Fiji - 2008 - Global Integrity Scorecard

8/6/2019 Fiji - 2008 - Global Integrity Scorecard

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Global Integrity Scorecard:

Fiji

2008


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Reporter's Notebook: Fiji

By Shailendra Singh

Rajen Naidu is a regular writer for Fiji's newspapers and has well-informed and balanced views. In aletter to the Fiji Sun on July 24, 2008 he admitted that he was initially persuaded to support theDecember 2006 coup because "the rot in the Qarase government had become just too much."

But a now-chastened Naidu adds that he has come to realize that the "rot is still very much with us.

"The only difference is that a new set of political players is responsible for it. A better Fiji is sadly stillquite a distance away," Naidu wrote.

Nearly two years after military commander Frank Bainimarama ousted the Laisenia Qarasegovernment, letters like Naidu's have started to appear more regularly in daily newspapers.

A history of coups and corruption

The December 2006 coup, Fiji's fourth in less than 20 years, was dubbed a "cleanup campaign" byBainimarama, who is now Fiji's interim prime minister. His crusade against what he said was a racist,corrupt and wasteful administration originally had some support.

But for a people weary of years of government gross mismanagement and misrule, disillusionment setin. There were numerous allegations of non-accountability, abuse of office, nepotism, misuse of publicproperty and financial mismanagement.

Now Bainimarama and his former interim finance minister Mahendra Chaudhry two vociferouscritics of the former government's abuse of powers have become enmeshed in allegations offinancial impropriety.

Recent reports allege that Bainimarama took FJ$180,000 (US$97,071) in leave pay dating back 20years. And then Chaudhry confirmed that he had an Australian bank account holding more than FJ$1million (US$539,287) that had been collected from Chaudhry's supporters in India following his oustingas prime minister in the 2000 coup.

Chaudhry's claim that Bainimarama was owed back pay, and that as interim finance minister he didthe correct thing to approve the payment, was hardly convincing.

Akuila Yabakai, chairman of the Citizen's Constitutional Forum, a nongovernmental organization, said,"For Mr. Chaudhry to say that he was not aware of any irregularities regarding the payout shows avery poor understanding of the accountability mechanisms of public finance. Fiji's military has been

justifying the 2006 coup on the basis that a cleanup of the civil service and its procedures wasnecessary to end corruption. However, the payout to Bainimarama casts doubt on this objective."

A disillusioned people and a country in debt

Chaudhry denied that the money collected in India was for victims of the 2000 coup. Chaudhry hassaid little more about it. But a government spokesman's assertion that the money was for his and hisfamily's resettlement in Australia, needed because of the danger they faced in 2000, dismayedsupporters like taxi driver Anand Chand.

Chaudhry, former prime minister of Fiji and leader of the Fiji Labor Party, is the country's most popularand powerful Indian leader. He built his trade union and political career as a crusader against

corruption, champion of the poor and a campaigner of the rights of the country's sugar came farmersand working class people.

Chand is 50, works 12 hours a day and takes home FJ$100 (US$53) a week. He said he onceregarded Chaudhry as a god, because Chaudhry fought for poor people like him. He appeared baffledby Chaudhry's claim that the money was for his family. "Chaudhry is a wealthy man. All his childrenwere educated overseas and have good jobs. Why does he need the money?" Chand asked.

Some callers to a talk radio show were equally dismayed and clearly felt betrayed. They were alsoangered when Chaudhry gave a gift of FJ$70,000 (US$37,750) to his daughter.


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As Fiji Islanders were was coming to terms with all this, the first accounts of the auditor general's 2007report started to emerge. The early prognosis was, predictably, ominous. The admonishments of thePublic Accounts Committee, which reviewed the reports and submitted them to the interim cabinetduring July and August, started to repeat like a tape loop.

