1914-1929:1914-1929:World War One World War One and the Age of and the Age of

AnxietyAnxiety

1914-1929:1914-1929:World War One World War One and the Age of and the Age of

AnxietyAnxiety

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

The Fay Thesis v. The Fischer Thesis

The Fay Thesis– General pre-war conditions in Europe

provided the kindling that was lit by the assassination of Archdukes in 1914

– Austria pulled Germany into the war The Fischer Thesis

– Germany was solely responsible for the War

– Pushed Austria into war

1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance SystemAllied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

A. Total Defense Expenditures for the A. Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

B. The Anglo-German Naval Crisis, 1904

C. Germany’s Weapon Development 1870-

1914

Krupp’s Big Bertha

The Rail Gun

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

U-BoatsU-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

D. The Schlieffen Plan, 1905

The Plan Attack France

first, then move into Russia

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

4. Aggressive Nationalism

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

““TheTheSparkSpark””““TheThe

SparkSpark””

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

The July Crisis

How do we go from an assassination to a declaration of war?

Austria sees an opportunity to wage war against Serbia

Kaiser Wilhelm II sends a ‘Blank Cheque’ to Austria-Hungary

The “Willy-Nicky” Telegrams Austria sends an ultimatum to Serbia –

it is ignored and thus WWI begins

The War Begins

August 3, 1914: Germany declares war on France and England declares war on Germany

August 6: Austria Hungary declares war on Russia

The Battles: 1914-The Battles: 1914-19171917

Watch BBC “First World War” chapters on the Invasion of Belgium and the Battle of the Marne

The Battles of 1914

Invasion of Belgium, August 4, 1914

First Marne, September 5-12, 1914

The First Battle of Ypres, October-November, 1914

From mobilization to Total War

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

The The Western Western

FrontFront

The The Western Western

FrontFront

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No ManNo Man’’s s LandLand””

““No ManNo Man’’s s LandLand””

Strategic Battles 1914-1915

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

German U-Boats attacks

Declares a submarine blockade of Great Britain

Feel the war will end if they practice unrestricted submarine warfare

May 7, 1915: sinking of the Lusitania August 30, 1915: Germany sinks U.S.

ships without warning

Battles Continue

Second Battle of Ypres

The Treaty of London

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

e German offensive.

e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

e German offensive.

e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Battle of Jutland

The Battle of Jutland

German air raids on Britain continue

The Somme – July, 1916

The Somme – July, 1916

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

Tannenberg, 1914

August 1914

Russian offensive

German win

Tannenberg

Russia Strategy

2 pronged attack

Hope to surround Germans

Outcome Russian initial victory

creates over-confidence

Germans divide into 4 sub-groups and spread out

Result: Russians confused, surrounded, and suffer devastating losses

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Why Gallipoli

1. Britain wants to get supplies to Russia 2. Support Allies

1. Serbia & Greece

3. Strategic Location1. Could gain control of the Mediterranean Sea 2. Get links to small areas in Eastern Europe

4. Desire to get some movement & eliminate stalemate

Results

Difficult to invade because geography of the area – mountainous and swift currents

Britain places Winston Churchill After two failed naval attempts, British attempt to

invade by land. After 8 months of fighting, campaign turns out to be a

failure: – Faulty intelligence at the beginning – Badly mismanaged landings during land invasions,– Suffered heavy casualties – Moved too slowly during the campaign

Proved to be the biggest win for the Central Powers.

Map of Turkey and Armenia

Armenian Genocide 1915-1916

Ottoman Turks and Russians are fighting with Armenia in between

Reasons for the genocide Facts about the genocide Britain tried to oust the Ottomans,

but were unsuccessful Aftermath

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against ArmeniansDistricts & Vilayets of

Western Armenia in Turkey1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000

Sivas 225,000 16,800

     

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

   

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total2,133,19

0387,800

Selling the WarSelling the War

The Home Front 1914-1917

Changing city names Battle of the Somme, 1916 Propaganda Posters The Concept of Total War

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

Dehumanizing the Enemy

Financing the War

Sacrifice

WomenWomenand theand the

WarWarEffortEffort

WomenWomenand theand the

WarWarEffortEffort

For RecruitmentFor Recruitment

Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers

German Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

French Women Factory Workers

French Women Factory Workers

Medical FieldMedical Field

Support System at Home

Spies

Mata Hari

Impact on Society of the Total War

A tremendous demand for workers leads to a booming economy

Rise of acceptance of socialism Changing attitudes towards

women

The Widening The Widening War and the War and the

Final Battles of Final Battles of WWI (1917-WWI (1917-

1918)1918)

The Widening The Widening War and the War and the

Final Battles of Final Battles of WWI (1917-WWI (1917-

1918)1918)

The Widening War

Fighting spreads to: Africa

– Countries are fighting with each other in Africa

– British and French colonies are capturing German colonies

Asia– Japanese ally with Britain and help grab

German colonies in the Pacific

Eastern Europe – Romania joins the Allied side

The United States– Entered the war in April 1917

Key Battles of 1917

Battle of Passchendale – July 1917

Battle of Cambrai - November 1917

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

The Collapse of the Central Powers

Eastern Front 1. Jerusalem falls to the British in 1917 2. Allied forces in Africa push through

Greece and break through the Austrian border

Western Front 1. Second Marne – July 1918 2. German troops rebel and sailors

mutiny in October 1918

Austria Hungary surrenders on November 3, 1918

Armistice declared 11/11/1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

The End of the War and the Treaty of

Versailles

Revolutions at the end of the war

The Russian Revolution

The German Revolution

The Hungarian Revolution

The Austrian Revolution

The Fourteen Points

Wilson’s plan for peace Why did this fail?

League of Nations

League of Nations– Wilson’s 14th point– Guide the world towards

disarmament– The United States did not join – Germany and Russia were excluded

The Paris Peace Conference 1919-1920

Discussions begin January 1919 for the Peace Treaty

The “Big Four”– France– England– Italy– United States

The Treaty of Versailles

Centerpiece of the Treaty of Paris

What does each country want from the Treaty?

Other Peace Agreements

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918 Britain and the Ottomans

What does WWI mean for Europe?

1. Financial Collapse

2. Massive Population Loss

2. Massive Population Loss

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

3. Psychological Effects

Disillusionment The “Age of Anxiety”

4. Mass Territorial Changes

5. Loss of Colonies

6. Disgruntled German State

Territory Lost Financial Ruin “Stabbed in the back”

7. Rise of Dictators

A vulnerable public = easy target Extreme nationalism