Final Review (Revised Spring 2004)GS390

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Final Exam: Wednesday June 9, 2004 in classroom 8:00-10:30am***Bring a Pencil***

You will fill out a class evaluation and SOCI after the exam

Quarter Review

Concepts

News

Directions for Change

Social Issues and Computers

To View this choose ViewSlide Show, then use the arrows on your keyboard to go through the slides—this way links work!

A Computer System?

A Real Computer System?

Computer Termsmeaning not always obvious

(c) Review Windows 2000 Text(c) Review Windows 2000 Text

Basic Windows I

Basic Windows II

Basic Windows III

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Microsoft

Three big uses of PCs

3 Applications on PCs

(b) Spreadsheets(b) Spreadsheets

(a) Wordprocessing

(a) Wordprocessing

(c) DatabaseManagement(c) DatabaseManagement

The quick brown fox jumpedover the lazy dog.

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(d) Current Big Use of Personal Computers

• Browsing the Internet and email

• Digital images (still and movies)

Ways to connect a home system to the Internet

LAN for a School or Work Environment

email

(a) Review Word-processing(a) Review Word-processing

From typing to page design and publication qualityReview Tutorials on Word Processing from “Word 2000 Basics ” to “Word 2000 Ad Editing”.

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(b) Lab--Review Spreadsheets (b) Lab--Review Spreadsheets

Spreadsheet Basics

Spreadsheet, a computerized Matrix composed of cells that can contain labels, values, formulas are functions and is used for calculations

budgets

simple check balancing

calculations decision charts

grade calculations

what if computations,4

* Visicalc the first spreadsheet was created for the Apple

(c) Lab Review DBMS (c) Lab Review DBMS

Storage of data

Retrieval of data

Sorting

Selecting

Reports

Mail Merge

Relational*

5 Don’t forget to review DBMS concepts in “DB Intro”

Relational DBMS--connecting multiple data bases together

LibraryoverduebooksDB

RecordsGradesIncompletesELMDB

Dormfees

Registration

Spreadsheets or Data Bases e.g. PeopleSoft6

At registration all the above data bases are checked to determine any deficiencies before you are allowed to register

(d) WAN: Why use these(d) WAN: Why use these

1. Communication E- Mail Internet

2. Available applications/ information statistics, databases (library etc.)

3. Sharing information

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WWW: World Wide Web: interconnected web content servers and clients accessing the serversWAN; Wide Area Networks--interconnected computersLAN; Local Area Networks--interconnected computers, printers, etc.

LAN & WANLAN & WAN

Local Cyber

Admin A Mini

Admin B Mini

Prime

VAX

Switch

CENTRAL CYBER in Los Angelas

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WAN

LAN

Labs

Internet

CSUB

(d) Review uses of the Web (d) Review uses of the Web

Browsing Basics

HTML

FTP

Netscape Communicator

Internet Explorer

Web Searches

Web Credibility

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(not W 04)

Brief History of the Web

• Late 60s—Arpanet, the first WAN• 70s-80s—Gopher (early text browser), early email90’s—------------------------------------------• 93 Mosaic (first graphic browser)• 94 Netscape• 95 Microsoft Internet Explorer included in Win95• 95 AltaVista—first successful popular search engine• 95 Yahoo (Yet Another Hierarchical Officious

Oracle )---First popular directory then later portal• 98 Google—best general search engine today

Need info

ARPANet

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

• The precursor to the Internet. Developed in the late 60’s and early 70’s by the US Department of Defense as an experiment in wide-area-networking that would survive a nuclear war. Also: An experimental network designed to see how well distributed, non-centralized networks work; the basis for the later evolution of the Internet. –Search Google for further info on Arpanet.

(c) Review SPSS (c) Review SPSS

Data Sets

Frequency distributions

Tables

Copying SPSS output to Word

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(e) Lab--Intro to Early IBM Compatibles

(e) Lab--Intro to Early IBM Compatibles

DOS (and shells-Windows much later) [Movie Revenge of The Nerds]

WordPerfect (the original successful word processor on the PC similar to Microsoft Word)

Lotus 1 2 3(the original* PC spreadsheet like EXCEL)

Windows (a Mac like operating system)

Hyperstudeo etc. (like HyperCard but both worked on IBM’s)

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(not W 04)

What was this computer..

