Fifteen years of

TransparenciaMexicana

Fifteen years ofTransparenciaMexicana

3Transparency International is an organization created as a coalition of

nations to fight corruption. Its founder, Peter Eigen, was an official of

the World Bank for approximately two decades before he decided to

take a step forward in 1993, and created this organization convinced

as he was of the seriousness of the problem of corruption. Eigen,

who was a German Lawyer, established

the headquarters of the coalition in Berlin,

where it is currently located. It was hard

for Peter Eigen to set out the organization

because the problem of corruption was seen

as a politically incorrect matter and, hence,

it was not mentioned in diplomatic forums. It is said, as an anecdote,

that even inside international financial institutions they used the term

“C” factor to refer to this matter that turned out awkward to deal with.

The guiding principles of Transparency International are very simple

and clear::

• As coalition-builders, we will work cooperatively with all individuals

and groups, with for-profit and not-for-profit corporations and

organizations, and with governments and international bodies

committed to the fight against corruption, subject only to the

policies and priorities set by our governing bodies.

• We undertake to be open, honest and accountable in our

relationships with everyone we work with, and with each other.

• We will be democratic, politically non-partisan and non-sectarian in

our work.

• We will condemn bribery and corruption vigorously wherever it has

been reliably identified.

• The positions we take will be based on sound, objective and

professional analysis and high standards of research.

• We will only accept funding that does not compromise our ability

to address issues freely, thoroughly and objectively.

Brief historyof TransparencyInternational

4

• We will provide accurate and timely reports of our activities to our

stakeholders.

• We will respect and encourage respect for fundamental human rights

and freedom.

• We are committed to building, working with and working through

Chapters worldwide.

• We will strive for balanced and diverse representation on our

governing bodies.

• As one global movement, we stand in solidarity with each other and

we will not act in ways that may adversely affect other Chapters or

the TI movement as a whole.

So, the actions of Transparency International aim at the diagnosis of

the problem, the development of efficient public policies, and their

application and follow up. During the ten years of the presidency of

Peter Eigen in the institution, approximately one hundred national

chapters were formed. Each chapter has a wide margin for its

internal organization, but in any case it has to comply with the basic

principles of the Institution. The acknowledgement of one national

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 59 of 90 51 of 91 57 of 102 64 of 133 64 of 146 65 of 159 70 of 163 72 of 180 72 of 180 89 of 180 98 of 178 100 of 183 105 of 176 106 of 177

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.0

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Source: Transparencia Mexicana, created with data of the Corruption Perceptions Index of Transparency International 2000-2013

* This time series is presented with an informative purpose. The number of countries and sources has changed throughout the years.The dotted red line signals an adjustment in the methodology since 2012.

Corruption Perceptions Index Time series for Mexico 2000-2013*

Global position

5

chapter is subject to a strict review by the central office in Berlin.

In fact, Berlin frequently takes away this acknowledgement if the

analyzed chapter does not comply with the basic principles of the

Institution. Transparency International has an annual meeting with

national chapters, where detected problems are presented but so

are successful experiences. For this reason, this meeting becomes a

great convention on the subject, which is attended by heads of state,

former heads of state, specialists on economics and on other topics.

One of the basic principles of Transparency International is that

corruption, apart from being an ethical and moral problem, is

a deep problem for economic development. In this sense, it is

not a coincidence that the countries that suffer the most from

this scourge are frequently the ones that present low levels

of development and high levels of inequality. To measure this

phenomenon, Transparency International created the Corruption

Perceptions Index (CPI), which is made public every year in the

fall. The Index, as its name implies, is a survey that collects around

ten global measurements from institutions such as the World

Economic Forum, the World Bank, Harvard University, and the World

Competitiveness Center, among others.

The CPI reflects the perception that analysts, entrepreneurs,

experts on the subject and observers have of a country. The index

shows that there is no linear connection between development

and corruption. In this sense, it breaks away from old theories and

development schemes whose paradigm was the fact that a country

had to be developed in order to reduce corruption. Through the CPI

this conception is inverted: it is proven that, in fact, it is possible

to first reduce corruption and then become a developed country.

Many attempts have been made to measure the cost of corruption

for a country; however, there are so many variables that include the

phenomenon that it is hard to establish a sole figure. Corruption

increases operation costs in companies; it limits procedures and

management –which make certain economic activities such

as incorporation of companies or opening of establishments

tortuous–, and worse, corruption mainly affects families with lower

income and, therefore, becomes a hurtful regressive tax that partly

explains injustice in countries.

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Since 2005, the Chair of Transparency International has been entitled to

Huguette Labelle, Canadian diplomat that has imbued the institution with

a new spirit. During her administration the multiplication of chapters

stopped being a priority, and focus was set on the institutionalization of

chapters. Under her direction a special committee was created to give

follow up to the institutional life of chapters, which directly reports to

the Board of Directors of Transparency. One of the problems detected

by Labelle is the fact that chapters may become platforms for personal

political projection. Consequently, she has promoted a policy against

conflicts of interest.

