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8/14/2019 Final Mef Journal
1/59
8/14/2019 Final Mef Journal
2/59
jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmitziUpum; 1uAsm 'Dae&mudkvmcJU *Refrdk;tdrf 2
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8/14/2019 Final Mef Journal
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmiaqmif;yg;
tif*sifeD,mwdkY\wGufcsufrI aemufuG,frSmarmivlat;
tif*sifeD,mwpfa,mufjzpfvm&if twGuftcsuf(Calculation ) eJYuif;onf[lr&Sday/ausmif; om;b0uae vkyfief;cGiftxd wGufcsufrIESifU rywfoufr&/ bmjzpfvdkUwGufcsuf&ygovJ/&nf&G,faomvkyfief;(Project ) rsm;twGufarQmfrSef;&vm'f (Result) eJUvdktyf&if ukefusp &dwfwdkUudkygodEdkifzdkUtjyif owfrSwftcsdefwpfck twGif;tusdK;tjrwfrnfrQ&EdkifaMumif; cefUrSef;& jcif;jzifU xdkvkyfief;rsm;onf tNrJwappD;yGm;tajcjyKaejzpfonf/
odkYjzpf tif*sifeD,mwpfa,muftzdkY rdrdwGufcsuf&aom&vm'ftajzudk wm0efcHbdkUvdktyfvmayonf/bm
jzpfvdkUygovJ/ &vm'fudkrSefuefrI&Sdr&Sd oHk;oyfzdkUvdktyfjzpf onf/'Dae&mrSmwGufcsufrI&vm'feJU vkyfief;cGif&vm'f[l ESpfrsdK;cGJjcm;vdkygonf/ vufawGUe,f y,fwGifwGufcsufrIrS &&Sdvmaomudef;*Pef;rsm; u cdkifvHkwdusaeaomfvnf; vkyfief;cGif&vm'frSmrlum; ajymif;jyefjzpfaewwfjzpfonf/
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csufcJUaomfvnf; aqmufNyD;aomtcgwGifum; rsm;rMumrD toHk;jyK&efroifUawmfonfU taet xm;a&mufoGm;a&aom jzpfpOfrsm; Mum;odae&yi fwnf;/t" dut aMumif;&if;rSm wGufcsufrIrSefvifUu pm;vkyfief;cGifrSm vdktyfonfUowf rSwfpHEIef; twdkif;toHk;rjyKMuyif jzp fygonf/ od k Uaom f,if;r Smvlyk*d KvfwpfOD;csif;? odkUwnf;r[kwf
tzGJUtpnf;wpfckcsif;pD&JU udk,fusifUw&m;?odum?todpdwf"mwfwdkUESifU wdkufdkufywfoufaeygonf/ acwf wpfacwf\ o&kyfudk vnf;xif[yfaeonf/ odkYaomf 4if;eJYywfouf ajymvdkjcif;r[kwf/ wGufcsufrItyd ki f;ud kom wifjyvd kygonf/ wGufcsufrIrS &&Sdvmaom &vm'fudk vufcHEdkif wJ h&v'fud k rjzpfraeqef;ppfzd k YrSm tvGef ta&;MuD;vSonfh vkyfief;pOfjzpfonf/ uRef awmfwd k Y vky fief;wpfc kc ktwGufvd ktyfwJ h wGufcsufrI wpfck[m rjzpfEdkifwJh &vm'fawGudk
ay;vmwJhtajctaeawG&SdEdkifygw,f/ wpfcgwpf &HrSm vufoifh cHEdkifwJh&vm'fjzpfaeaomfvnf; rnfrQ,HkMunfEdkifzG,f&Sd rnfrQwdusrI&Sdonfudk ajymzd k YcufcJaeygvdrf hrnf/ wenf;tm;jzif h tif*sifeD,mqdkif&mvkyfief;cGifrsm;wGif rwdusrI aygif;rsm;p Gmyg0ifaeayonf/ xd k Ya Mumif h yif,HkMunfudk;pm;zG,f tajzjzpfrjzpfudk qef;ppf
&eftrSm;oDtdk&D (Error theory ) udktoHk;jyK
Mu&onf/ (rSwfcsuf/ pma&;oltaeeJY Error
[laoma0g[m&udk trSm; [lroHk;csifyg/
rwdusrI[kom &nf&G,fvdkygonf/ Inaccu-
racy (odkY) Imprecision oabmudkaqmifjzpfonf/
(u) enf;vrf;rsm;\rwdusrI - Error of
Methods
wu, fawm h oc s F m ynmr S m toHk;jyKaeMuwJh enf;vrf;aygif;rsm; pGm (azmfjrLvmrsm;) [mwduspGmjzpfaewJh trSefwu,fjzpfpOfawGeJY eD;pyf rIenf;vSygw,f/teD;pyfqHk; ,lq
&wmawG (Assume )? tajctae
t& uefYowfcsufawG (Const
raints )? rjzpfrae xnfYoGif;pOf;
pm;&wJh tcsuftvufawG (Factors) [m ocsFmwGufcsufrIudk teD;pyfqHk;tajzudko
xkwfay;Edkifygvdrfhr,f/ Newton method
eJYwGufcsufvdkY&wJhtajz[m Eular method
u &wJhtajzeJY xyfwlrusEdkifygbl;/ usnf qefoGm;EIef;udk azmfjy&mrSm Air resistance
vufawGUe,fy,fwGifwGufcsufrIrS
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aeaomfvnf; vkyfief;cGif&vm'f rSmrlum;
ajymif;jyefjzpfaewwfjzpfonf
9
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmiudkoknvdkY Assume vkyfvdkuf&w,f/ e,l
wef&Jh F=ma qdkwJh azmfjycsuf[m oHvdkufpufuGif;twGif;rrSefbl;/ Mwd*Hwpfck&Jh twGif; axmifh (3)c kaygi f ;vm'f(180)' D*& D[m abmvH k ;
vd krsufE Sm jyifr Sm t"dy m,fr&S dbl;/ pwJ h uefYowfxm;wJh abmifawGudk odxm;zdkYvdktyfygw,f/ ,aeUacwfrSm pufHkBuD;BuD;rm;rm;wnf aqmufr,fqdk&if ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;qdkwJU
tcsuf (Factor) udkrjzpfraexnfUoGif;pOf;pm;&rSmjzpfw,f/ odkUjzpf txufygocFsmenf;vrf;
rsm;udktoHk;jyKwJUtcg Statistic
enf;vrf;u&wJU udef;*Pef; awGeJU EdIif;,SOfoHk;oyfzdkU tvGefta&;BuD;vSygonf/
(c) wjcm;aomrwdusrIrsm; - Re-
sidual error
'DtkyfpkrSmygwmu ocsFmqdkif&mvkyf xHk;vkyfenf;xJu wcsdKUaomed,mrawGrSmudku wdusatmifwGufcsuf r&jcif;jzpfonf/Oyrm- qdkwJUazmfjrLvmrSm tqHk;xdwGuf&efrnfodkUrQrjzpfEdkifbJ owfrSwfqifUuJudef;vHk; ta&twGuf rSm &yf&efvdktyfaeonf/or0g,rqdkifrSm wef; pDapmifUaewJU vlwef;&Snf(vlta&twGufudk) wGufcsufwJU jzpfwefpGrf; azmf jycsuf
(Probability) udkMunfUyg/'DazmfjycsufrSm In-
finity xdwGufcsufzdkU rjzpfEdkifaMumif;awGU&rSmyg/
(*) ueOD;rwdusrI - Initial error
wGufcsufrIjzpfpOfawGrSm yg0ifwJh Pa-
rameters aw Ge J Y yw fou faeygw, f / if;wdk Y&J hoabm obm0udku teD;pyfqHk;
,lxm;&vdkYjzpfygw,f/ Oyrmajym&&if 550 ZmwfedygwfvdkUajym&ayr,fUvnf; wu,fawmU
(550)rjynfhygbl;/ urmvHk;w,f vdkYajym ayr,f hvnf; tDauGwmeJYavmif*sDusK tuGmta0;awG rwlMuygbl;/ av,mOfwpfpD;udk pOf;pm;wJhtcg
vlwpfa,mufysrf;rQtav;csdef (85) uDvdkqdk&iftm&Som;awGtwGufenf;enf;uGm[aeOD;rSmyg/ a&qlrSwfukd (100)'D*&DpifwD ESifhtMurf;zsif;
owfrSwfMuaomfvnf; Atmosphere pres-
sure rSmrS rSefuefwmudk owdcsyfzdkY vdktyfygonf/
(C) eD;pyfwefzdk;\rwdusrI -
Error of rounding
udef;*Pef;awG&JUwefbdk;udk,lMuwJUtcgq,fvDpdwf?&mvDpdwfpojzifU
' rae&mawGudkvdktyfovdk,lMu& wJUtwGufjzpfygw,f/ Oyrm-[k,lEdkifovdk?