• First to backward engineer the IBM PC BIOS

• And ”portable”, sort of

Compaq

History PC Operating Systems

HackersHackers—Machine Freaks (like to

tinker with hardware)

—Software Freaks (like to

tinker with programs)

—Explorers (like to examine,

play, experiment)

—Destroyers (create

destructive programs)11

(B) New Concepts “Hackers”: Review for Final

1. Viruses*

2. Worms*

3. Bombs*

4. Trojan Horses*

(d) Computer “Diseases”(d) Computer “Diseases”

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Viruses

-Reproduce

-May be malevolent or benign

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Is Windows a virus?Is Windows a virus?

No, Windows is not a virus. Here's what viruses (viri?) do:

1. They replicate quickly -- okay, Windows does that.

2. Viruses use up valuable system resources, slowing down the system as they do so -- okay, Windows does that.

3. Viruses will, from time to time, trash your hard disk -- okay,-- Windows does that, too.

4. Viruses are usually carried, unknown to the user, along with valuable programs and systems. Sigh... Windows does that, too.

5. Viruses will occasionally make the user suspect their system is too slow (see 2) and the user will buy new hardware. Yup, that's with Windows, too.

A JOKE : )

Windows is not a Virus

• Until now it seems Windows is a virus but there are some fundamental differences:

• Viruses are well supported by their authors

• Viruses run on most systems, their program code is fast, compact and efficient and they tend to become more sophisticated as they mature.

• So, Windows is *not* a virus.

• "Life is a game where nothing is real...• daniel.james@attws.com

Worms

Programs that move through networks or computer memory partitions

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Bombs

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Logic BombsLogic Bombs

If condition Then

Action

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Example; If a date is reached on the computer clockinstall micro virus is a “time” bomb. Examples includeFriday 13 logic bomb and New Years logic bomb

Time BombsTime Bombs

Act at a particular time

Friday 1317

Trojan HorseTrojan Horse

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A “gift” that contains evil within. Any of previous examples but contained in a game or illegal copies of legitimate software and emailed or downloaded pictures or attachments.

Vaccines

Macafee VirusScan and Symnatic Norton AntiVirus (PC example)

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Any program that checks software and documents as they are runor downloaded for viruses

Space 1

Space 1

=1 bit

=1 byte

1 page =4K

{ Computer Memory

Computer Space

[1 page - 4000 bytes]

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(to be continued on through “Space 8”)

Space 2

Space 2

800K = Floppy Disk{

200 Pages

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Storage for documentsOld 3 1/4 floppy

Space 3

Space 3

350 pages =1.4Megabyte

{ 1.4 MB--New FloppyDisk

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Becoming Standard: RW CD’s 650-700 MBRW DVD 6.4 Gig up to 27 gig*NEW: Mini USB drives, “flash”or “thumb” up to 4 gig

Space 4

Space 4

{ 20 MB Hard Disk

5000 pages =20 Megabyte [20,000K]

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Space 5

Space 5

Hard drives come in big to gigantic sizes

40 Megabyte

80 Megabyte

105 Megabyte

185 Megabyte

350 Megabyte

500 Megabyte

1 Gigabyte

160 + Gig and up is now the large HD standardand up, up, up –needed for photos, movie editing and Music files

Current Directions HD Gigabytes 80+ CD 650-700 MB CD R/W 650 MB DVD 3.8+4.7 GIG-> 17 DVD R/W 3.6 & 4.7 GIGNew DVD formats evenHigher—current blue laser allows 27 gigabytes

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80’s

90’s

Space 6

Space 61 text only page = 4K [4000 bytes]

Typical application = 2GB

1 digital photo = typically .6MB

Digital music collection = 250MB per hr

Digital video editing- 2GB per hr of video

Advanced games = 1GB+

Internet movie downloads = 2-3 GB per hr25

Space 7

Space 7

Internal Memory space in the Computer(continued from “Space 1”)

•All information is in the form of bits on or off.•Counting/math is done as --------------•It takes 8 bits, ASCII, to express a number (0-9)•Or letter a-z as well as math signs and other special characters

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Overview: Internal Representation of dataBinary

Binary-1 bit on or off

Off 0

On 1

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Internal Binary Basics

•The most basic unit of computer information is called a bit

•It is expressed to the computer by the numbers

0 or 1.

•All "characters"[a,b,z..,1,2,3...?,!,/..] are a symbolized by series of 8 bits,0s and 1s

•All operations in the computer [+,-,*,/] are 0s and 1s

All off or on—like light bulbs.27

Reading BinaryReading Binary

256 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 Byte--8 bits

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ASCII SAMPLES ASCII SAMPLES

Binary -base 2 Decimal-base 10 0 0 1 1 10 2 11 3 100 4 101 5 110 629

SPEEDOMETERS--counting in binary

1 0 11

011 0

What is the next number (if we add one more)?

