent, independent)