udef;*Pef;awG&J hwefzd k ;ud k ,lMuwJ htcgq,fvDpdwf? &mvDpdwfpojzifh 'rae&mawGudk vdktyfovdk,lMu&wJhtwGuf jzpfygw,f/ Oyrm - [k,lEdkifovdk? \wefzdk;udkvnf; vdktyfovdk 'rjzwf,lMuwm awGYEdkifygw,f/
(i) tjzpftysufrsm;\rwdusrI - Error of
process
rnfonfhwGufcsuf rIwGifrqdkay;xmcsufrsm;&SdpjrJjzpfonf/ Given data awGudku wdusrI r&SdygvQif if;jzpfpOf udkwGufcsuf &r S&& S d aom u de f ;*Pe f ;r sm ;r S m w dus r Iawm fawm fud kenf;ygvdr f hrnf/ od k Y jzp fw dusaomay;xm;c su fr sm ;r& S db J, H k MunfavmufzG,f&vm'fr&Ed ki faMumif;ynm&Sifrsm; uajymcJUMuonf/ txufygtcsufrsm;ud k
MunfhvQifyif vkyfief;wpfckudkwGufcsufonfUtqifUaygif;rsm;pGmrSm rwdusrIaygif;rsm;pGmyg0if
vufawGUe,f
y,fwGifwGufcsufrIrS&&Sdvmaomudef;*Pef;rsm; u cdkifvHkwdus
aeaomfvnf; vkyfief;cGif&vm'f rSmrlum;
ajymif;jyefjzpfaewwfjzpfonf
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi aeonfudkjiif;r&ay/ xdktcg wdusrItwGuf(Precision ) xnfYoGif; pOf;pm;&efrSm txl;yifta&;MuD;vSonf/ wdusrI&Sd&eftwGuf tif*sifeD,mqdkif&mwm0efwpf&yfrSm vufcHEdkif zG,f &SdaomyrmP (Acceptable region) E Si f h azm f jy jci f ;yi f jzp fonf/ x d kyrm- Ponf ,HkMunfudk;pm;EdkifrI (Reliability)rnfrQ&SdaMumif;jzpfwefpGrf; (Probability) ESifh azm f jyjci f ; jzp fonf/ tqd kyg jzp fwefp Gr f ; udkwwfEdkiforQtjrifhrm;qHk;? (0g) vufcHEdkifzG,fyrmPajymif;vJrI (Range changes) udk wwfEdkiforQ tenf;qHk;jzpfatmif jyKvkyf&ef r Sm uRr f ;usi fti f* si fe D,mwpfa,muf\
t&nftcsif;[kqdk&ygrnf/ qdkygpdkY - rD;oD;wpfvHk; &Jh wGufcsuf
rIrS&&SdvmwJh Running hours udk em&D(3000) [k razmfjybJ ( )em&Dazmfjyjcif;onfvdkvm;tajzwpfcktwGuf Range changes udkazmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ (2950 rS 3050 xd) qdkaom tawmtwGif;wefzd k;udkazmfjyonf/tu,f if;rD;oD;\oufwrf;udk ( ) jzpfatmif
v ky fE d k i fv Qi f y d k r d ktus d K ; oufa&mu frI&Sdrnfjzpfonf/tif*sifeD,mvkyfief;udk Professional
vkyfvmaomtcg wefzdk;wpfckudkazmfjyrnfqdkvQif 'rae&mawGutp wdwdusus azmfjy&efvdktyfygonf/ Oyrmay;&&if (0.7) ESifh (0.70) wd k YonfyifvQif oabmobm0rwlygay/ jzpfwefpGrf;ay:rlwnfvnf; trSm;t,Gif;cHEdkifrItwdkif;twm (Error range) awGvnf;uGmjcm;ygonf/ vkyfief;wpffck\ vsmxm;csufudk tw dr f ; tapmi f ;c HE d k i f r I j zp fwe fp Gr f ;u d k &SdonfqdkMuygpdkY/qdkwJh azmfjrLvmoHk;jyD; wGuf csuf&ifqdkjyD;&&S drSmjzpfw,f/ Ed Iif;&wefzd k;&J htwdrf;tapmif;cHEdkifwJh oabmyg/ wu,fvdkYom jzpfwefpGrf;udk vdkYazmfjycJh r,fqdk&if EdIif;q& wefzdk;&Jh qdkwJhRange ay;rSmjzpfygw,f/txl;owdjyKzG,fyif jzpf\/
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twGuf vufcHEdkifaom twdkif;twmtwGif;&Sd r&Sd ,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI&Sdr&Sd qef;ppfzdkUtvGefta&; BuD;vSygonf/NyD;vQifif;wdkUtwGuf udk,fwkdif wm0efcH&ay;onf/ vkyfief;cGifvkyfudkif&mvnf; wGufcsufrIuay;wJUtwdkif; tqifUtwef;rD t&nftao;rD wnfaqmufMu&rnfjzpfonf/ rdrdwdkU&nfrSef;wJU t&nftaoG;udkxdyg; vmwJU rnfonfUvTrf;rdk;rIudkrS rcH,loifUay/ tif*sifeD
wdkU\ xkwfukefonf a&&Snfvkyfief;rsm;om jzpfonfUtwGuf t&nftaoG;rjynfUrSDygvQif owfrSwfumvxd oufwrf;cHrnf r[kwfay;/ xdktcg jynfolUb@mudktusdK;rJU jzKef;wD;&ma&mufayrnf/ xdkUaMumifU Oya't& ta&;,lcH& rIrsm; &SdvmEdkifygonf/ odkUjzpfaomaMumifU t"GefU&Snf wnfwHUEdkifaom wDxGifzefwD;cJUaomvuf&mrsm;tjzpf odum&SdpGmordkif;ajc&m usefEdkif
&efrSm rdrdwdkUwGufcsufoHk;oyfrIwdkUu tajccHt aMumif;&if;yifjzpfygawmUonf/ /
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmiaqmif;yg;
ukvor* twGif;a&;rI;csKyfwm0ef,l xm;wJhbefuDrGef;wpfa,muf urmvHk;yHkpHi,f tkyfav;wpfckeJU tvkyfIyfaeygw,f/ befuDrGef;tvkyfIyf&jcif;taMumif;uawmU 'Dvdkyg-
urmvHk;udk txufuyHkrSmjyxm;wJhtwdkif; tjrif hwlnDwJ h (tjyma&mifjc,frIef;xm;wJh) tpdwftydkif;av;ESpfckydkif;xm;r,f/ tjyma&mif jc,fxm;wJh tpdwftydkif;ESpfckudk nmbuf yHkrSmjyxm;wJhtwkdif; tydkif; 1 eJY tydkif; 2 vdkYowfrSwfygr,f/ tydkif; 2 &JUrsufESmjyif{&d,m[m
tjrifh H &SdwJh cylinder wpfck&JU rsufESmjyif{&d,meJY wlnDw,f vdkY ,lqygr,f/ befuDrGef;odcsifwmu b,ftydkif;&JU rsufESmjyif
{&d,mu ydkrsm;rvJ/ b,ftydkif;&JU rsufESmjyif{&d,mu enf;aervJ/ uJ.. .. uGefawmfwdkY 0dkif;0ef;pOf;pm;ay;vdkuf&atmiftay:uyHkudk 'Dvdkav;xyfjznfUqGJxm;ay;w,f/
yHkrSmawGU&wJh s uawmh tydkif; 1 &JU ra-
dius jzpfygw,f/ r uawmh tydkif; 2 &JU
radius jzpfygw,f/ b uawmh tydkif;
1 &JU rsufESmjyiftus,f jzpfygw,f/ b [m
r &JU tangent line jzpfygw,f/ H H
uawmh ESpfckvHk;eJYoufqdkifwJh tjrifhjzpf
ygw,f/ r eJY s Mum;uaxmifhudk( ) vdkYowfrSwfygr,f/ 'gqdk&if =
jzpfoGm;ygjyD/ b [m r &JU tangent
line jzpfwJhtwGuf axmifh l [m 90- eJY
nDygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh a = jzpfygw,f/
'gqdk tJ'DMwd*HESpfck[m similar triangle
jzpfoGm;ygjyD/ similar triangle tem;awG&JU
tcsdK;[mwlnDw,fqdkwJh *kPfowdt& atmuf
mPfprf;
Ko Saw (rk'Hk)
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmiaqmif;yg;
Cylinder &JU surface area jzpfatmif
equation awGudk 2 eJY ajrSmufvdkufwJhtcg
surface area ESpfck[m wlnDaewmudk awGY&Sd&rSmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tydkif;(1)&JU
surface area eJY tydkif;(2)&JU surface area[mwlnDygw,f/
tJ'Duae bmudkodEdkifovJqdkawmh sphere
wpfck&JU rnfonfhtpdwftydkif;u surface
area rqdk oleJY tjrifhcsif;wlnD ? radius
csif;wlnDwJh Cylinder &JU surface area eJY
twlwlygyJ/ 'gqdk&if tjrifhwl ? radius wlwJhCylinder wpfck&JU surface area eJY
spherewpfck&JU surface area wljyDaygh/
Ko Saw (rk'Hk)
Ref: Michael Starbird, Ph.D. Professor
of Mathematics , The University of Texasat Austin :
Lecture 8 , Circles, Pyramids, Cones and
Spheres
ukvor* twGif;a&;rI;csKyfwm0ef,lxm;wJUbefuDrGef;
wpfa,muf urmvHk;yHkpHi,ft&kyfav;wpfckeJUtvkyf&Iyfaeygw,f/befuDrGef;
tvkyfIyf&jcif; taMumif;uawmU 'Dvdkyg-
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi
tD*spfyd&rpfawG&JUvQdKU0SufcsufawGxyfr&SdEd kif awmh ygbl;vdkY antenna system ydkif; eJY-
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Oyrm-yd&rpftxJu opfudkif;rsm;vdkcGJjzmoGm;wJh wpfcsdKUvdIif*lawG&JUtqHk; rSmbmaMumifhbmrSr&SdbJ
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tacgif; awGudk zGifhvdkufwJhtcg bmaMumifUbmrSr&S dbJjzpfjzpfae&wmvJ/tp&SdwJUar;cGef;aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmeJ Y&SKyfaxG;aecJh&ygw,f/'gudk&k&Sm;EkdifiH Research institute &JUtzGJU0if wpfOD;jzpfwJh tef'&,f,d b,fbD;pfuD utajz&SmcJhygw,f/
olu 'Dyd&rpfawGudk pyramidal an-
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parabolic antennaawG&JUtransmitter , receiver
awGxJrSm&SdwJh parameter awGawmfawmf rsm;rsm; eJY qifwlaewmudkawGU&SdcJhygw,f/ 'Dtjyif tD*spfyd&rpfawG&JUtwGif;wnfaqmufrSKsystem awG yp nf;awGudk omref satellite wnfaqmufy H k e J YE S K d i f ;, SO f jyc J h y gw,f/ ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm; em;rvnfEdkifjzpf aewJh y d&rpftwGif;r Sm& S dwJ h tcef;z G J Upnf;y H kawG?
