Fig17_2

17_02

Few peopledislike Ralph.

Dad is alwaysrude to Ralph.

Dad is rude toall your friends.

something within him:"Dad is an old grouch."

=++

Most peopledislike Ralph.

Dad is alwaysrude to Ralph.

Dad is never rude toyour other friends.

by something outsideDad: "Ralph is a jerk."

=++

Few peopledislike Ralph.

Dad is usuallynice to Ralph.

Dad is never rudeto your otherfriends.

Lowconsensus

Highconsistency

Lowdistinctiveness

Internal attribution

Dad's rudeness is due to

Highconsensus

Highconsistency

Highdistinctiveness

External attribution

Dad's rudeness is caused

Lowconsensus

Lowconsistency

Highdistinctiveness

External attribution

Dad's rudeness is causedby something outsideDad: "Ralph must havedone something wrong."

=++

(A)

(B)

(C)

Fig132

49

InternalPermanentGlobal

ExternalTemporarySpecific

Goodevents

Badevents

ExternalTemporarySpecific

InternalPermanentGlobal

Optimists Pessimists

MARTY SELIGMAN

MARTY SELIGMAN

InRev17a

SOME BIASES IN SOCIAL PERCEPTION

Ambiguous information is interpreted in line with a first impression, and the initial schema is recalled better and more vividly than any later correction to it. Actions based on this impression may elicit behavior that confirms it.

The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal factors.

The tendency for actors to attribute their own behavior to external causes and for observers to attribute the behavior of others to internal factors.

The tendency to attribute one’s successes to internal factors and one’s failures to external factors.

The tendency to assume that positive events are more likely, and negative events are less likely, to occur to oneself than to others.

Bias

Importance of first impression

Fundamental attribution error

Actor-observer bias

Self-serving bias

Unrealistic optimism

Description

Fig17_4

17_04

High elaboration Careful processingof information

Degree of attitude changedepends on quality of arguments

Low elaboration

Persuasive message

Careful processingdoes not occur

Attitude change dependson presence of persuasion cues

CENTRAL ROUTE

PERIPHERAL ROUTE

17_05

Agreement

+0.6

+0.4

+0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

0

LOW INVOLVEMENT

Low High

Expertise of communicator

+0.6

+0.4

+0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

0

HIGH INVOLVEMENT

Low

Expertise of communicator

High

Weak arguments

Strong arguments

Fig17_6

17_06

12

11

10

9

8

7

Favorable

Unfavorable

Attitude toward

the task

$20.00

Experimental condition

$1.00

Low justification (high dissonance)

High justification (low dissonance)

InRev17b

FORMING AND CHANGING ATTITUDES

Attitudes are usually formed through observation of how others

behave and speak about an attitude object, as well as through

classical and operant conditioning.

People change attitudes through either a central or peripheral

route, depending on factors such as personal involvement,

“cognitive busyness,” and personality characteristics.

Inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviors can produce

attitude change, as can reviewing one’s behavior in light of

circumstances.

Type of Influence

Modeling and

conditioning

Elaboration

likelihood model

Cognitive

dissonance and

self-perception

Description

Fig17_7

17_07

0.1 0.2 0.7 0.80.3 0.4 0.5

Proportion of similar attitudes

0.6

Attraction

10

11

12

7

6

8

9

Fig17_10

17_09

INTIMACY

Consummate Love =Intimacy + Passion

+ Commitment(a complete love

consisting of all threecomponents − an

)ideal difficult to attain

=Liking Intimacy Alone

( friendship without passion - )or long term commitment

= Infatuation Passion Alone

( , passionate obsessive love at first sight

without intimacy )or commitment

=Empty Love Commitment Alone

( decision to love another without

)intimacy or passion =Fatuous Love

+ Passion Commitment( commitment based on passion but without

time for intimacy to develop− shallow )relationship such as a whirlwind courtship

PASSION

COMMITMENT

=Romantic Love + Intimacy Passion

( lovers physically and emotionally

attracted to each other but without

, commitment as in )a summer romance

Companionate = Love Intimacy

+ Commitment( - long term committed

friendship such as a marriage in

which the passion )has faded

STERNBERG”S

TRIANGULAR

THEORY OF

LOVE

STERNBERG”S

TRIANGULAR

THEORY OF

LOVE

Fig101

33

Female reproductive strategies

Male reproductive strategies

Females can producea limited number ofchildren over atime span

Females seek maleswith resources forprotecting them andtheir offspring

Females attracted bylove acts that displaya male's resources

Males can conceivechildren frompuberty until death

Males evaluatefemales on thebasis of youth,health, and beauty

Males attracted bylove acts thatsignal a female'sreproductive capability

Females evaluatemales on such dimen-sions as earningcapacity, ambition,status, and possessions

Males seek femalescapable of reproducing

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Can negative self-image lead to mental disorders? (p. 606)

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Do children perceive others as adults do?  (p. 432)

CONSCIOUSNESS

Can we ever be unbiased about anyone? (p. 625)

LINKAGESto

Social Cognition