Since the 1990s, the auditor general has exposed Fiji's inept and awkward civil service as a hotbed ofcorruption, with blatant, systematic and consistent abuse of millions of dollars in public funds and aid

money at the highest levels.A previous auditor general report described government agencies as "fraught with widespread abuseand ineptitude. It added, "Corruption was a cancer that had spread from the prime minister's officethroughout the rest of government."

For a civilian population of less than 900,000, a civil service that numbers 35,000 is considered large.Explaining the need for reforms, senior civil servant Pramesh Chand said that up to 82 percent of thegovernment's resources were used by the civil service.

The latest report, an audit from 2005 to 2006 of 13 ministries and departments, uncoveredirregularities in various ministries, including delays in reconciling ledgers, as well as huge time-offliabilities.

"Grave" concerns were raised over the Qarase government's continued reliance on loans to meetday-to-day operations and the funding of debts through treasury bills during the 2005 to 2006 period.

Critics pointed out that public debt doubled during Qarase's six-year rule to 52 percent of the GDP.Debt levels of 40 percent of GDP are considered unsustainable by international standards, particularlyfor small, vulnerable economies. But this did not deter the Qarase administration from taking domesticand overseas loans of close to $64 million to finance a gross budget deficit of FJ$265 million (US$142million).

Biman Prasad, a professor in development economics at the University of the South Pacific, says Fiji'shigh debt levels are linked to the consistent mismanagement of state resources by successivegovernments.

"Resources allocated year-in and year-out are wasted so projects and infrastructure development donot get completed within the allocated amount. Government has to allocate more for the same projectin subsequent years, and to do that it has to borrow," Prasad said.

In Fiji, around 30 percent of the estimated 900,000 people do not earn incomes adequate for basicneeds. Poverty and hardship are serious issues compounded by government waste, corruption andmismanagement.

To make up for state revenues that are squandered on an annual basis, governments often resort toincreasing the tax burden. The Qarase government was on the verge of increasing a direct consumertax from 12.5 percent to 15 percent before it was ousted. Commentators said the move would haveexacerbated the vicious poverty cycle that is a reality for many people in the country.

Prasad has co-authored a recently published research paper showing that Fiji accumulated aninfrastructure deficit of 3.4 billion Fiji dollars (US$1.8 billion) in the last 20 years. He said thatcorruption and waste were partly responsible for the situation. According to the interim government,almost 50 percent of allocated funding was lost to corruption in the six years of Qarase rule.

The common people suffer

Such hideous levels of abuse would be intolerable in most countries. In Fiji, successive governments often because of their complicity or for political reasons, turned a blind eye to the problem.Through inaction and connivance, the government allowed the problem to take root and let the rot setin.

The stench of corruption emanating from the civil service is such that it attracts opportunists likevultures to a decaying carcass. Tender processes are circumvented with impunity, with documentsamended to suit particular companies. Contracts worth millions are awarded under dubiouscircumstances.


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The Water and Sewage Department of the Ministry of Works stands out as a shameful example of Fiji'scorruption problems. It has been cited in several auditor general's reports. But this is hardly a deterrentas little follow-up action is taken. Recently, Paul Wilisoni, the director of water and sewage, wassuspended on half-pay during investigations by an anti-corruption unit.

In 2003, money paid to contractors for carrying water to consumers, because of infrastructurebreakdown, resulted in losses of up to FJ$9 million (US$4.6 million). There is a widespread belief that

some water and sewage officials deliberately delayed infrastructure development to keep contractswith private trucking companies that pay officials with kickbacks.

With tens of thousands of families facing water supply problems, there have been recent reports ofpeople stealing water from the tanks of a large school just outside Suva, preventing the school fromopening for the new term.

While some have exploited the corrupt system and made their fortunes, Fiji's residents suffer theconsequences on a daily basis. Doctor and nurse shortages, the lack of basic medicine at state-runhospitals, long waiting periods at all hospitals, dilapidated schools in rural areas, roads in constantdisrepair and a collapsing water supply system are some of the everyday problems encountered by FijiIslanders.