&kyftavmif;rsm; xnfhaom tacgif;awG bk&m;ausmif;aqmifawGeJU wjcm;psmyeESifUqdkifwJU awG[m wu,fyJ waveguide awG? an-tenna stub awG ?cavity resonator awG ?filter awG ? microwave frequencytwGuftoHk;jyKwJh element awG &JUt&G,ftpm; oabmw&m;eJYuGufwdusaewmudk oufaojycJU ygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm tD*spf a&S;a[mif;yd&rpf awG
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http://www.pois.ru/tayna.htm
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi &ygw,f/'Da&S;a[mif; yd&rpfawGrSm electric
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ae&m&meJYcsdwfqufvkdY&wJh antenna wpfckudk xl;cGefxufjrufvSwJhtif*sifeD,m wpfa,mufuwdwdususwGufcsufwnfaqmufxm;wmrsdK;yJwJh/ oluawmh ckvdkawGU&Sd csufudwdwdusus
wGufcsufxkwfazmf oufaojyoGm;ygw,f/ uGefawmfhtaeeJYuawmh &k&Sm;*sme,fwpfckxJu pdwf0ifpm; p&maumif;wmav;udk azmfjy&Hkouf oufyg/ pmzwfolrsm; vGwfvyfpGmoabmxm;uGJvGJEdkifcGifh &Sdygw,fcifAsm/
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi 23b,fvdkvkyfNrifrSmvJvdk U/ twlwl&yfaewmudk/olwdkUrdef;rawGyJ pyfuvnf;pkygh/ [dkem;Nzpfvnf ; olwdkUodcsif?'Dem;Nzpfvnf; olwdk U odcsifeJU? pdwfxJu tJ'DvdkawG;&if;cyfqwfqwfav; NyefaNymrdvdkufygw,f/
tif;[kwfrSmaygh Asm? 'D em;ucPcP ,mOfcsif;wdkufrI?um;uvludkwdkufrI Nzpfw,f As? qdkif;bkwfMuD;awGUw,fr[kwfvm; [dk;rSm? Nrefrmvd kaum? t*Fvdyf vdkaum a&;xm;wm?bmwJh?owdxm;armif;?,mOfwdkufrI b,favmuf
qdkwm a&;xm;wm? uGef awmf tJvdk aNymvdkufawmh? ol UorD; av; u?tr,f vlMunfhawmh 10 eSpfawmif &Sdr,f rxif? olU- tar twkdif;yJ eS kwfuvnf;oGufygh? bmwJh
olaNymwmvrf;udk rMunfhbJ ul;wmudk arar& wJU?
tJ'Daumif av;u awmfawmfayghqwmyJwJholUrdb
awGu rqkH;rbl;vm; rodbl; aemf arar wJh
tr,foluyJ aNym&w,f&Sd ao;? vlMunfhawmhomuav;&,f? olUtarxuf omr,fh yHkyJvdk U pdwfxJuawG;rdyg&J U/ uGefawmf awG;vdk UrS rqHk ;ao;? tarvkyfolu uGefawmfhudk qufar;w,f?
armif av; b,fvdkNrifvJ? um;u rSm;wmvm;?
uav;u rSm;wmvm;cufaygh Asm? a&S Uaevm;? &Jvm;awmh rod? wpfckckawmhwpfckck yJ? uGefawmfrS rNrif &wm b,fvdkvkyfodrvJtr&,fvdk U NyefaNym,HkrSwpf yg; bmwwfedkfifrSmvJvdkU av/ tJ uGefawmfwdk U aNymoHudk Mum;oGm;vdk U xif&JU?uGefawmfh ab;em;u ykqdk;ud k wdkwdk0wfNyD ;? aumfvmu-wkef ;eJU touf 50 0ef;usif vlwpfa,mufu0ifaNymav&JU?
r[kwfbl ;As? tJ'g pnfyifukyPDawGrSm tNypf&SdwmAs?cifAsm;wdk U awGUw,fr[kwfvm;?vrf;ul;wJUrD;ydGKifhuysuf aew,f?rD;ydGKifhysufwmudkcsufcsif;Nyif&rSmAs ydkufqH us ,lNyD ; ? udk,fhtvkyfusawmh aocsmrvkyfbl ; tvum;aumifawG?olwdkUaMumifh tem*gwf&J U Mu,fyGifhav;
wpfyGifh aMuG&SmNyD
ol0ifaNymvdkufawmh rS [dkom;trdvnf ; yg;pyfydwfoGm;av&J U? 'DvlaNymwmvnf ; [kwfw,fvdk U pdwfxJawG;rdyg&JU?rD;ydGKifhaMumifhNzpfrSmvdkU?tJ'Dvlvnf ; uGefawmfhudk aNym&wm tm;r&vdkUxifyg&JU?olUnmbuf u vlwpfa,mufukdvnf ; qufaNymaeav&J U? bmqufaNymaewmvJawmh uGefawmfvnf ; rMum;awmh? 'DvlUMunfh&wm tpdk;&0efxrf;awmh aocsmw,fAs?ausmif;q&mvm;?txufwef ;pma&; vm;? wpfckckawmhNzpfr,fvdkU uGefawmfawG;Munfhaerdao;w,f?tJcuf wmu uGefawmfh nmbufvSrf;vSrf ;u tzGm;MuD;
uvnf ; [dkvlaNymwmudk axmufcHwJh taeeJU uGefawmfMum;atmif vSrf;atmfav&JU?
[kwfw,f?[kwfw,f? pnfyifukyPDawG aNym?raNymcsifbl ;? tdrfrS m rD;rvmwm?rD;zdkacsmifrS m *ufpf ysufae wm 4 &uf&Sdawmhr,f? zkef;qufawmhvnf ; vmNyifay;yghr,feJU?tckxdrvmbl ;? vpOfaMu;usawmh yHkrSefay;&
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aMomf ... olUrSmvnf ; cHpm;csuf &SdwmyJudkvdkUawmh awG;vdkufygw,f?olaNymvdkufrSpnfyifukyPDawG tay: pdwf u awmfawmf a'goxGufrdyg&JU?uGefawmfvnf ; awmfawmf qdk;wJUpnfyifukyPDawG vdkU yg;pyfuvnf; qdk&if;ab;Munfhvdkufawmh [dkom;trd r&Sdawmh? uGefawmhftawG ;uvnf; uGef UNrL;w,fav? r[kwfrvGJa&m'Dta':MuD ; a,muF sm;u pnfyifuky PDu rdkhvdkUvm;rodbl;vdk U? tlaMumif aMumif tawG;&,f yg? olrsm;udkraumif;awG ;wm rvkyfaumif;ygbl;vdk U udk,fhukdudk,fNyefxdef;xm;vdkuf&w,f?
uGefawmfawG;vd kU rqHk;cifrSmbJ? ab;u touf 40t&G,f? pwdkifabmif;bDeJ U tdwfud k vufarmif ;rSm usus ee ydkuffxm;wJh vlwpfa,muf u uGefawmhfudkaNymwmvm;? olUbmom aNymwmvm;awmhrod? olaNymwmu
r[kwfbl ;As? rD;ydGKifhqdk wm wpfcgwpfavawmh ysufwwfwmyJ?t"d uu um,uH&SifawG yJ As? uav;uuav;rdkhvdkUum;&Sif;NyDqdkNyD; ul;wm udpr&Sdbl;? armif;wJholrSm tNypf&SdwmAs? cifAsm; pOf;pm;Munfh? owdeJU armif;aygh? 'gvlul;rsOf ;Mum; &SdwJh ae&myJ av? r[kwfbl;vm;?t&Sdefuk d avQmh?ab;b,fnmMunfh? 'Dvkdarmif;&rSm?t"du
w&m;cHu um;armif;wJh olAsol aNywmvJ [kwf awmh [kwfygh? 'DvlrS m t"d u wm0ef&SdwmyJ? 'Davmuf &Hk;wufcsd ef vl&lyfaewmudk owdeJUrarmif;bl ;? vlawG u olwdk U tvsifvdkwmyJ odwmudk;?tckawmh uav;wpfa,muf b0qHk;&Smaygh? owdowd?tJ'gaMumifh bk &m;u a[mwm bmvkyfvkyf owdav;ygrS? w&m;&vG,fwmwJU? oGm;owd?vm owd?ae owd?xdkif owd? pm; owd?rSefvdkuf av vdk U pOf;pm;aewkef;?tckevl ab;u ol U oli,fcsif ; vm;rod? bPftapmifhvdkvdk ,leDazmif;eJ U yk*dKvf u pum;qufav&J U? 'Dvl
Munfh &wm um;yGJpm;vdkvd k bmvdkvdkeJ U? um;taMumif;aumif;aumif; odwJh avoHeJU?