+1 becomes

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Data Storage: Current

Floppies 1.4mb

Zip 100, 250, 750mbCD 650-750mb

USB Flash Disk 128 Mb88 floppies (4-5Gig soon)

Smart MediaCameras 8mb up

Space 8Space 8

DVD 4.7 gig20+ Gig in future

Data Storage: Old

Floppies of all sizes

McBee KeysortIBM/Hollerith Cards

Tape-Still used

Space 9Space 9

Bytes-K

One thousand bytes come together to form 1K.

Let's make this simpler to remember:

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Bit-Byte-K

1 bit = 1 bit8 bits = 1 byte1024 bytes = 1K

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BINARY / ASCII

The binary code for the letter,number, or symbol is transferred to a code, called ASCII (8 bit Byte)*

(American Standard Code for Information Interchange).

This transfer cycle is;

binary -> ASCII -> Word,

Word -> to ASCII -> binary

NOTE: Some fonts e.g.. Kanji, Chinese requires 2 bytes for characters33

More ASCII-Binary

Binary Decimal(ASCII, 8bit byte)

00110001 <---> 1 00110010 <---> 2 00110011 <---> 3 01000001 <---> A 01000010 <---> B 01011001 <---> Y 00100001 <---> !

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ASCII <-> Binary

ASCII BINARY

WORD

WORD35

Memory :Addressing 1 (newest PC CPU is 64 bit

address)

The Pizza Man36

Apt 1 Apt 2 Apt 3 Apt 4 Apt 5 Laundry

Apt 6 Apt 7 Apt 8 Apt 9 Apt 10 Office

How many apartmentscan we have if they canhave only 1 digit addressAnswer-next page

Addressing 2

Two bits havefour possibleaddresses

0

1

One bit has twoaddresses

00011011

Continuewith this

How many addresseswith 4 8 16 32

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Previous page: How many apartmentscan we have if they canhave only 1 digit addressAnswer-10 {don’t forget 0

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Bits & Addresses 3

Bits & Addresses 3

If we string 8 bits (8 combinations of the numbers 0 and 1)

together we have a byte.

2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256

Each additional bit doubles the possible addresses38

Importance of Addressing(1) More memory thus

Bigger programs

Bigger data sets

Multi program accessibility

(2) Increased speed of processing

(3) Currently 32 bit standard but 64 will become common

AppleIIe

Most frequent IBM &Mac 32 bit

398 bit

64 bit now available

Addressing A DatabusAddressing A Databus

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Time/Speed 1Time/Speed 1Mips Giga (1000) & Hertz

Current PC's

Future PC's and current Workstation, Mainframe and Supercomputers

New speed is in GHz or BIPSBillions of instructions per secondComing Tarraflops

New speed is in GHz or BIPSBillions of instructions per secondComing Tarraflops

41Note:Current fastest available CPUs run at 3.2 GHz

Summary of Speed terms

Hertz –cycles per second

Kilo Hertz (thousands of cycles per second)

Mega [MIPS]Hertz (millions of cycles per second)

Giga [BIPS or GHz] Hertz (billions of cycles per second)

Tarra Hertz (Trillions of cycles per second)

Time/Speed 2Time/Speed 2

Internet Connection SpeedHome & Small Business connections

Government, Business,CSUB Speeds can be much faster:Current CSUB--- T3 (100 MB, upgrade expected soon)

From: http://msn.zdnet.com/partners/msn/bandwidth/speedtest50.htm

Time/Speed 3Time/Speed 3

• Adb• Atapi• serial, • parallel, • USB, • SCCSI, • Firewire/IEEE1394, • USB2

Time/Speed 1Time/Speed 1

Common Computer Connector Speeds

To be completed ASAP

}Latest/Fastest

Some Computer Connections

Some Computer Connections

Back of a Desktop will be here

D) More Concept Review

Paint vs. Draw

Bitmapped vs. Postscript

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Beyond Microsoft Paint and Hyperpaint

1. Drawing vs. painting*

2. Combination programs*

3. Samples of newer programs*

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Drawing vs. PaintingPaint

-- bit mapped graphics, creative free form

-- low resolution dependant on screen resolution Example*

Draw—objects

—formula driven

—easy modification (size, position, etc.)