For the approximately 12.5 percent of Fiji's population who now live as squatters, governmentallocations for resettlement have been woefully inadequate. Police investigations are no match for the

scale of abuse. Cases that make it to court experience lengthy delays in a clogged system. Forexample, it took eight years before former company director Pita Alifereti was convicted in the"Agriculture Scam" on September 15, 2008.

While a leaner, better-paid civil service would perform better and be less susceptible to corruption, apowerful pubic sector union and reluctance on the part of successive governments to make toughpolitical decisions has delayed and hampered reforms.

Far from downsizing the civil service, the Qarase government promised FJ$85 million (US$46 million)in salary increases just prior to the 2006 elections in what was widely seen as a vote-buying move.This was halted by the interim government.

But even the interim government has balked at implementing some reforms. Recently Bainimaramaassured people there would be no job losses in plans to reform the public sector.

According to Prasad, urgent action is needed. Corruption and public sector inefficiency, he says, ispartly responsible for the paltry average economic growth rate of 1.73 percent from 2000 to 2006.Such growth rates are not enough to absorb recent graduates entering the job market and other jobseekers. It will lead to more social problems.

Is there light at the end of the tunnel?

Rajen Naidu, once full of hope, is not so certain anymore. "I now realize in retrospect why Karl Marxhad warned against a conspiratorial group assuming power on behalf of the people," he wrote in theFiji Sun. "It is more likely they will assume power for themselves."


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Fiji: Corruption Timeline

April 1987 Winner of the 1987 election, ethnic-Fiji Islander Prime Minister Dr. Timoci Bavadra isforcibly removed from office in a coup led by Lt. Col. Sitiveni Rabuka. Rabuka declares himself thenew prime minister on May 14.

September 1987 Rabuka leads a second coup revoking the 1970 constitution and thus declaringFiji a republic on Oct. 10.

December 1987 Rabuka resigns handing the government over to Governor General Ratu SirPenaia Ganilau, who becomes the first appointed president of the Republic of the Fiji Islands.

July 1990 The new government forges a new constitution that reserves majorities for ethnic-FijiIslanders in the legislature.

1992 A Television Decree allows the government to influence programming content.

1993 Sitiveni Rabuka is elected prime minister under the new constitution.

1995 A five-year review of the 1990 constitution occurs. The U.S. State Department reports, "AConstitutional Review Commission recommended a new constitution that expanded the size of thelegislature, lowered the proportion of seats reserved by ethnic group, gave to the unelected Council of

Chiefs authority to appoint the president and vice president, and opened the position of prime ministerto all racesPrime Minister Rabuka and President Mara supported the proposal, while the nationalistindigenous Fijian parties opposed it."

July 1997 Constitutional amendments recommended by the 1995 Constitutional ReviewCommission are approved, despite opposition from the indigenous Fijian parties in the government.

May 1999 Mahendra Chaudhry is elected as Fiji's first Indo-Fijian prime minister in the firstlegislative elections under the new constitution.

May 2000 Fijian nationalist George Speight wages a coup attempt where he takes most of themembers of Parliament hostage. During the eight-week standoff, Chaudhry is removed from officebecause he is deemed unable to govern as a hostage. Meanwhile, Fijian military forces abrogate theconstitution, impose martial law, and broker an end to the hostage situation.

July 2000 The Great Council of Chiefs and the military name Laisenia Qarase prime minister andRatu Josefa Iloilo president.

November 2000 Members of the First Meridian Special Forces Squadron (CounterrevolutionaryWarfare Unit) mutiny at the Queen Elizabeth Barracks in Suva. Police beat several members of therebel group, killing five of them after 30 of the rebels are detained.

March 2001 Fijian Court of Appeal reaffirms the constitution and orders Iloilo to recall theParliament. Instead, Iloilo dissolves the legislative body, which was newly elected in 2000, and namesQarase the government caretaker until the August 2001 elections.

August 2001 Qarase's Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua party (SDL) wins a majority in theParliamentary elections with Qarase officially elected as prime minister.

