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Information Resources Include
1. Specialists Systems analysts, programmers, database administrators, network specialists, operations personnel, and others2. Hardware 3. Software4. Users5. Data6. Information
Information Specialists
1. Most located in the information services unit2. There is a trend to locate specialists throughout the firm3. Actual organization chart depends on the needs of the firm
Networkmanager
Managerof computeroperations
Managerof systems
maintenance
Managerof systems
administration
CIO
Managerof systems
development
Systemsanalyst
Systemsanalyst
Operationspersonnel
Databaseadministrators
Networkspecialists
Programmers Programmers
18-42
A Functional Organization Structure for Information Services
Information Resources
1. Most are located in information services
2. Most that are centrally located are CIO’s responsibility
3. Those located in functional areas are the responsibility of the area manager
Model of an IRIS(Information Resources Intelligence Subsytem)
Input subsystems-AIS-Information resources research-Information resources intelligence
Output subsystems-Hardware-Software-Human resources-Data and Information-Integrated resource
DATABASE
Accountinginformation
system
Informationresourcesresearch
subsystem
Informationresources
intelligencesubsystem
Hardwaresubsystem
Softwaresubsystem
Human resourcessubsystem
Data andinformationsubsystem
Integratedresource
subsystem
Users
18-43
Information Resources Research Subsystem:
-Describes functions involved in special research projects within the firm
-Performed by systems analysts interacting with users
Intelligence Subsystem
Describes functions involved in gathering information from elements in the firm’s environment-Government-Suppliers-Labor unions-Global community-Customers-Competitors
CIO Responsibilities
- Can be top-level executive who participates on executive and MIS steering committee- Contributes to strategic planning for firm and IS functions- Primary source of leadership for:- Achieving and maintaining information quality- Keeping information resources secure- Planning for contingencies- Keeping information costs under control
Achieving Quality Products and Services
IS Takes Six Basic Steps inAchieving Quality Management
1
2
3
4
5
6
Identify IS customers
Define customer quality needs
Establish quality metrics
Define quality strategy
Implement IS quality programs
Monitor IS quality performance
1) Identify IS customers-MIS steering committee-Use of a formal system works best2) Define customer quality needs-Product quality needs-Service quality needs3) Establish quality metrics-Information product quality-Information service quality
4) Define the IS quality strategy-Recruiting and training-User-oriented systems development -Market analysis-Product acceptance analysis-Task analysis-Prototype tests-Operational Systems tests5) Implement IS quality programs- Implementation varies with firm6) Monitor IS quality-Performance of IS specialists and the unit
IntegrityAvailability
Information
Unauthorized use
Unauthorizeddisclosure and theft
Unauthorizeddestruction and denial of service
Unauthorizedmodification
Security
Confidentiality
Unauthorized Acts Threaten System Security Objectives
Access Control1. Identification What you know (password) or Where you are (terminal location)2. Authentication What you have (badge)3. Authorization Level of use
Contingency PlanningEmergency planBackup plan
Redundancy Diversity Mobility
Reciprocal agreementHot siteCold siteEmpty shell
Vital Records Plan
Electronic vaulting-Day end backup of files electronically
Remote journaling-Transmission of transaction data as the transactions occur-Used to update remote database in batch form later
Database shadowing-Involves updating of duplicate database at remote site as transaction occur
Cost-Reduction Strategies
Consolidation Reduces number of separate locations for information
resources Easiest to achieve in terms of information resources More difficult by end-user computing needs
DownsizingMigrating to smaller platformsAdvantage of cost reductionAdvantage of increased productivity with PCs located in user
areas Risk of lost security
Outsourcing Data entry and simple processing (editing, formatting) Contract programming Facilities management (FM) Systems integration (SI) Support for maintenance, service, or disaster recovery
Objectives of Outsourcing
£ Manage costs better£ Reduce£ Contain£ Predict£ Obtain relief from systems
maintenance so as to concentrate on new system development
£ Acquire needed expertise
Proactive CIO Strategy
1) CIO must emphasize quality management of the IS resource
2) Achieve strong user ties3) Strengthen executive ties4) Assemble an IS management team5) Assemble staff competent in leading-
edge technologies and methodologies6) Build an IRIS
The Future of the CIOBusiness computing is moving from
centralized to decentralized computing in terms of:
Equipment DevelopmentDecision making
CIO RolesBig brotherHelping handWatchdogNetworker
Increasing Complexity of IM For the first 10 years or so of the
computer era, all the information resources were located in the firms information unit.
But as computer develops, more and more of the hardware are located outside of information services.
As firms acquire more information resources and as those resources are disperser throughout the organization, the task of information resource mgt. becomes complex
Strategic PlanningAlso called Long-range PlanningIdentifies objectives that are intended to
give the firm the most favorable position in its environment and specifies the strategies for achieving those objectives
Upper management level is also called the strategic planning level
Strategic Planning for Information Resources (SPIR)The activity of identifying the
information resources that the firm will need in the future, acquiring those resources, and managing them.