um;u pvGef ; 85 armf ',fAs? uGefawmfNrifvdkufw,f?'Dvl b&dwfaygufNyD ; xdef ;r& NzpfoG m;wmAs? olUa&SUurmpD;'D ; uGufaysmuf ud k wkdufrdrSmpdkk;NyD ; twif;nmbufudk csdK;vdkuf wm? wpfu,fvdk Ursm; olU nmbuf u zdkU'f*wkef ; 90 armf',f om a&SUud k enf;enf;a&mufae&if?um;csif;wdkufrSmAs?vrf;ul;vmwJhcav;udkwdkufrSmr[kwfbl;?trSefu Asm? um;qdkwm reuf tNyifxGufawmhr,fqdk&if? qD?a&?av?0kdif? b&d wf tukefppf&wmAs?'Dvl
Munfh &wm um;ompD ;wm? um;taMumif;vnf ; odyHk ray:ygbl;Asm? ol aocsm rppfawmh? uav;wpfa,muf
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi 24olaNymwmvnf;[kwfawmh[kwfom;?olaNymvdkufrSaemuf 2 vavmufqdk um;0,fpD;rvdk U ydkufqHpk xm;wmav;awmif wNcm;rSm okH;&awmhrvdk? um;taMumif;odrS um;pD;&r,fqdkawmh? tif ; um;taMumif;avh vm NyD;rS 0,fwmaumif;r,fxifyg&JU vdkUawmif rqDrqdkif awG;rdvdkufao;&JU? um;taMumif; avhvmbdkU uvnf; b,fvdkvkyf&ygh?olaNymwmbmwJh qD?a&?av?0dkif?b&dwf rkd;vif;wmeJUppf? ynm&Sdpum; em;0rSm xm;qdkovdk? pmtkyfxJa&;rSwfrvdkU MuH&kHk&Sdao; aemufzufu taemufwdkif;0wfpHk pwdkifusus0wfxm;wJ h tif*sifeD,m vkdvdk vlu aNymvdkufvkdUolzufpdwfua&mufoGm;av&JU?oltNrifu enf;enf;awmhxl;qef; aeav&JU?
cifAsm;wd kUaNymwmu vwfwavmNyem udk taNz&Sm wmAs? wu,fawmh cifAsm;wdk U aocsm Munfh?vrf;uav;cGqHk? NyD;awmh rD wm 100 avmuf ausmfvdkuf&ifvrf;Nzwf awGu&Sdao;? 'Dvkdem;rSm rD;ydGKifhysufvdkU uawmhtraffic jamuawmh Nzpfvkduf r,fh Nzpfcsif;?tJ'Dawmh
t&ifvdkNyD ; ol U xufigarmif;?wdkufNyDaygh? wu,fawmh'Dem;rSmukef;ausmfwH wm;aqmuf oifh wm Mumaygh?[dkbuf yef;NcH em; uae? tck uGefawmfwd kU &yfaewJhae&m txd ukef;ausmfwHwm; aqmufvdkuf?NyD;&if 2 xyft0dkif;ywf um;vrf;aqmufvdkuf?tay:u wpfvrf;oGm;?atmuf fu wpfvrf;oGm;?'grSr[kwfvJ tay:eJUatmufudkcrossingvkyfvkduf?aemufxyf 'Dvd krsm; b,fawmh rS
rNzpfawmhbl; pdwfcsAsm
'Dvl aNymwmvnf; [kwfwmyJav?bmvdkU'Dvlvdk NrdKUawmftkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJU u rpOf;pm;wmvJ rod?'grSr[kwf 'DvluyJ w&kwfodk if;um; awGxJuvdk vlrodatmif aewJhvlpGrf;aumif;MuD ;vm;? pOf;pm;ayr,fh aqmufvkyf c aps;MuD ; vdk U aum rNzpfekdifbl ;vm;? wu,fyJ rodwmvm;?'DvlaNymvdkufrS vm;ar;cGef;awG tck 100 avmuf acgif;xJ avQmmufaNy;aeav&J U? uGefawmf pdwfxJvnf ; 'Dvltif*sifeD ,m awmh NzpfrSmaocsmw,f vdk U? awmfawmfvnf ; pOf ;pm; wwfwJh vlvdk U csD;rGrf ; r,f MuHao;
uGefawmhfa&S Uu touf 60 ausmfavmuf tazt&G,fOD;av;MuD; u atmfvkdufrS vefUNyD; tlaMumifaMumif NzpfoGm;rdw,f? 'DvlMuD ; yHkpHMunfh &wm? vlNref?pdwf Nref yHkpHMuD;eJU? uGrf;awG0g; aewmvm; bmvm;awmhrod? yg;pyfu yGpdyGpd eJU vkyfaewmawmh Nrifae&w,f/
rif;wdk U bmaaumifawGwkef ;? wpfa,mufwpfaygufeJU?[dkrSm uav;u touf&Sd&if&SdOD;rSm? oGm;ulnDMuygvm;?aq;&Hk um; ac:oifhac:?wwfodwJh ol u a&S;OD;olemNyK
enf;eJ U NyKpkxm;? 'gawGvkyf&rS m? [dkvlraumif;aMumif;?'Dvl raumif;aMumif;yJJ avukefcH xdkifaNymaew,f?
rif;wdkUvdkab;xdkifbkaNymawGaMumifh ekdifiH rwdk;wufwm?
oGm; ulnDMu[dkuf? olaNymvdkufrS &p&mr&Sdawmh?uGefawmfhaMumifh edkifiHrwdk;wufwmwJh?trav; pGyfpJG csufuvJ? udk,f h tazt&G,f u aNymawmhvnf ; em;axmif&rSmaygh?uGefawmhf ab;u aemufawmfMuD;awGvJrsufeSmav;awGatmufcsNyD;? wpfa,mufud k wpfa,mufMunfhaeMuav&J U? oGm;&ifaumif;rvm;? tvkyfaemufus aerS Nzifh? rNzpfao;ygbl;avvdk U awGa0aewkef ;? tck e vlMuD ; ab;u olZeD;vdk U xif&wJh ta':MuD ; aNymvdkufrSbJ qkH;NzwffcsufuckdifrmoGm;awmhw,f?
oGm;Munf hMuav om;wdkU&J U? tarwdk Uu aq;&HkrSmq&m0efeJ U &ufcsdef;aum?tcsdefyg bookingvkyfxm;vdkUomaygh? r[kwf&if b,faevdrfhrvJ?ol rsm; 'kua&muf aewm udk ulnD wm aumif;wJhvkyf&yfyguG,f?
om"k?om"kolwd k Uusawmh booking vkyfxm;vd k U wJ h ?w,fvnf;wwfekdifw,f? tvdkvdk ae&if; tukodkvf 0i-
fygw,favvdk U rawG;awmhygbl;vkd U qkH;Nzwf NyD;? uJ b,folrS roGm;vnf; igoGm;r,f[Jh qd kNyD;ol&Jaumif;wkdUxkH; eSvHk;rlvdkh rvSrf;rurf;u um;wkdufwJhae&m udk csDwuf&awmhwmaygh? pdwfxJuawmh om"kav; ac:wm awmif oHk ;cg rac:bl; qdkNyD ; ykxkZOfwdk U xkH;pHtwkdif; pdwfu qdk;csifao;udk;?tJ uGefawmf tJ'Dae&mudk oGm;awmh rsufeSmcsif;qdkifu
vmaewJhvl u ar;ao;w,f? cif Asm; oGm;MunfhrvdkUvm;wJh?uGefawmfuvnf ; acgif;ndwfNyvdkufw,f? ol
u qufNyD;?[dkrSm q&m0efrav; wpfa,muf Munfhay;aew,f As? aq;&Hk um;uAsm? tckxdudk ra&mufao;bl;? ac:xm;wm Mumaygh? aNymoHMum;wm awmh uav;uaoavmuf&Hkawmh rNzpfbl;wJh?aoG;xGuf wmrsm;awmh
aq;&Hkum; NrefNrefvmrS NzpfrSmAs? olu qufNyD;
tvum; tmrcHukrPDawG Asm? ydkuf qHus,lNyD ;? 'Dvkd rsm;us&i f b,fawm hr Stcs de fr S D ra&mufbl; ?
N y D ; & i f t a M u m i f ; N y c s u f r s d K ; p H k e J U ? vltoufwpfacsmif;qd kwm wefzd k;MuD; w,fAs?olwdk Uvmwm aemufusvdk U aowmb,fESpfa,muf avmuf &SdNyDvJawmif rodbl ;? tvum;? ao&if
t0DpdrSm csdK;uyfr,fh olawG
olvnf;aNym&if;qdk&if ; rSwfwdkifqDudk taNy;tvTm;oGm;aeav&J U? 'Dvl U Munf h&wm ulnDcsifpdwfawmh&Sdyg&JUolrSmvnf ; ta&;MuD ; tvkyf awmh &SdyHk yJav? tif;avolaNymwmvnf; [kwfwmyJav?aq;&Hkum;awG aemufus
w,f? aemufusw,fvdk U &Hk;uvlawG aNymoH om Mum;zl;wm? tckawmh wu,fNzpfaewmudk;? aMomf rvG,fygh
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi 25vm;aemfvdk U pdwf u awG;&if ; uGefawmfvnf;cyfNrefNref av; a&SmufoGm;rdw,f? vrf;wpfzuf a&mufvdk U vltkyfMuD; &Sd&mudk ul;r,fvkyfaewkef; uGefawmhf zkef;NrnfoH uay:vmvdkU Munfhvdkufawmh tar? taru ta&;taMumif;qdk [dkrSm'DrS mu vkyfwwfvGef;
vdk U? bmrSmODf;r,f rodbl ; vkd U pdwfuawG;&if; aNymAs
bmwkef;vdk U cyfqwfqwfav;xl;rdvdkufygw,f? taraNymwJhpum;udk Mum;vdkuf&awmh uGefawmh f acgif;awGxlNyD ;? rD;awmufMuD ; wpfck [yfvdkufovdk? &kwfw&ufaMumifoGm;ovdk? b,fvdkrSef;rodbJ uGefawmf twif;vrf;udk NzwffaNy;rdvdkufw,fvdk h xifvdkufw,f?puefUydkif;twGif;rS m rdkhvkd U uGefawmfudk,f uGefawmf bmNzpfoGm;rSef;awmifrodvdkufygbl ;? um;awG b&dwftkyfoH vnf;Mum;vdkufrd&JU? 'gayr,fh tar aNymvdkufwJh
om;? tckum;*dwfrSmyJvm;wJh? om;nDav;ydkufqH,lNyD;?