2002 Son of former Fijian Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry sues the military, among othergovernment institutions, for damages relating to abuses he claims he experienced while being held

hostage during the 2000 coup.

2005 Allegations swirl around the judicial system suspecting lingering biases in cases related to the2000 coup.

May 2006 Qarase and the SDL win re-election as majority in Parliament.

November 2006 A Suva court sentences former chief of the Fiji Agriculture Ministry PeniasiKunatuba to four years in prison on corruption charges. The charges involve broad misuse of Ministrymoney in 2000 and 2001.


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December 2006 In a bloodless coup, Fiji Military Forces Commodore Frank Bainimarama deposesQarase. Bainimarama says the reason for the coup is to clean up government corruption and restoregood governance to Fiji.

Bainimarama sends in troops to shut down Parliament.

According to the U.S. State Department, a military officer employs media intimidation, demanding anewspaper editor for the Daily Post "tone down" writing about the coup. The Republic of Fiji MilitaryForces (RFMF) detains him and threatens deportation.

The U.S. State Department reports, Bainimarama addresses the nation over radio airwaves,threatening pro-democracy advocates to "shut their mouth," or the military will "shut it for them."

Multiple cases of police brutality and intimidation occur in late 2006, after Bainimarama seizes power.RFMF soldiers arrest six pro-democracy supporters in their homes in Lami. The prisoners includeyoung men who erected a pro-democracy shrine outside their house. The accused are transported tothe RFMF Queen Elizabeth's Barracks where, according to the U.S. State Department, they are"beaten, stepped on, and threatened with weapons." Officers also arrest five young men for speakingagainst the coup, force them to strip to their underwear and crawl through drain pipes. The men arethen dropped off in a remote jungle location to find their way home. In a third case, Soldiers detain andbeat a former government official who is overheard at a bar criticizing the interim government. Theyforce him to run around a track at gunpoint.

2007 Throughout the year, Fiji is headed by the interim government. Fijian leadership declares astate of emergency, restricting freedom of expression and movement while the military determines theavailability of the right to privacy without recourse in the courts. The government also engages insearches without warrants, media intimidation and restricts the right to peaceably assemble. Thegovernment detains human rights activists and journalists throughout the year for making statementsagainst the state and the coup. Some of them face beatings.

January 2007 Fijian Chief Justice Daniel Fatiaki is suspended from duty and prohibited fromleaving the country under investigation of misconduct. It is suspected that his replacement, AnthonyGates, was appointed unconstitutionally.

Bainimarama reinstates Iloilo as president. The next day Iloilo appoints Bainimarama interim primeminister. The BBC reports, Qarase is accused of "leading Fiji down a path of doom" and is banished tohis home island.

The U.S. State Department reports, Police officers detain and beat six people accused of damaging abus.

Government security forces capture Nimilote Verebasaga at home in the Tailevu Province forundisclosed reasons. Verebasaga's beaten body is later delivered to the hospital. In November, one(RFMF) officer is charged in the death.

Iloilo grants amnesty to everyone involved in the coup that is condemned by the U.S., Australia, NewZealand and the E.U. According to the U.S. State Department, he offers "full and unconditionalimmunity from all criminal or civil or legal or military disciplinary or professional proceedings orconsequences."

February 2007 The RFMF detains 19-year-old Sakiusa Rabaka and several other young men fromthe Nadi area for smoking marijuana. The officers beat the men, killing Rabaka. In October, eightRFMF soldiers are charged in the Rabaka death.

April 2007 The Fijian government suspends the Great Council of Chiefs after the council declinedto appoint the interim government's choice for vice president.

May 2007 In an Internet crackdown, the military monitors blogs. The RFMF detains a businessmaninvolved in an anti-government blog, verbally and physically abusing him. At least two senior civilservants accused of contributing to such blogs also face suspensions and discipline. At least twopeople are arrested and accused of sending e-mails critical of the interim government.

