ByAniket

Shishupal

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DRUG DELIVERY

Introduction•Drug delivery is transportation of a pharmaceutical compound in the body to safely achieve the desired effect via use of system or technology.

• It concerns with both quantity and duration of drug presence.

•For example protein drugs have to be delivered by injection (daily life) or a nano-needle.

Why nanotechnology in drug delivery ?

Classic vs. Nano

Targeted delivery

Targeting1

Improved solubility2

Constant rate of drug delivery 3

Increased drug stability4

Nano-materials used

LIPOSOMES

DENDRIMERSFULLERENES

NANOSHELLS Materials used

QUANTUM DOTS

NANOROBOTS

NANOSENSORS

NANOBOTS

Structure of Nanorobotics

Nanorobots are nanodevices that are used for the purpose of maintaining and protecting the human body against pathogens.Size: Diameter of about 0.5 to 0.3microns.

What are Nanobots?

Designs is derived from biological models.Components are onboard sensors, motors, manipulators , power suppliers, molecular components. Best known biological sample is ribosome used to construct robotic arm.

Synthesis of Nanobots

Parasite removalFighting cancerBreaking up kidney stonesBreaking up blood clots Treating Arteriosclerosis.

Medical application

NANOBOTS in Action

Nanorobots may treat conditions like arteriosclerosis by physically

chipping away the plaque along artery walls

How blood swimming robots work

Nanobots carry small USG to deliver frequencies directly to kidney stone

QUANTUM DOTSA quantum dot is a nano-crystal made of semiconductor materials that glow when excited by a light source at any wavelength from infrared to ultraviolet.Size: 5 and 20nm.

What are Quantum dots?

The synthesis of quantum dots is done by using precursors, organometallic surfactants, and solvents. Heating the solution at high temperature, the precursors decompose forming monomers which then nucleate and generate nanocrystals. 

How they are made…

They are specifically attached to biological materials such as cells , proteins and nucleic acids making them powerful tagging agents.

Advantages of QD technology high sensitivity, Fluorescence stable, highly resistant to degradation

Application and advantages

Quantum dots

LIPOSOMES

Liposomes can encapsulate and transport water soluble ingredients in their polar

cavity and oil soluble ingredients in their hydrophobic cavity.

Liposomes are spherical vesicles with a phospholipid bilayer and are extensively used in drug.They are versatile and allow tagging of small molecules for targeted delivery.Size : arround 200nm

What are liposomes ?

1. Polycarbonate membrane extrusion method.2. High pressure homogenisation.3. Reversed phase evaporation method.4. Sonication method.

Synthesis of liposomes

Two methods are used :Active and passiveActive targeting of the drug can be achieved by using immuno-liposomes and ligand directed liposomes.

Targeting of liposomal drugs

FULLERENES

Buckyball (C60 )

They are spherical arrangement of carbon atoms. They were discovered by Richard Buckminster Fuller.They are neither graphite nor diamond.Size ~1nm.

What is fullerenes ?

Method used:

1. Carbon-arc method -two graphite rods are used -current is passed for 10s -carbon arc is created and soot is

formed -10 % is C60

2. Laser Ablation -quartz system, one end fitted

with laser and another with copper collector

-laser beam hits graphite target

Synthesis of buckyballs

The core of fullerene is hydrophobic in nature. When hydrophilic moieties are attached, fullerenes become water-soluble and are capable of carrying drugs for the cellular delivery.Fullerenes has the capacity to penetrate through intact skin

Application in drug delivery

Endohedralmetallofullerence

Laser Ablation Method Carbon arc

Method

1. Prevention of drug from biological degradation

4. Patient compliance

3. Effective targeting

2. Cost effectiveness

Challenges involved

Thank You