vrf;[dkbuf u qdkifrSm acsmuvuf oGm;0,fwm tckxdNyefrvmao;vdkU?um;wdkufoHawGvnf ; Mum;vdk U pdwfylvdkUwJh? wpfcsuf MunfhNyD ; nDav;udkawGU&if tdrfNyef
vTSwfvdkufwJhuGef awmf vltkyfMuD;xJ twif;wdk;0ifoGm;awmh tckeuGefawmhfab;uaysmufoGm;wJh aumifrav;&JUaygifay:rS m touf 12 eSpfavmuft&G,f cav;wpfa,muf vSJvdkU? 'gPf&mu rNyif;ayr,fh? aNcaxmufudk xdxm;awmhemvdkUxifw,f cav;crsmatmfaeav&J U? aumifrav;uawmh aNymygw,f? pdwfrylygeJUwJU?cav;u uHaumif;
w,fwJh? aNcaxmufeJeJxdwmwJh? cav;u vefUoGm;awmhwkefaewmwJh?aq;&Hkum;a&mufawmhrSmygwJh? uGefawmfnDav;r[kwfvdk U awmfao;w,f[Jh qdkNyD ; pdwfxJuawmh oufNyif;csrdyg&JU?aemufawmhrS pOf;pm;&if; tvkdvdkrsuf&nfawG pD;usvmwmudk uGefawmfowd NyKrdygw,f?rD;ydGKifhvm;? um;vm;? um;orm;vm;?vrf;vm;?owdvm;bm;vm;?nmvm;vJ uGefawmf rodcsifawmh? igbmvdkUoufNyif;csvdkufrdwmvJvdk U udk,fhudkudk,f Nyefar; aerdw,f? ighnD av; r[kwfvdk U csvdk ufwmvm;? uav;uraoedkifvdk Uvm;? trSefawmh udk,fhaoG;om;r[kwfvdkU
csvdkufrdwJh oufNyif;qdkwm odaeNyD;om;yg?udk,fhudkudk,fvnf; &Sufrdyg&JU/ twqdkwm qef;Mu,fom;&,fyg?'Duav;ae&mrS m nDav;qdk&if aum? olUtudk ae&mrSmuGefawmfqdk&ifaum?'grSr[kwf tckevlawGom 'Duav; tudkawG?tazawG?tarawG?bdk;bGm; awGqdk&ifaumb,fvdk oufNyif;awG csMurSmvJ?tck e q&m0efrav;uawmh cav;udkayGUxm;av&JU?uGefawmfbmvkyfaevJ? cifAsm;wdkUawGaum bmvkyfaevJvdkU atmfypfvkdufcsifrdyg&JU/
oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufudk *kPfNyKatmifNiDrf; (xdefawm)
ueawmbmvyaev?iAsm;wkUawaummvyaevvkUtmypvducsiryg&U/
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi
i,fi,fwkef;u araru ajymcJhw,fxrif;qDqrf; a&Tvifyef;udk
zdk;vrif;BuD;u qufocJhw,fwJhewfoufaMuG rif;orD;av;tjzpf
(udk,fhudkudk,f)b0ifrsm;awmif jrifhcJhao;Eke,fwJhtawG;awGtm;vHk;"gwfcGJcef;rSm tajz&SmMunfh
&dk;om;jcif;awGyJ MuGif;usefw,f..
Munfpm;wwfwJh avmua&,mOfaMumrSmjzLpifjcif; udk &GufMudK;wyfwJhavSi,f&,f
qdyfurf;awG wpfckNyD; wpfck qkduf-NyD;vmcsdefrSmawmh
[efaqmifjcif;awG zHk;vGrf;cH&&if;MudK;wdkifrSm &Guftm;
avsmhvmavovm..
'DvdkeJYMu,fawGaMuG wdrfawGvGifh
em&Drsm;pGm &moDrsm;pGm jzwfoef;b0&JU "gwfcGJcef;tajzawGvJ
ajymif;vJvmcJhrSm aocsmw,f
t&m&mudk csdefom;udkuf vufcHvm&wJhtcg
White Liarudk em;vnf wwfvmcHwmygb0rD;tdrfudk xGef;vif;zdkYroifMum;bJ wwfajrmufvmcJhwJh ynm
vufcHvdkuf&Hkomaygh'gayr,fh
tawG;awGxJ aumif;uifutHkYrdIif;&Da0aewkef;yJ.
rwlnDawmh tajzawGtwGufrESajrmrdayr,fhwjznf;jznf;
rwlnDawmh tajzawGtwGufrESajrmrdayr,fhwjznf;jznf;
pdwf"gwfawG &ifhoefvmrSwpfcgu araraNymcJhwJh
rkom;jzLjzLudk
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uAsm
26
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi
a v , m O f a w G a y : a y g u f v m w mtcktcsdefrSmqdk&if ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmfoGm;ygjyD/ tpueOD;rSm av,mOfawGudk eJY armif;ESif
ygw,f/ aemufydkif;rSmawmh jet engine awG ay:vmjyD; wGifwGifus,fus,ftoHk;jyKvmMuyg w,f/bmvdkUwGifwGifus,fus,f oHk;&ovJqdk
awmUy d k j re fv d k U y gy J / propeller e J Y
av,mOfudkarmif;ESif&if maximum speed
u 500 km per hour ywf0ef;usif
avmufyJys Hoef;E d ki fygw,f/Jet aircraft
uawmh olYxufydkjrefygw,f/850-900 km
per houravmufysHoef;Edkifygw,f/ usm;MuD;
awmh ajc&mMuD;qdkwJhpum;twdkif;ygyJ/speed ydkjrefawmh qDydkukefygw,f/ qDukefusrIoufom atmif tif*sifeD,mrsm;u MudK;pm;Muygw,f/wpfESpfxufwpfESpf BudK;pm;rIawGatmifjrifwmudkatmufyg*&yfzf rSmawGUEdkifygw,f
*&yf&JU x-axis uawmh ckESpfou&mZfudk
udk,fpm;jyKygw,f/ y-axis uawmh qDukefusrI
(fuel consumption)udk udk,fpm;jyKygw,f/azmfjyxm;wJh unit uawmh Liter/10km/
passenger jzpfygw,f/ qDukefusrI[m wpfESpfxufwpfESp favsmUenf; vmwmudkawGU&Sd&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 1960 ckESpfuc&D;onfwpfa,muftwGuf 10 km tuGmta0;udk qD 0.6 liter ukefuscJU ygw,f/ ,cktcsdefrSmawmh c&D;onfwpf
a,muftwGuf 10 km tuGmta0;udk qD 0.2
liter yJ ukefusygw,f/ 'ghtjyif AirbusA330 udk Volvo V70 um;trsdK;tpm;eJYEdIif;,SOfMunfhygw,f/
FUEL CONSUMPTION
tJ'D&nfrSef;csufawGjzpfajrmufzdkY[m cufcJr,fqdkwmrSefayr,fh vkdvQifMuHq enf;vrf;&qdkwJhpum;yHktwdkif; MudK;yrf;tm;xkwfvQif &nfrSef;csufudk rvGJ{uefa&muf&Sdr,fvdkY ,HkMunf&ygaMumif;
.
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi txufrSmjrif&wJh *&yfzftwdkif; c&D;onfwpf
a,muftwGuf 10 km tuGmta0;udk um; eJY av,mOf?qDukefusrIEdIif;,SOfwJhtcg av,mOf&JU qDpm;EIef;u um;eJY,SOf&if 26% avsmh
enf;aewmudk awGY&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Calcula-tion uawmh av,mOfrSm median load(75% full) udk tajccHxm;jyD; um;rSmawmhdriver &JU load udkyg,lwGufxm;ygw,f/acwfopfav,mOfwpfpif;u xGufay:vmwJU qlnHrI(noise) [m acwfay:tjref&xm;u xGuf ay:vmwJh qlnHrIeJY EIdif;,SOf&if xuf0ufcefYavsmhenf;ygw,f/ Advisory Council ofAeronautics Research in Europe
(ACARE) u 2020 ckE Sp ftwGuf&nfrSef;csufuawmh atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygw,f/- Fuel consumption and carbon
dioxide emissions to fall by 50 per
cent
- Noise to fall by 50 per cent
- Nitric oxide emissions to fall
by 80 per cent
tJ'D&nfrSef;csufawGjzpfajrmufzd k Y[m cufcJr,fqdkwmrSefayr,fh vkdvQifMuHq enf;vrf;& qdkwJhpum;yH ktwdkif; MudK;yrf;tm;xkwfvQif &nfr Se f;csufud k rvG J{uefa&muf & S dr,fvdkY ,HkMunf&ygaMumif; .