June 2007 The constitutionally mandated Fiji Human Rights Commission (FHRC) reports 18 formalcomplaints through this month "relating to the December coup," 16 of which relate to "cruel, inhuman


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or degrading treatment." NGOs also report several informal complaints about describing a climate ofintimidation. These numbers decrease to seven through the second half of the year, due to the end ofthe state of emergency and international criticism.

The U.S. State Department reports, Police officers take Tevita Malasebe into custody in Nasinu nearthe capital of Suva for "questioning on undisclosed matters." His mother is later called to the hospitalto identify his badly bruised body. Seven police officers are charged with his murder.

July 2007 The president of the Court of Appeal leaves the bench and declines to renew hiscontract. His home is subsequently burned down, inexplicably.

September 2007 Six Court of Appeal justices jointly resign, citing interference by the acting chiefjustice.

October 2007 The interim government launches the People's Charter Initiative in an effort toremove communal and ethnic voting and improve governance structure.

November 2007 Fijian soldiers and police officers reportedly beat businessman Ballu Khan and hisassociates. The men stand accused of plotting to assassinate Bainimarama. Khan suffers from skullfractures.

February 2008 The Committee to Protect Journalist reports, Australian manager ofThe Fiji SunRussell Hunter is deported for "threatening national security" following his newspaper's publication of

news regarding government corruption, local news reports say.

May 2008 Australian manager of the Fiji Times Evan Hannah is deported, accused of work permitirregularities. Fiji National Security and Immigration Minister Ratu Epeli Ganilau calls Hannah's actions"breaching national security," the BBC reports.


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Fiji: Facts

The Global Integrity Report provides a mix of qualitative and quantitative information. To encouragecomparisons between our data and other international datasets, we have collected a listing of some ofour favorite third-party datasets below. We encourage our readers to use this data to makecomparisons to the Integrity Indicators, and to use our source data in their original research. If you

have done work based on the Integrity Indicators, or are considering it, we want to hear from you.Press Freedom IndexAssessment of how free media is at the national level. Source: Freedom House. More Recent YearPublished: 2008.Year Data Gathered: 2007. Methodology: Expert Assessment, Scale from 0(best) to 100 (worst).

Economic Freedom IndexAssesses the degree of market-oriented freedoms in a country at the national level. Source: HeritageFoundation. Most Recent Year Published: 2008.Year Data Gathered: Second half of 2006 and firsthalf of 2007. Methodology: Composite data from various sources, Scale from 0 (worst) to 100 (best).

Human Development IndexMeasures achievement in three basic dimensions of human development (life expectancy, educationallevel, and GDP per capita) at the national level. Source: United Nations Development Programme. Mos

Most Recent Year Published: 2007.Year Data Gathered: 2005. Methodology: Composite datafrom various sources, Scale from 0 (worst) to 1 (best).

Bribe Payers IndexAssessment of the propensity of firms to bribe when operating abroad. Source: TransparencyInternational. Most Recent Year Published: 2006.Year Data Gathered: 2006. Methodology:Original business firm survey, Scale from 0 (worst) to 10 (best).

Corruption Perceptions IndexMeasures the perception of the level of corruption in countries at the national level. Source:Transparency International. Most Recent Year Published: 2008.Year Data Gathered: 2007 and2008. Methodology: Composite data from various sources, Scale from 0 (worst) to 10 (best).

Open Budget IndexAssesses how open, transparent, and accessible national budgets are to their citizens. Source:

International Budget Partnership. Most Recent Year Published: 2006.Year Data Gathered: 2005;Methodology: Expert Assessment, Scale from 0 (worst) to 100 (best).

Failed States IndexAggregates three types of indicators (social, political and economic) which are believed to cause statefailure (e.g. massive movement of refugees, internally displaced persons creating complexhumanitarian emergencies, etc.). Source: Fund for Peace. Most Recent Year Published: 2008.