—output dependant on printer Example*

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Drawing vs. Painting Examples

Drawing vs. Painting Examples

Painting -- Mac Paint, Microsoft Paint

Drawing -- ClarisWorks, Canvas, Word

A demo may follow

when expendedthe line will not becomeragged- it is defined by a math formula- lines connect points

when expandedthe line will get raggedsince it is bit defined

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Created as Paint

Created as Drawing

Bitmapped vs. Formula Script

Bitmapped vs. Formula Script

-Bit mapped is like painting

-Characters are stored as a set of pixels (dots) that look like the character.

-Problem: the exact set of dots is printed no matter if the printer is ImageWriter 140 DPI

LaserWriter 300 DPI or new 600 DPI

Stylewriter 360 DPI

Most inkjet home printers 300-600 DPI (some 1200)

Linotronic(magazine quality) 1600-2400 DPI thus the print looks only as good as the worst printer allows

Postscript (original and most common) TrueType (Microsoft)47

Postscript vs. Bitmapped:

-Bitmapped is stored as the dots that appear on the screen. Older dot matrix printers illustrate this method

-Postscript Characters are stored as a set of formulas that contain the relative sizes of sides, curves, etc.

-Solution: the set of dots printed will use all possible dots a printer are screen will allow and thus will look as good as the printer are screen is capable.

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John Warnock from Xerox PARC solved the problem of making printer output look like the screen

WYSIWYG: What you see is what you get!

Bit/Post Examples

Bit/Post Examples

New York 72Can you tell which is the bitmapped font?

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Bit/Post Examples

Bit/Post Examples

New York 72

On Larger FontsBitmappedragged edges are rougher then postscript

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1. PRE COMPUTER DEVELOPMENTS

1GEOMETRY

2ALGEBRA

3MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE

4MECHANICAL CALCULATORS

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COMPUTER HISTORY

OUTLINE

1.PRE COMPUTER DEVELOPMENTS

2.EARLY COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT

3.RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

4.FUTURE COMPUTERS

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Math concepts

-30BC

GREEKS - PLANETARIUM

GREEKS - GEOMETRY

CHINA, INDIA - ALGEBRA

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— MECHANICAL MODELS OF the UNIVERSE

—ABACUS (frequently called the first computer)

—SLIDE RULE

The first computers!54

Mechanical Calculators

(e) Libraries and Computers(e) Libraries and Computers

Sondra

The “natural superiority” Of library data.

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Characteristics of Library Data Base and web Searches

• Both: Logical searches save time and focus information

• Both: Speed

• Both: Amount of sources available

• Both: Increasing availability of original full text material

• Both: Future to-be published documents available•Both: Difference in how searches in different web search engines are carried out: e.g. what is the difference in Yahoo (organized and reviewed), Google(more quality links returned and AskJeeves (Natural Language)•Library: Superior for credibility (peer reviewed), specialized resources (journals and data bases) and quantity of quality resources

56 Disadvantage of Web search---difficulty evaluating credibility and many professional sources are not available on the web!

Searches

Problems of Computer Searches

especially those not on the WEB• Cost : free or cheap to us (CSUB) but expensive for some government and commercial use (e.g. Nexus & Lexus, etc. cost big bucks for private and commercial users)

• Skills needed: to develop / refine topic areas, The human component; logic and Venn diagrams, filtering out the unrelated stuff specifics vary with data base

To much data, not enough information or knowledge!57

Criteria for Computer Types

Cost

Size

Sophistication of operating system*

Speed

* Multiprocessing, distributed processing, multi-user, command or icon

Past, Current and future

Types of computersSupercomputers

Mainframe computers

Mini computers

Workstations

Personal computers

Desktop

Laptop

*Notebooks with wireless built in

* TabletPC/Slate

Palmtop, PDA (Pilot, etc.)