Ref: Henrik Norberg , Volvo Aero and
Airbus , AERO ENVIRONMENT ( A
MAGAZINE ABOUT AVIATION AND
THE ENVIRONMENT FROM VOLVO
a'geom;
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi
Naval architecture qdkwJhynm&yf[m yD;&l;awmifwef;uae pwifarG;zGm;vmw,fqdk&if tukeftHhMooifh ukefrvm;yJ/ wu,fyg/ olYwpfoufwpfudk,f oabFmwpfpD;awmifrS
raqmufcJhzl;wJh jyifopfeuwfynm&SifPierreBouguer [m olY&Jh olawoepmwrf;jzpfwJh
Trait du navire, de sa constructionet de ses mouvemens (Treatise of the
Ship, Its Construction and Move-
ments) rSm pwiftoHk;jyKcJhygw,f/ jyifopfodyHtu,f'rD&Jhokawoevkyf ief;jzpfwJh urm- MuD;&Jh t&G,ftpm;eJYyHko@mefudkodEdkif&eftwGuf vwDwG'f'D*&DoHk;rsdK;eJY wdkif;wm&ef yD&l;awmif wef;rSm tajccsaepOf (1735-1744) twGif; txufygpmwrf;udkyg jyKpkcJhwmyg/ 1746 a&mufrS w&m;0ifxkwfa0jzefYcsDcJhw,f vdkYrSwf om;&ygw,f/ awmifwef;ay:rSm oabFmynm tkwfjrpfwpfckcscJUwm[m tHUzG,fwpfckuawmUtrSefygyJ/
tJ'Drwdkifcifu oabFmeJYywfoufvdkY
pmtkyfawG&SdcJhayr,fh Ship constructorsawGtwGuf tm;udk;jyK avmufzG,f&m r&SdcJhygbl;/
jyD;awmh ynm&yfeJYywfoufvdkY olYavmuf Syn-
thesis rjzpfwJhtwGuf Pierre Bouguer &Jh
Trait du navire pmtkyf[m Naval ar-
chitecture ynm&yftwGuf yxrqHk;aom enf;ynmtqefqH k ; pmtky f jzp fc J hygw,f/ &mpkESpfwpfckpmrQ oabFmwnfaqmufolwdkUtwGuformusr f;pmozG,ftm;ud k ;tm;xm;
jyKc J h&ygw,f/od k Ya Mumif hr d k Yvnf; Pierre
Bouguerudk a&aMumif;AdokumzcifMuD;&,fvdkY
(the father of naval architec-
ture) aESmif;vlwdkY rSwfcsufjyKcJh&ygw,f/ tJvd kr SwfcsufjyK&wJ h aemuftaMumif;&if; wpfckuvnf; oabFmwpfpD;twGuf touf
wrQta&;MuD;vSwJh Stability twGuf,aeU
wdkif the only surviving theory jzpfwJhMetacenter qdkwJha0g[m&udk wDxGiftoHk;jyKazmfxkwfcJhvdkYygyJ/ tJ'Daemufydkif;rSm oabFmynm[m rsm;pGmzGYHjzdK;wdk;wufcJhygw,f/
Pierre Bouguerudka&aMumif;AdokumzcifBuD;vdkU*kPfjyKcJUwJUtaMumif;eJUywfoufvdkU apm'uwufp&m&SdEdkifygw,f/ bmvdkUvJqdkawmU
olUtaMumif;ud karG;&yfajr jyifopfEd ki fiHzGm; Naval architects trsm;p kawmi fr S olYemrnfudk rMum;cJhzl;MuvdkYygyJ/ wcsdKUu tmcDr D;' D;ud k a&aMumif;ynmzcif MuD;vd k Y
txif&SdcJhMuygw,f/ Fluid xJrSm t&m0wK
wpfckepfjrKyfrI*kPfowd Buoyancy law udk
oabFmynm&yfrSm,loHk;cJhMuwmyg/Newtons
Law udke,fy,ftoD;oD;u,loHk;MuovdkrsdK;jzpfygw,f/oabFmAdokumtwGuf Pierre
Bouguer &Jh Trait du navire pmtkyf[m
Complete set of principles that gov-
erned scientific naval architec-
ture vdkYqdk&avmufatmif Hydrostatics,
Hydrodynamics, Stability wdk Yud k
tus,f&Sif;jyjyD; Ship constructors
The Roots of Naval Architecturea&aMumif;Adokumynm\Zpfjrpfudk wl;azmfjcif;
]] pufrIawmfvSefa&;aemufydkif;rSm a&aMumif;Adokumynm[mvnf;wdk;wufvmcJhrSm ,HkrSm;zG,fr&Sdyg}}
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi awGtwGuftvGef taxmuf tuljyKwJU ocFsm wGufcsufrIawGyg yg0ifcJUygw,f/,aeYacwf
N a v a l a r c h i t e c t u r e t w G u fpHjyKudk;um;pmtkyfjzpfwJh Principle of Naval
Architecture pmtkyf&Jh Format [m Traitdu navire pmtkyftwdkif;&S daewmudku t J' Dpmt ky f& J h MoZmt& S de ft0gu d k xi f[yfaeygw,f/
Pierre Bouguer eJYywfoufjyD; rSwfom;zG,faemufwpfcku 1727 rSm jyifopftu,f'rDu usif;ywJh oabFmay:rSm &Gufwdkif udkb,fae&mrSm taumif;qHk;ae&mcsoifUovJ}}qdkwJUNydKifyGJrSm yxrae&m&&SdcJUjcif;yg/ 'kwd,ae &mudk&&SdcJUoluawmU ynm&SifawGtwGufae&musO f ;a jrmi f ;w J htr da jrq Gp fZmve fE d k i fi Hu tjyD;wdkifxGufcGmcJhjyD; &lyaA'q&m&mxl;twGuf & k& S m ;p de f Y y Dwmpyw fo dy H tu,f'r Du d k pa&mufwJhESpfrSm0ifjydKifcJhwJh touf(20)t&G,focFsmynm&Sif EuleryJjzpfygw,f/
Naval architecture udk Profes-
sional Adokumynm&yftjzpfpwif avhvmwJhpmtkyfudk 1610 uwnf;u ay:wl*DEdkifiHom;ocsFmynm&Sifvnf;jzpf? tif*sifeD,m wpfa,muf
vnf;jzpfwJh Joo Baptista Lavanha &Jh rx kw f a 0 j z p fw J h p mt k y fv d k Yq d k y gw, f /
pmtkyftrnfuawmh Livro primeiro
de arquitectura naval (First Book of
Naval Architecture) jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D
pmtkyfrSm tckvdk&Sif;jycJhygw,f/ Naval Ar-
chitecture is that which with certain
rules teaches the building of ships,
in which one can navigate well and
conveniently. tJ'Dpmtkyfudk (20) &mpka&mufrSom;xkwfa0cJhwmyg/ 1700 jynfh0ef;usif ESpfrsm;a&mufrS 'Da0g[m&udk Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rSm
us,fus,fjyefYjyefYoHk; pGJvmcJhygw,f/
pufrIawmfvSefa&;aemufydkif;rSm a&aMumif;Adok umynm[mvnf; wdk;wufvmcJUrSm ,HkrSm;zG,f r & S d y g / N a v a l a r c h i t e c t u r e ynm&yfpwifarG;zGm;cJhyH k? a0g[m&ay:ayguf vmy H ku d k tMur f ;z si f ;wi f jy jy D ;aemufr Sm 'Dynm&yf&JU atmufrSmqifhyGm;aewJh a0g[m& t"dym,fawGudk uGJuGJjym;jym;em;vnf Edkifatmifazmfjyvdkufygw,f/
oabFmay:rSm &Gufwdkifudkb,fae&mrSm
taumif;qHk;ae&mcsoifUovJ}}qdkwJUNydKifyGJrSm
yxrae&m&&SdcJUjcif;yg
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi 31ayoD;&mjyevmwke;u
Nee J
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[aumif ayoD; ... waoG;warG; vlawmifrSm;ouGm ... rif;u tckbGJh&&if bmtvkyfvkyfrSmwkef;
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi 32
'grsm;uGm avay:ysHcsif&if "mwfvkH;ikHjyD; aygifykwfvdkufrSmaygh? "mwfvkH;eJha&ay:vrf;avQmufvdkhawmif&wmudk ... rif;&Jhtechnology MuD;u udk,fazsmufvdkh&vdkhvm;? "mwfvkH;atmif&ifudk,fawmifazsmufvdkh&ao;
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi
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M.V.Myat Yadna Yarrow Co.Ltd,Scotland 62 9.8 1.2 10
120
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RV Pandaw II 2001 55 10 1 11.5 Caterpillars 515.2 120
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmiRV Tonel Pandaw 2002 55 10 1 13 C u m m i n s E n g i n e s
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120
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Pandaw 40 10.5 1.7 10.5 Dorman Engines368 64
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max
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmiyHk(2)- yHkpHrsdK;pHkNzifh tNrefoGm; oabFm trsdK;rsdK;
'gawG[m tMurf;zsOf; azmfNycsufomNzpfNyD; tNcm;yHkpHrsdK;pHkvnf; &Sdedkifao;ygw,f/ tNrefoGm;
oabFmawG&JU orkdif;aMumif;udk awmh 'Dae&mrSm razmfNyawmhygbl;? t"du azmfNycsifwmuawmh tNref oGm; oabFmawG&JU c&D;onfwif uP rSm ta&;ygyHkudkyg/ wu,fawmh 16 &mpkavmufu pNyD; tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFmawG[m urmay:u ekdifiH toD;oD;rSm pwif acwfpm;vmw,fvdkU qdkygw,f/19 &mpk eJU 20 &mpk twGif;rSm awmh oabFmwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;awG[m w[kefwdk; Nrif hwufvmcJhNyD; tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFmvkyfief;awG[mvnf; ododomomwdk;wufvmcJhygw,f/ 1990 eJU 1997 ckESpf twGif;rSmqdk&if tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFm yrmP [m tNcm;oabFm awGxuf 43 % awmif wkd;wufvmcJhygw,f 2.tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFmwdk;wufvmrIeJU twl? pD;ESif;wJh c&D;onf ta&twGuf[mvnf; 50% txd wdk;wufvmygw,f/ 1990 rS ,ckvuf&Sd tcdsef txd urmay:rSm aqmufvkyfcJhwJh tNrefoGm;
c&D;onfwif oabFm trsdK;tpm;eJU 4if;wdkU&JU yrmP udk atmufrSmazmfNyxm;ygw,f3/
yHk(3)- (1990-2007) txd wnfaqmufcJhaom tNrefoGm; oabFm trsdK;rdsK;
c&D;onf wif oabFmawG&JU c&D;onfwifaqmifedkifrI tvdkuf pm&if;udk Munfh&ifvnf; 50 rS 200?