Year Data Gathered: 2007. Methodology: Composite data from various sources utilizing a softwaretool that indexes and scans international and local media reports and other public documents forkeywords, low (best) to high (worst).

Worldwide Governance Indicators: Control of CorruptionMeasures the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grandforms of corruption, as well as "capture" of the state by elites and private interests. Source WorldBank In:stitute. Most Recent Year Published: 2008.Year Data Gathered: 2007 and 2008.

Methodology: Composite data from various sources, Scale from -2.5 (worst) to 2.5 (best).

Worldwide Governance Indicators: Voice and AccountabilityMeasures the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government,as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media. Source: World BankInstitute. Most Recent Year Published: 2008.Year Data Gathered: 2007 and 2008. Methodology:Composite data from various sources, Scale from -2.5 (worst) to 2.5 (best).

GDP Per Capita (PPP)Gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita. Source: International
http://www.globalintegrity.org/contact.cfmhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=362http://www.heritage.org/Index/http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/1.htmlhttp://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/bpi/bpi_2006http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2008http://www.openbudgetindex.org/http://www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=292&Itemid=452http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asphttp://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asphttp://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/index.aspxhttp://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/index.aspxhttp://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asphttp://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asphttp://www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=292&Itemid=452http://www.openbudgetindex.org/http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2008http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/bpi/bpi_2006http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/1.htmlhttp://www.heritage.org/Index/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=362http://www.globalintegrity.org/contact.cfm


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Monetary Fund. Most Recent Year Published: 2008.Year Data Gathered: 2007. Methodology:Official government data.

Foreign Aid Per Capita (USD)A measure of aid per capita, which includes both official development assistance (ODA) and officialaid, and is calculated by dividing total aid by the midyear population estimate. Source: World Bank.Most Recent Year Published: 2007.Year Data Gathered: 2006. Methodology: Composite data

from official government data, Scale from 0 (worst) to 100 (best).Unemployment Total (% of labor force)A measure of the estimated unemployment rate. Source: World Bank. Most Recent Year Published:2007.Year Data Gathered: 2005. Methodology: Official government data, Scale from 0 (best) to 100(worst).

Gross External Debt (USD millions)Calculation consists of all loans and other types of borrowing (such as bonds and export credits) bythe debtor owed to non-residents of the economy. Source: World Bank. Most Recent YearPublished: 2007.Year Data Gathered: 2005. Methodology: Composite data from officialgovernment data.

Poverty RateA measure of the percentage of the population living below the poverty line. Source: World Bank.

Most Recent Year Published: 2007.Year Data Gathered: Latest available data from period 1990 to2004. Methodology: Official government data, Scale from 0 (best) to 100 (worst).

Gini IndexThe Gini coefficient measures income inequality at the national level. Source: World Bank. MostRecent Year Published: 2007.Year Data Gathered: unavailable. Methodology: Official governmentdata, Scale from 0 (perfect equality) to 100 (absolute inequality).

Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (as % of GDP)Calculations based on World Bank data on foreign direct investment. Source: World Bank. MostRecent Year Published: 2007.Year Data Gathered: 2005. Methodology: Official government data,Scale from 0 (low) to 100 (high).

Life ExpectancyAnnual estimate of life expectancy at birth at the national level. Source: United Nations. Most Recent

Year Published: 2007.Year Data Gathered: 2006. Methodology: Official government data, Scalefrom 0 (worst) to 100 (best).

Legatum Prosperity Index (Economic Competitiveness)Measures factors that help to create economic growth and wealth accumulation. Source: LegatumInstitute. Most Recent Year Published: 2008.Year Data Gathered: 2008. Methodology: Compositedata from various sources, Scale from low (worst) to high (best).

Legatum Prosperity Index (Comparative Liveability)Measures individual well-being of a country's citizens. Source: Legatum Institute. Most Recent YearPublished: 2008.Year Data Gathered: 2008. Methodology: Composite data from various sources,Scale from low (worst) to high (best).