SPIR is a responsibility of all the managerCIO is often used for the top information
services managerStrategic planning was less understood
before and was given little attention because it was viewed as technical concern rather than a managerial one.
SPIR contd.But in recent years, the attitude about
SPIR has been undergoing dramatic changes.
Increasingly, information is accepted as a resource that must be managed like any other resources and SPIR has emerged as a critical management concern
Overview of SPIR Late 1960s-Mid 1970s: Data
Processing Planning- An internal mgt tool of DP department
- ensure the efficient interfacing of diverse technical systems
- serves to enhance the quality of service provided by DP dept.
Late 1970s: Strategic planning for IT- I.T. was realized to increase productivity
- “information society” an American economy was predominantly and commonly accepted
Overview of SPIR cont.Late 1970s: Strategic planning for IT
-Logical development in the concept of planning
-IT planning must not only serve the management needs of the DP department, but the organization as a whole
-IT plans is related to business plans, not only in supporting capacity, but also as equal partner, helping to define and even create business needs and opportunity
-IT planning came to be perceived as “strategic” to the interest of the organization
Overview of SPIR cont. 1980s: Integrated Planning for an
Integrated Information Resources Environment
- The latest stage in the concept of information resource planning is primarily a function of 3 key trends
Strategic Planning Methodologies
Used to ensure that all important activities and products are accomplished and produced.
Helps a company translate its strategic business goals into IS development plans to achieve these goals
◦Critical Success Factors (CSF)◦IBM’s Business System Planning (BSP)◦Strategy Set Transformation◦Expanded Systems Life Cycle
Strategic Planning Methodologies cont.
Critical Success FactorsA small number of key factors that executives
consider critical to the success of the enterprise CSF analysis provides a very powerful method
for concentrating on key information requirements of an organization, a business unit, or of a manager.
Also, CSF analysis is easy to perform and can be carried out with few resources
Used for interpreting more clearly the objectives, tactics, and operational activities and strengths and weaknesses of the organization’s existing systems.
Strategic Planning Methodologies cont.
Business System Planning (BSP) by IBMassists an organization in developing information systems plans
should be planned from the top down and implemented piece-by-piece from the bottom up.
Strategic Planning Methodologies cont.
Business System Planning (BSP) by IBMTop-down planning - planning team
of top executives lay out the strategic mission and objectives of the organizations.
Bottom-up implementation – application development activities that are performed by teams of end users and IS professionals.
Strategic Planning Methodologies cont.Top-down planning
Business MissionAnd Objectives
Business MissionAnd Objectives
Business MissionAnd Objectives
IT ArchitectureHardware/Software/Data/Networks
BusinessProcesses
BusinessProcesses
BusinessProcesses
Business/ITCapabilities
Needed
BusinessProcesses
BusinessApplication
BusinessProcesses
Business/ITCapabilities
Provided
Top-Down Planning Bottom-Up Planning
Strategic Planning Methodologies cont.
Strategy Set TransformationAn approach where an information services plan was
devised to support the firm’s objective.This approach seeks to transform the business
strategy set to corresponding IT strategy setStrategy set: (mission, vision, goals, objectives)
the information services plan used in strategy transformation, it consists of objectives, constraints, and strategies.
Basic Flow:Business areas do not always have the resource to
ensure the accomplishment of the firm’s strategic objectives.
Strategic Planning Methodologies cont.
Strategy Set Transformation
Mission
Objectives
Strategy
Other strategic Organizationalattributes
System Objective
System Constraints
System DesignStrategies
MISStrategic planning
process
OrganizationalStrategy Set
MISStrategy Set
Strategic Planning Methodologies cont.
Expanded SDLCPostulated that the development of all
complex system naturally evolved through a sequential series of phase that where most appropriately managed in different ways, and which demanded different mixes of resources to complete effectively and efficiently.
Strategic Planning Methodologies cont.
Expanded SDLC
Strategic IS Planning
System IntegrationPlanning
System Evaluation
Divestment
System Definition
Physical Design System Implemen-tation
Strategic Planning Methodologies cont.
SPIR ApproachWhen a firm embraces SPIR, the
strategic plans for information services and the firm are concurrent
Strategic Planning Methodologies cont.
SPIR Approach
Business
strategy
Information
resources
And
IS strategy
Influence onInformation resources
OrganizationalStrategy Set
MISStrategy Set
Influence onbusiness strategy
Strategic Planning Methodologies cont.
Content of SPIREach firm will develop strategic plan
for information resources that meets its own particular needs.
But essentially, the plan contains: The objectives to be achieved Information resources necessary to achieve
its objective.
Strategic Planning Methodologies cont.
Content of SPIRSPIR
AISobjectives
RequiredInformationresources
Humanresources
Info anddate
Software
Hardware
MISobjectives
RequiredInformationresources
Humanresources
Info anddate
Software
Hardware
DSSobjectives
RequiredInformationresources
Humanresources
Info anddate
Software
Hardware
Virtual officeobjectives
RequiredInformationresources
Humanresources
Info anddate
Software
Hardware
RequiredInformationresources
Humanresources
Info anddate
Software
Hardware
KnowledgeBased system
objectives