200 rS 350 wGif;wifaqmifwJh oabFmyrmP[m ododomom uGm[rIr&Sdwmudk awGU&rSm Nzpfygw,f/ 350 OD;a&eJU txuf wifaqmifedkifwJh oabFmaqmufvkyfrI yrmPuawmh 10 % avmufom
&Sdw,fvdkU rSwfwrf;rsm; t&awGU&Sd&ygw,f/ 4if;yrmPawGudkvnf; atmufuyHkrSm wifNyxm;ygw,f3/
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi
/h T
yHk(4)- c&D;ta&;twGuftvdkuf 2007 txd wnfaqmufcJhaom tNrefoGm;oabFmrsm;
txufrSm azmfNycJhwJh oabFm trdsK;tpm; awGeJU 4if;wdkU&JU aqmufvkyfrI yrmPudk MunfhNcif;tm;Nzifh
tMurfzsOf; aNymedkifwmuawmh tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFm aqmufvkyfr,fqdk&if monohull?
catamaran ferry eJU hydrofoil oabFm trsdK;tpm;awGudk t"dua&G;cs,foifhNyD;?
c&D;onfwifaqmifrI yrmPtm;Nzifh 100 - 250 Mum; avmufudk a&G;cs,f oifhygw,f/ 'Dvdk trsdK;tpm;awG[m urmrSm aqmufvkyfrItrsm;qHk;NzpfNyD;? atmifNrifpGm aNy;qGJedkifrI taumif;qHk;Nzpfw,fqdkwm udk awGU&rSmyg/
2/ Nrefrm ekdifiH NrpfwGif;oGm; tNrefoabFmrsm; twGuf external design problems NrefrmedkifiH&Sd NrpfawGrSm armif;ESif;rnfh tNrefoGm;oabFmawGtwGuf 'DZdkif;vkyf&mrSm xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;&r,fhtcsuf wpfcsdKUudkwifNycsifygw,f/ wu,fawmh NrefrmedkifiH&Sd NrpfawGrSm a&pl;t&rf;udkedrhfaewmudk awGU&rSmyg/ edk0ifbmveJUarvawG twGif;rSmqdk&if {&m0wD Nrpf&JU a&pl;[m ododomom
udk usqif;wwfNyD; navigational length [m vnf; 10% avmuftxd usqif;wwfygw,f/ atmufuZ,m;rSm {&m0wDNrpf&JU &efukefeJU rEav;tMum; aEG&moDtedrfhqHk; a&pl;udk azmfNyxm;yg
w,f4/
Z,m;(2) - {&m0wD Nrpf{/f a&pl;uefUowfcsuf taNctae
Navigational length Yangon Hinthada Hinthada PyayPyay - Man-
dalay
Restricted depth 4 m 3.7 m 2.5 m
wu,fawmh tJavmufedrfhaewJh a&teuf rSm ( FnL>0.6) avmuf&SdwJh oabFmwpfpif; armif;zkhd
qdkwm ship design ynm&yf twGuf pdefac:rIMuD; wpfckvdkU aNym&ifrrSm;ygbl;/ tJ'DvdktaNctaerSm
tNrefoGm;oabFmwpfpif; armif;r,fqdk&if wave barrier aMumifh wave formation eJU wave
resistance [m ododomom wufvmNyD;vdkcsifwJh speed udk&zkdUqdkwm rvG,fwJh udpvnf;
Nzpfygw,f/atmufuyHkrSmawmh a&wdrfwJh NrpfawGrSm resistance aNymif;vJrIudk Nyxm;ygw,f/
[m a&teuf tuefUtowfr&SdwJh ae&mrSm NzpfaewJh resistance NzpfNyD; usefwJh ESpfckuawmha&wdrfwJ
/h T
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi
taNctaerSm Nzpfay:aewJh resistance curve Nzpfygw,f/ yHkrSmodomapwmuawmh a&wdrfrSm
qdk&if resistace[m ododomom MuD;udkrsm;aewmudkyg/ wpfcsdKUspeed awGrSmqdk&if resistance
hump awGudk Nzpfay:apygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefawGrSmqdk&if rvkdtyfbJ engine power awGudk ESpfq
avmufokH;&wwfygw,f5/
yHk(5)- shallow waterwGif resistance curve aNymif;vJrI Nzpfay:aeyHk
'hgtNyif speed eJU a& teufwdrfrI aMumifh growing effect eJU trim [mvnf; ododomom
wdk;vmrSmygbJ/ wu,fawmh a&teuf[m oabFm&JU resistance? lifting forceeJU trim mo-ment awGudk ododomomudk oufa&mufaew,fqdkwm awGU&rSmyg/ 'ghtNyif critical speed udk
a&mufvmwmeJU speed aMumifh oabFm&JU acgif;ydkif;rSm pressure wufvmNyD;? aemufydkif; bufrSm
pressure u usvmygw,f/ 4if;pressure aMumihf trim at sternudk wdk;apNyD;? resistance udk
vnf;wufapwmNzpfygw,f/ 'ghtNyif interaction between hull and propeller udkvnf;
aNymif;vJ apygw,f/ a&wdrfNrpfaMumif;awG&JU critial speed udkawmh atmufyg equation eJU
wdkif;wm ekdifygw,f/
- gravitational force (9.81 m^s), h water depth (m).
Critical speed rSm vdSKif;[m omrefxuf ydkMuD;NyD; power t&rf;oHk;&um vkdtyfwJh speed
uvnf; a&mufzkdhcufcJygw,f/ critical speed ukd ausmfNzpfNyD; supercritical speed region
udk a&mufcgeD;rSmvJ speed aMumifh oabFm tay: oufa&mufaewJh hydrodynamic forcesawG
[maNymif;vJvmygw,f/ 'gaMumifh supercritical zone rSm armif;rJUoabFmawG[m oifhawmfwJh
hull linesawGeJU oifhawmfwJhprincipal dimensions? installed powerawGvdktyfygw,f/
critv gh
g
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmia&wdrfawGrSmarmif;ESifrJU oabFmawG&JU speed zoneawGudk atmufrSmazmfNyxm;ygw,f/'D diagram
[m Nrpf&JUa&pl;teuf h eUJ oabFm&JUtvsSm; L ay: rlwnfNyD; ? aqmufvkyfr,fh oabFm&JU length
froude numberudk azmfNyxm;Ncif;Nzpfygw,f/ tNrefoGm; NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmwdkif;twGuf 'D dia-
gram ay:rlwnfNyD; rdrdaqmufvkyfrnfh oabFm speed udk a&G;cs,f&rSmNzpfygw,f6.
yHk(6)- Speed zones: I subcritical; II supercritical; III unfavorable super-
critical
wpfcsdefwnf; rSmbJodoifhwmu a&teufudkvkdufNyD; speed uefUowfcsufukdyg/ oabFmarmif;
olaum? designeruyg vdkufem&rnfh speed udk atmufu equation eJU azmfNyxm;ygw,f/ a&
teufudkvdkufNyD; 4if; speed xufausmf rarmif;oifhovkd? design vnf;rvkyfoifhygbl;/
(3)
yxrqHk; taeeJU a&wdrfwJh NrpfawGrSm high speed shipwpfpif;udk design vkyfr,fqdk&if pOf;pm;
&rSmuawmh a&Murf;NyifeJU oabFm Keel Mum; tuGm;ta0;yJ Nzpfygw,f/
The relative under keel clearance of the vessel is defined as:
(4)
where minimum under-keel clearance of the vessel in operation,(m)0 under keel clearance of the vessel when stopping,(m).
qdk&if under-keel clearance of the vessel in operation [m depth of water
while stopping eJU nDaerSNzpfNyD;? qdk&ifawmh oabFm[m Murf;NyifeJUxdaew,fvdkUqdkygw,f/ de-
signerwpfa,muf[m twwfedkifqHk; under keel clearance udkrsm;rsm;xm;zkdhvkdtyfygw,f/
lim0.55v gh
E0
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmitJ'gaMumifh NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmawG&JUa&pl;udk pOfpm;r,fqdk&if t"dutm;Nzifh atmufygOya'o udkvkdufem&yghr,f/
(5)
- qdkwm Nrpf&JU limitation water depthNzpfygw,f/
NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmawG&JU Free board height eJU superstructure height
[mvnf;armif; ESifr,fh ae&may:rlwnfNyD; pOf;pm;&r,fh tcsufwpfcktNzpf yg0ifygw,f/ 4if;pa-
rameter awG[m a&vrf;aMumif;rSm&SdwJh oHwm;awG&JU tNrifh? NrpfawG tay:uoG,fwef;xm;wJh
vsSyfppf MudK;awG tay:rlwnfNyD; xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&r,fh tcsufawGtNzpfyg0ifygw,f/ 'hgtNyif
NrpfusOf;awG&JU tus,fudk vdkufNyD;awmhvnf; oabFm&JUt"duparameter wpfckNzpfwJh breadth
(B)[mvnf; uefUowfcsuf wpfcktaeeJU yg0ifygw,f? 'gudkvnf; designeru udk,fhaqmufr,fh
a&vrf;aMumif; taNc taeay: rlwnfNyD; pOf;pm; oifhygw,f/
atmufuyHkrSmoHwm;wpfck&JU tNrihfeJUtus,fudk vdkufNyD;pOf;pm;&r,fhparameter awGudkNyxm;
ygw,f/
yHk(7)- oHwm;wpfcktm; oabFm vGyfvyfpGm armif;ESif;edkif&ef
oabFmwpfpif; oHwm;wpfpif;udk Nzpf&mrSm design point of viewrSm tpOfaNypGm Nzwfoef;edkif&efatmufygtwdkif; qHk;Nzwf&rSmNzpfygw,f/
(6)
vSdKif;xaewJh NrpftwGif; rSm qdk&if(7)
limT h
limh
( )
h
0.12B
h
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi
- qdkwm vdSKif;&JU tNrifh (meter)Nzpfygw,f/ 'ghtNyif rdrd armif;ESifrJh NrpfaMumif;eJU? ywf0efusifudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; zkdhvdkygw,f?
qdkvdkwmu a&;pDEIef; yrmP? a&pDaMumif;eJUtwl opfwkH;pwnfh rmausmwJh t&mawGarsmygvmrI?