* Computer Appliances

} These also referred to as portable

* Hot Stuff on current market

* Out Fall 02 “Tablet/Slate PC” • Wireless• Size of a thick notepad

General Directions in Computers*

•Faster CPU's

•Massive multiprocessing

•Bigger addressing/Memory • Massive storage

•Decreasing Size

•Lower Cost (for same function and speed)

•Sophistication

•Connectivity (network, wireless)

Hardware - Directions

Time & Space (speed and addressing)

Hertz --> MIPS --> BIPS (CRAY & MMP) IBM's 16 megabyte chip & 64 bit addressing Size Current fastest speed is the and Intel 4+ GHz CPU

Mainframe --> Mini --> desktop --> portable --> Notebook Palmtop --> PDA's (personal digital assistants) Cost Down---> Down---->Down 2001

(a $299 system Walmart Lindows) Sophistication Voice/Hand recognition, voice synthesis, neural networks multitasking, multiprocessing, virtual reality, protected memory, connectivity , DVD read and write

Mac System1984 1994$3000 $1000Speed 7 16+1 meg 4 Meg mem

2 Floppys 80 HD B/W 24 Bit color

Directions in software

Wordprocessing

Database Management

Paint/Draw

Statistics

Reference Search

Games

Printed output

Communications (email)

Desktop Publishing

English Queries, AI

3D, Virtual, Motion (iMovie)

Graphics, GIS & AI

Natural language Retrieval

Networked-Simulations (Sim City)Groupware, Virtual reality

IM, VOIP, Video

Ease of use

Directions in Languages

Unix, C++ and Java

Pascal

Lisp (logo) and Prolog

LOGO (my judgement ) best for educators Turtle paints a trail when the turtle moves

Moves Forward 10 Right 90

Procedures and iterations To Square Repeat 4 [ Fd 100 Rt 90] End

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OOPs (Object Oriented Programming --HyperCard)

[not covered S04, not on final]

Directions inOperating Systems

InterfaceWindows

Icons

Mice

*Handwriting recognition

Voice recognition

Touch

Virtual Reality (hand, foot control, etc)

Agents

Connectivity [web & interface to applications]65

Lunix: open operating system that looks like a potential for some of Microsoft’s market. Based on UNIX and available free or with small cost for documentation and some support. Not ready for the popular market.

Computers and Society

Culture and computers--desktops, Microsoft and Monopolies

Some Issues. Will Computers and computer technology aid:(1) Freedom (empowerment) or provide for control by gov etc. (2) Increase differences: Digital Divide (access to technology and knowledge) or provide access to all(3) Decrease Personal Privacy or provide individualized access

You should be able to think of other issues (check class discussions and Computers and Society links). For example:

Will computers humanize or dehumanize human relations?

Are Computers and the Web addicting?

Are computers useful and cost effective in k-6 education?

Are we loosing our privacy to computer technology66

****A MUST--check class homepage Computers and Societymenu option and review all articles for final

Recent Computer History:The Information Industry US

--5% Workers US are in information communication, Entertainment etc. [Computer game sales compete with movies]

--Last 10 years Microsoft worth, sales up, General Motors relatively flat

--Software and Hardware value 500 billion

--Hardware/Software are 10% 0f GNP

--10% workers are home workers on PC's

--Richest man US is Bill Gates head of Microsoft (How much is he currently worth? depends on stock market and tech stocks not doing as well—check C&Slinks for specific $)

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Tech stocks took a dive in 2001-2003 but up now

Recent Studies-- More then 2/3 American households have a personal computer (70%) and 73% of these have internet and/or email access.

-- Virtually all Americans under 60 have used computers and (92%)have used the internet.

-- 4 of 5 under 60 with incomes > $30,000 year use computer at work.

--1/2 of employees under 60 < $30,000 income use computer at work

-- 95% of all house-holds have a VCR. 78% percent are hooked to a cable TV system.

--29% have more then 1 computer while 20% have a computer less then 1 year old--Recent study shows digital divide closing except for older generation

(Source) A large survey by National Public Radio, the Kaiser Family Foundation, and Harvard's Kennedy School of Government shows that people overwhelmingly think that computers and the Internet have made Americans' lives better. Check out the survey and results at:

http://www.npr.org/programs/specials/poll/technology/68

NPR survey

Final

Text-all introductions, readings (short articles), tutorials

Labs-all lab exercises-there may be questions about the Macintosh from the computer tutorial and iMovie

(no iMovie S04).

Lecture/discussion-all content, concepts, news, directions, Especially Triumph of the

Nerds [we spent 3 weeks watching this], etc.

Class WEB page-- web tutorials latest links Computers and Society All links

Class evaluation and SOCI: Questions on how to improve class

120 MC questions there may be 1-3 short answer/ID questions**No discussion questions S04

Check this PowerPoint outline Last Monday 6pm for additions

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--bring a pencil---Add your web page link to web submission page before the final. Check week 9 class schedule for specifics.

***CTAP will count 25 points on final

Technology an Improvement?

If it doesn't help or improve don’t use technology!