Religious FreedomAssesses the degree of religious freedom at the national level in a country. Source: CIRI Human

Rights Data Project. Most Recent Year Published: 2004.Year Data Gathered: 2003. Methodology:Expert assessment, 0 (government places some restrictions on religious practices) and 1 (governmentplaces no restrictions on religious practices).
http://go.worldbank.org/IIZPWQL7Y0http://go.worldbank.org/X9FIYJEF10http://go.worldbank.org/6ACHOW9C01http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.htmlhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/147.htmlhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/174.htmlhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/2.htmlhttp://www.prosperity.com/ranking.aspxhttp://www.prosperity.com/ranking.aspxhttp://ciri.binghamton.edu/index.asphttp://ciri.binghamton.edu/index.asphttp://www.prosperity.com/ranking.aspxhttp://www.prosperity.com/ranking.aspxhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/2.htmlhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/174.htmlhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/147.htmlhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/25.htmlhttp://go.worldbank.org/6ACHOW9C01http://go.worldbank.org/X9FIYJEF10http://go.worldbank.org/IIZPWQL7Y0


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Fiji: Integrity Indicators Scorecard

Overall Score: 64 - Weak

Category I Civil Society, Public Information and Media 62 Weak

I-1 Civil Society Organizations 91 Very Strong

I-2 Media 81 Strong

I-3 Public Access to Information 15 Very Weak

Category II Elections 58 Very Weak

II-1 Voting & Citizen Participation 87 Strong

II-2 Election Integrity 82 Strong

II-3 Political Financing 4 Very Weak

Category III Government Accountability 46 Very Weak

III-1 Executive Accountability 49 Very Weak

III-2 Legislative Accountability 44 Very Weak

III-3 Judicial Accountability 35 Very Weak

III-4 Budget Processes 54 Very Weak

Category IV Administration and Civil Service 58 Very WeakIV-1 Civil Service Regulations 31 Very Weak

IV-2 Whistle-blowing Measures 56 Very Weak

IV-3 Procurement 60 Very Weak

IV-4 Privatization 84 Strong

Category V Oversight and Regulation 82 Strong

V-1 National Ombudsman 71 Moderate

V-2 Supreme Audit Institution 93 Very Strong

V-3 Taxes and Customs 92 Very StrongV-4 State-Owned Enterprises 72 Moderate

V-5 Business Licensing and Regulation 85 Strong

Category VI Anti-Corruption and Rule of Law 79 Moderate

VI-1 Anti-Corruption Law 100 Very Strong


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VI-2 Anti-Corruption Agency 83 Strong

VI-3 Rule of Law 75 Moderate

VI-4 Law Enforcement 58 Very Weak


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http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ca107/http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ca107/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Fiji_Islands


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http://www.lawreform.gov.fj/common/default.aspx?page=howWeWkhttp://www.lawreform.gov.fj/common/default.aspx?page=howWeWk


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http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100520.htm


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http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100520.htmhttp://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/ifpdial/info/national/fiji.htm


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http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Fiji_Islandshttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Fiji_Islands


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http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/nra272/


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http://archives.pireport.org/archive/2005/December/12-09-ft.htmhttp://www.parliament.gov.fj/legislative/bills.aspx?billID=267&viewtype=reports&billnav=billhttp://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/library/Paclaw/Fiji/Fiji_cases/FLR_1997/Fiji_TV_Minister_Information.htmlhttp://archives.pireport.org/archive/2005/December/12-09-ft.htmhttp://www.parliament.gov.fj/legislative/bills.aspx?billID=267&viewtype=reports&billnav=bill


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http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_12540.shtml


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http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100520.htm


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http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=38582http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=82243


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http://www.pmc.aut.ac.nz/niusbeat/080801_Fijipressure.shtmlhttp://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100520.htm


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http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/34293/35144/152078/151553/fiji_islands_general_election_2006___report_of_the.htm


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http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap108.html