&moDOwktvdkuf avwdkufeSef; taNctae? vdSKif;yrmP? 0J*,uf wdkU&JU taNctaepwnfh tcsufawGudk designerwpfa,muf[m xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; zkdUtxl;vdktyfygw,f/
3/ NrpfwGif;tNrefoGm; oabFmrsm;twGuf internal design problems
a&wdrfoGm; tNrefoGm; oabFmawG&JU t"du Nyomemuawmh vdktyfwJh speed udk
r&Ncif;ygbJ/ vkdtyfwJh speedudk &zkdhtwGuf vdktyfwJh hull formtrsdK;tpm;? parameterawG
udk *&kwpdkuf a&G;cs,fzkdUvdktyfygw,f/ Oyrmtm;Nzifh monohull wpfpif;udk pOf;pm;r,fqdk&if
udk,fxnf&JU aemufykdif; transom stern udkt"duxm; design vkyfzkdUvdkygw,f/ transom
plate udk tenf;i,f 3-4 'D*&D avmuapmif;Ncif;tm;Nzifh resistance udk 15% avmufavsSmhusapygw,f/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ growing effect udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOfpm;oifhygw,f/ optimize
NzpfwJh design wpfck&zdkUtwGuf compromise vkyfoifhwmawG[m designer tay:rSmrlwnfaeygw,f/
Hull form yHkpHudka&G;cs,fwJh tcsdefrSmvnf; construction point of view uvnf;
pOfpm;NyD; a&G;cs,foifhygw,f/ NrpfwGif;oabFmawGtwGuf twwfedkifqHk; light weight udkavsSmhcs
edkifzkdhvnf;vdkygw,f/ construction material udkayghedkiforQ ayghatmifpOf;pm;NyD; ship dis-
placementudk avsmhcsedkiforQavsSmhcs&ygr,f/ NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmawGtwGuf
free board
height [mrsm;zdkh rvkdovdk? superstructure udkvnf; twwfedkifqHk; ayghatmifpOf;pm;oifhygw,f/
rnfhonfh design rqdk external design eJU udkufnDzdkU qdk&ifvdktyfwJh experiment
vkyfudk vkyfoifhygw,f/ first step t& tmvHk;eJUudkufnDrI&SdwJh hull form wpfck&vmNyD qdkay
r,fhvnf; model aqmufum test tank udk toHk;NyKNyD;vdktyfwJh experiment awGvkyfudkvkyf
oifhygw,f/ b,favmufNynfhpHkwJhFormula awGNzpfNzpf test tank result avmuf rSefuefrI
r&SdNcif;aMumifhNzpfygw,f/ aemufxyfta&;MuD;wJh tcsufuawmhpropeller
a&G;cs,frI tydkif;yg/ t&rf;udk a&teuf wdrfwJhae&mawGrSm design vkyf&awmhr,f qdk&if designer wpfa,muf[m
b,fvdkpropellerrsdK;udka&G;rvJ qdkwmygbJ/ propellerwpfckvHk; a&xJrSm&SdaerS omvsSif effec-
tive tNynfh&rSmyg/ wu,fvdkU a&teuf 1.5 rDwm avmuf&SdwJh NrpfqdkygpdkU/ &Sd&r,fh propeller di-
ameter[m yg/ tJ'gqdk&if oabFma&pl;eJU waterbed tuGmta0;[m propellerwpfck effec-
tive Nzpfzkdh twGuf vHkavmufrI&Sdekdifyghrvm;/ 'hgtNyif t&rf;udk speed NrefvmwJh tcsdefrSm oabFm
[m tenf;i,f aemufudkxdkifvmr,fqdk&if vdktyfwJh force udk&zkdh wyfqifxm;wJh propeller u
effective Nzpfzkdh vdkygw,f/ &dk;&dk;blade propellerawG roHk;bJ water jet propeller awG
Bh
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi oHk;r,fqdk&if 'DNyomemu aNz&Sif;edkifoavmuf&Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fhvnf; water jet propeller
wpfck[m ol&JU effective powertNynfh&zkdUqdk&iftenf;qHk; knots avmuf&Sdzkdhvkdygw,f/ qdkvdk
wmu wpfem&Drkdif 20 ausmf armif;aewJh tcsdefrSom effective NzpfrSmNzpfNyD; olUxufavsSmhenf;wJh
speed rSmqdk&if vdktyfoavmuf effective rNzpfNyefygbl;/txufrSm aNymcJhovdkyJ designer
wpfa,muf[moptimum design
wpfckudk&zkdhcompromise
vkyfzkdUvJ vdktyfygw,f/ xyfNyD; wifNycsifwmuawmh 'DvdkrsdK;omrefxuf rwlwJh condition awGrSm propeller [mvnf;t&rf;
ta&;MuD;wJh ae&muyg0ifygw,f/'gaMumifhpropellerudkvnf; oD;oefU design vkyfNyD;propel-
ler test awGrSm prf;oyfNyD;rSom oHk;oifhygw,f/ aemufxyf a&wdrftNrefoGm;oabFm aqmufvkyf&mrSm r&SdrNzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&r,f htcsuf
awGuawmh External wave impact of high-speed vessels on environment
Nzpfygw,f/ speed NrefvmwmeJUtrsS oabFmuaevdSKif;awG xGufvmygw,f/tJ'D ship-generated
waves awGaMumifh ab;emrSm oGm;vmaewJh oabFmtao;awG? avSawG? barges awG? udk arSmuf
apNyD;? Nrpfuef;eH&HawG? a&umwmawGudk ysufqD;apygw,f/ 'gUtNyif t&rf;MuD;rm;wJh ship-
generated wavesaMumifh urf;aNcrSmxdkifaewJh vlawGudkyg aoapedkifwJhtxd Nzpfwwfygw,f/tJ'D
waves awG[m oabFm&JU energy aMumifhNzpfvmwmNzpfNyD; if;udkatmufygtwdkif; wGufcsufedkif
ygw,f/
(8)
where - total energy of wave, - wave height, - wavelength, - density of
water and - gravitational force.
teD;pyfqHk; 4if; energy udk atmufygtwdkif; wGufcsufedkifygw,f/
(9)
where - wave period.
Mathematically Munfhr,fqdk&if 4if; energy [mpropulsion powereJU oufqdkif
rI&Sdygw,f/ qkdvdkwmu
(10)
where total resistance of high speed ships, - ship speed, - propul-
sive effi- ciency. tJ'Dawmh design process twGif;rSm de- signer [m
designed speedrSmyJpowerudk enf;edkiforQenf;atmif vkyfoifhygw,f/ powerenf;avav?
energy udkvnf; avsSmhcsEdkifav Nzpfygw,f/ 'hgtNyif design processtwGif; model test udk
toHk;NyKNyD;Nzpfap? experimental results awGuNzpfapoabFmuxGufwJh vdSKif;udkwdkif;wm oifhygw,f/
2hwE g8
2 2E 1960h
w
RVsPs
R Vs
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi/qdkvdkwm u designed speedwpfckrSm &SdaewJh oabFmu xGufvmwJh vSdKif;udk 10 rDwm?20 rDwm?
30 rDwm ponfNzifh trSwfrsm;xm;NyD; vdSKif;tNrifheJUvdSKif; speed udkwdkif;wmoifhygw,f/ rdrd de-
sign vkyfr,fh oabFm trsdK;tpm;? armif;r,fh ae&m a'oudk vkdufNyD;? 4if; vdSKif;tNrifhudk wGufcsuf-
NyD;? criteria wpfck taeeJU design process rSmxnfhoGif; pOf;pm; &ygr,f/ oabFmuxGufr,fh
vdSKif;tNrifhonf 4if;oabFm Nzpfoef;oGm;onfh ae&mrS 20 rDwmtuGmwGif 0.3 rDwmtNrifhxufrMuD;oifhygbl;/
ed*Hk; txufrSm azmfNycJhwmawGuawmh NrefrmedkifiH&JU NrpfwGif;oGm; c&D;onfwif oabFm
wnfaqmufa&; twGuf b,fvdk oabFmrdsK;awG vkdtyfaew,f qdkwmeJU 4if; oabFmawG
aqmufr,fqdk&if vdktyfr,fh design criteriaawGNzpfygw,f/ wu,fawmh oabFmwpfpif;udk de-
sign vkyfw,fqdkwm vG,fulwJhudp r[kwfygbl;/ txufrSm azmfNycJhwmawG[m tenf;i,fomNzpfNyD;aemufxyf trsm;MuD; xnfhoGif;pOfpm;bdkU vkdtyfygw,f/
Silence
usrf;udk;pm&if;
1. IMO High-Speed Craft Code (1995). London.
2. Logachev S.I., Chugunov V.V. (2001) The shipbuilding of the world:
current state and prospects razvitiya.-SPb.: Shipbuilding. ().3. Yin Htun, Ye Thet Htun, Phyo Zaw Hein(2008) Design problems of
high speed passenger ships in Union of Myanmar, Super FAST 2008, July 2-
4, 2008, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
4. Than. C (2004) ; Symposium and Publication on Maritime & Water-
ways Kuala Lumpur,October, Malaysia.
5. Pechenok.A.B.(2006) Mathematical modeling for flow of ship hull at
shallow water.Moscow.
6. Basin.A.M, Velednitskiy.I.O, Lyahovitskiy.A.G. (1976) Ship Hydrody-
namics in shallow water, sudostroenie, L, 320p. ( ).
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jrermti*sie,mzk&rEpvnfpmapmi 42
wpf eJY wpf aygif;&if b,favmuf&vJ ... uGefawmhf &Jh tHhMoMunfh ... yg;pyfta[mif;om; ...
ig ar;aew,fav ... wpf eJY wpf aygif;&if b,favmuf&vJ ... vdkY ...
tm;vkH;&Jh a0g ueJ&,foHawG ... uGefawmhrsufeSmwpfckvkH; xlylNyD;rsufvkH;awGa00g;vmw,f...twef;om;awGudk vSnfhMunfhvdkufawmh tm;vkH;u uGefawmf eJY q&m udkyJpdkufMunfhaeMuw,f ... olwdkYtMunfhawGu t&,f&qkH;jyufvkH;wpfck rsufpda&SUrSm awGYae&ovdk ...