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1)Russian Revolution
2)Age of Anxiety
3)World War II
4)Gandhi
5)Cold War
6)Middle East/Current Events
TEST COVERS the following units:
Road to Revolution
Bloody Sunday (1905)
Duma Established 1906
Dissolves Duma
Nicholas II (Rules 1894-1917)
Russo-Japanese War (1904)
World War I (1914)
Unprepared
Poor Performance
Russia During World War I
• Morale very low– Soldiers deserting the Army
• Economy is very weak– High prices, shortages, etc…
• Bolsheviks demanding change at home
• Nicholas II headquarters at front in WWI
Bolsheviks
• Russian Marxist group that wanted reform
• Leader: Vladimir Lenin
• Fled Russia in early 1900’s to avoid arrest
Lenin takes power in 1917
Russia falls into Civil War 1918-20
Signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918
TIMELINE
15 million people die! (war, famine, disease)
Economy destroyed!
Communism: Theory vs Reality
Karl Marx
Wrote Communist Manifesto [1848]
Predicted the collapse of capitalism
Stalin Wrap-Up
• Rules until his death in 1953• USSR becomes much stronger military • Majority of Russians live in poverty• Totalitarian Government which rules by fear• Fights with USA in World War II• After WWII, USSR becomes enemy of USA
– Cold war starts 1945-1990
Early 20th Century: The world experiments with NEW ways to govern society.
Totalitarianism Socialism Democracy &Capitalism
NazismFascismCommunism
ISM’s of the 20th Century
1) Socialism
2) Totalitarianism
3) Fascism
4) Nazism
5) Communism
End of World War I leads to the rise of Totalitarian Ideologies
Results of Great Depression
• European countries were just beginning to recover from World War I
• The U.S. economy hurt the GLOBAL economy.
• Japanese Economy begins to suffer
• Helps Hitler assume power in Germany
Around the World
Hitler’s Dance
• 1935-- Rearmament begins in Germany
• 1936-- Moves into the Rhineland
• 1938 -- Seize Austria & demands Sudetenland
• 1938-- Munich Conference
Nonaggression Pact
• 1939 10-year pact signed
• Secretly agree to divide Poland– other countries promised to Stalin
• Hitler was assured there would be no attack from the east. (USSR)
Hitler & Stalin’s
World War II
1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945
<------------------------------------------------->
D-Day
GermanySurrenders
PolandInvasion
France Falls
Battle of Britain
InvasionSovietUnion
Battle ofStalingrad &Operation Torch
Battle ofMidway
PearlHarbor
Two Front War
• U.S. & Great Britain concentrate on Southern Europe & Northern Africa
• Soviet Union fight on its “own” against Germany on eastern front
• U.S. will continue fight against Japan
Hitler’s Plan• Step 1: Immigration: tried to “export” Jews
to other countries– Britain 80,000 U.S. 100,000 France 25,000
– Latin America 40,000
• Step 2: Ghettos: Hitler turned to isolation as immigration proved limited
• Step 3: Final Solution- moved Jews to concentration camps and began mass killings
The Final Numbers
• 6,000,000 Jewish deaths» Original Population Killed
• Poland 3,300,000 3,000,000• Soviet Union 2,850,000 1,252,000• Hungary 650,000 450,000• Romania 600,000 300,000• Germany 240,000 200,000
Can we Learn From History?Goal: Long lasting Peace
To do list:
Countries need new BordersNew GovernmentsNew League of NationsCountries need to be rebuilt Trials for “War Crimes” for Nazi Leaders
Communist Triumph in China
Civil War leads to Communism
1920-1950
China Summary
• Chinese society was based on tradition
• Western influence was forced and came late to China
• Opium War of 1839 changes China
• China fall into civil war 1900-1950 as Qing dynasty collapses
1946-49 Civil War
1950-1958 Mao’s Communism
1966-76 Cultural Revolution
1958-61 “The Great Leap”
Mao loses power
Communist China Summary
• Economic failure
• Few advances in technology & industry
• Today, China is finally starting to “catch up” with industrialized countries
• China is using Capitalism to get their economy to grow today
Before Gandhi: India Summary
• A history of being ruled by “outsiders”
• Strong religious tension between dominant Hindu population and Muslims
• Did not truly push for independence until after World War I
• Amritsar Massacre was the turning point in independence movement
Gandhi’s Influence
• 1920 Indian National Congress endorses civil disobedience (non-violence) as means to achieve independence
• 1924 Gandhi assume the Presidency of the Indian National Congress
• Gandhi never OFFICIALLY held political office!
Mahatma in India
• 1919 Protested Rowlett Acts• 1922 Ended campaign after riots• 1930 Led salt march• 1932 Fasted to protest caste system• 1947 Fasted to end violence • 1948 Assassinated by Hindu extremist
1) Containment and Brinkmanship 1945-69
2) Détente 1970’s
3) Renewed Arms Race 1980’s
4) Collapse of Soviet Union 1990
Conflicts of Cold War
1945-46: Iron Curtain
1948: Berlin Airlift
1949: Soviets test Nuclear Bomb
1950-53: Korean War
1960-73: Vietnam War
1959: Cuban Communist Revolution
1960: U-2 Incident
1961: Berlin Wall Built
1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
Some Factors in the collapse of Soviet Union
• Overall, very poor economy
• Flawed economic system (communism)
• Could not compete with USA in the Arms Race
• Invasion of Afghanistan caused financial hardship
• Rebellions in Iron Curtain Countries & Soviet Republics
• Falling oil prices in 1980’s drastically lowered income
Immigration to Palestine
• The Balfour Declaration (1917) started large scale immigration to Palestine
• British LIMIT size of Jewish immigration– Palestinians feared being outnumbered
• Promised to not infringe rights of non-Jewish population
Arab States & Partition
• Arab states immediately oppose partition– Islamic countries all voted against the U.N. partition
• May 14th 1948 Israel is officially formed
• The surrounding Arab states refuse to recognize Israel
Leader: King Faud
Challenges:
1) Islamic extremist groups within country2) USA has military bases in Saudi Arabia3) Government is repressive 4) Has more Oil than any other country
Saudi Arabia
Government: Monarchy
Established: 1932
Population: 23 Million
Relation to USA: Friendly---based on Oil & Military
Iran
President:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Spiritual Leader:Ayatollah Khamenei
- Complex Government: Islamic Republic • President is “elected”• Religious leader “Ayatollah” has significant power
- Gov’t established in 1979 after Iranian Revolution which overthrew Shah
Other Information:
• Iranians are not Arabs (Persians)• Currently developing Nuclear Technology• US & Europe is attempting to find a diplomaticsolution
IRAQ• Saddam Hussein leader 1979-2003
• US invasion forces him out in 2003
• 2006 Democratic Government Formed
Challenges• Diverse Population: Shia’, Sunni & Kurds• Extremist Elements do not want Democracy\• Civil War is possible• Security is currently very poor in Iraq• USA hopes to reduce troop levels late in 2006