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http://www.governance.usp.ac.fj/top-menu-29/countries-and-territories-175/fiji-176/governance-information-181/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/34293/35144/152078/151553/fiji_islands_general_election_2006___report_of_the.htm


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http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/34293/35144/152078/151553/fiji_islands_general_election_2006___report_of_the.htmhttp://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100520.htm


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http://www.elections.gov.fj/results2006.htmlhttp://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/34293/35144/152078/151553/fiji_islands_general_election_2006___report_of_the.htm


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http://www.elections.gov.fj/voter/count_process.htmlhttp://www.elections.gov.fj/voter/count_process.html


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http://www.transparencyfiji.org/readNews.aspx?newsId=37


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http://www.islandsbusiness.com/news/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=130/focusContentID=7143/tableName=mediaRelease/overideSkinName=newsArticle-full.tplhttp://www.paclii.org/databases.html#FJ


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http://209.85.175.132/search?q=cache:q2D4ysCo598J:siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAWJUSTINST/Resources/IncomeAssetDisclosureinWBClientsasofJune62006.pdf+Income+and+Asset+Disclosure+Requirements+for+Heads+of+State+and+Governments&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=fj&client=firefox-a


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http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=82059


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http://www.ethicsworld.org/publicsectorgovernance/bestpracticesbygovernments.php


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http://www.transparency.org.au/documents/fiji.pdfhttp://www.transparency.org.au/documents/fiji.pdf


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http://www.parliament.gov.fj/main/index.aspx


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http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2004/cr0464.pdf


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http://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/sol_adobe_documents/world/icnl/civil.pdf


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http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap74.htmlhttp://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap74.htmlhttp://www.psc.gov.fj/au/divisions_Appeals_Board.aspx


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http://www.transparencyfiji.org/Default.aspx


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http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=12003


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http://www.ag.gov.fj/pfp.aspx?newsId=270http://www.afbc.org.au/Economic_2008%20Budget_KPMG_Commentary.pdfhttp://www.fijivillage.com/?mod=story&id=0402097273f1e6119941f963f68752


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http://www.lawreform.gov.fj/common/default.aspx?Page=pubForm&dlId=37&dlTypeId=2&allowDl=Falsehttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdf


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http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdfhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN013101.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdf


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http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdf


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http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/40/37575976.pdf


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http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap3.html


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http://rspas.anu.edu.au/papers/melanesia/conference_papers/1998/prasad.html


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http://www.oag.gov.fj/reports_2004/Vol_2_Part_II_General_Admin/section_22_ombudsman_office.pdfhttp://www.unescap.org/esid/psis/population/database/poplaws/law_fiji/fiji_004_11.htm


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http://wwwfijicoup2006.blogspot.com/2007/11/budget-2008-for-fiji.htmlhttp://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/journal_splaw/working_papers/Lal1.htmhttp://www.unescap.org/drpad/publication/integra/volume1/fiji/1fj06a.htm


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http://www.paclii.org/journals/fJSPL/vol01/vol01_Lal_Diversified.shtmlhttp://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/pm_office.shtml


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http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj00000_.htmlhttp://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj00000_.html


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http://www.oag.gov.fj/


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http://www.frca.org.fj/http://www.frca.org.fj/


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http://www.apgml.org/jurisdictions/default.aspx?JurisdictionID=7http://www.psc.gov.fj/Publications/PSC%20Circulars/2008%20PSC%20Circulars/PSC%20Circlar%2017-%20Contract%20of%20Service.pdf


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http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/programguide/stories/200804/s2217776.ht


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http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=66592http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=82307


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http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=103517http://www.fijilive.com/news_new/index.php/news/show_news/8998http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/bula-fm/fullstory.php?id=8672


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http://documents.ag.gov.fj/LegalAidAct1996.pdfhttp://www.ag.gov.fj/default.aspx?page=legalAid


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http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Fiji-military-chief-made-head-of-police/2007/06/08/1181089313332.html


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http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA18/001/2008/en


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Documents

Fiji - 2008 - Global Integrity Scorecard