Transparency International has been a promoter of anti-corruption

international conventions. After a long and difficult negotiation, the

countries that are members of the OECD formed the first international

convention, which the Senate of the Republic ratified in 1999. Along

these lines, Transparency International promoted the United Nations

Convention against Corruption that was signed in Merida, Mexico, on

December 9th, 2003. Thanks to these two instruments, corruption of

companies and governments of any of the signatory countries may be

legally pursued.

Likewise, Transparency International has hugely contributed to include

the matter of corruption and good governance in the regular agenda of

most of the governments in the world. This subject stopped being taboo

to become an imperative part of discourse and, maybe more importantly,

an irreversible social demand.

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The consciousness that emerged during the last decades on the

phenomenon of corruption shows how quick the change has been.

Nowadays, it is truly difficult to believe that corruption of public servants

and other agents was not only authorized but even deductible from taxes

for big companies two decades ago.

Transparency International was a pioneer institution in the subject and

it is, therefore, the most internationally famous anti-corruption entity.

Although, currently, there are several international institutions that

monitor the course of this problem, maybe the greatest organizational

impact occurs inside the countries. In some cases, the multiplication of

social organizations dedicated to monitor the problem is amazing. It is

already an item in the national and local agenda in many countries.

9In 1999, a group of Mexicans decided to form an organization

focused on the problem of corruption. Peter Eigen insisted that one

of its members take this step given the sub-continental importance

of the country and the existence of other chapters in the area.

Following this recommendation, Transparencia Mexicana was

born, as a non-profit organization that

obtained its membership as a national

chapter in 1999. Transparencia Mexicana

has an outstanding Board of Directors (see

the list at the end of this document) that

systematically meets four times a year and

monitors the course of the strategic decisions of the Institution. The

Board has very strict guidelines regarding the independence of its

members from parties and governments. One of them sets forth that

if one of its members is invited to a party or government position,

they must automatically submit their license to the Board. Likewise,

the Board has approved a series of Rules for the renewal of its

members so as to renew the decision-making body but, at the same

time, to maintain the historical memory of the Institution.

In the integration of the Board we try to balance professions

and vocations of its members, as well as gender and age so as to

incorporate new generations to the organization since they are

the ones responsible for giving continuity to the Institution. All

the members of the Board have donated and donate their time

in a totally philanthropic manner and, frequently, they make

contributions with work and actions that correspond to their areas

of expertise. In perspective, having a Board with such a quality

and international renown has been essential to contain pressure

or open hostility from different fronts. The Board is, without a

doubt, the central anchor of the continuity of institutional works of

Transparencia Mexicana.

Transparencia MexicanaMexican Chapter ofTransparency International

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Transparencia Mexicana has a considerable group of specialists in several

areas who give advice regarding the programs of the organization,

especially for the program of Integrity in Public Procurement. Only that

way, Transparencia Mexicana can have presence in so different areas and

so different tenders as: the construction of an 800-million-dollar dam,

production of voting cards or sand-dredging in Cancun beaches. Four

years ago, the management team decided that, given the complexity of

the interventions, they would act with multidisciplinary groups.

Transparencia Mexicana is formed by an executive support office that

varies in size depending on the number of activities in progress. The office

has an executive director in charge of leading day by day the policies

set forth by the Board and the programs derived from it. Apart from the

executive director, the office is formed by a permanent team of no more

than seven people, plus a knowledge network of up to 40 people that

work through transverse cooperation. In the office of Transparencia

Mexicana, all the members know the characteristics of the projects that

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are carried out as an Institution. This characteristic, which may seem

exclusively organizational, comes from a central ethical principle

for the team. It is sought that the members of the office are truly

convinced of the importance of the actions implemented and that, in

turn, they work as filters before possible invitations that just seek to

obtain the credibility seal of our institution.

However, one of the characteristics of the Board of the Mexican office

is the willingness to enter into highly conflictive areas and work with

institutions whose problems of corruption are known. It is a principle

that aims at breaking the vicious circle of just attending and obtaining

resources from activities in areas that we know that are no longer

troublesome.

Another operational principle, established by the Board and the law

itself, is that the economic surpluses that are obtained from certain

activities should be invested in programs that are not self-financing

but that have a social importance. There are programs that we know

in advance that shall allow us to obtain surpluses, which are applied

to other programs that we know shall be loss-making. Transparencia

Mexicana, in turn, carries out donations in work for all kinds of

institutions that require the strategic support of the Institution. The

audited financial statements of Transparencia Mexicana may be found

in our Website for anyone to look them up. The accounting of our

institution is observed in the inside and outside.

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Transparencia Mexicana has been working on three basic areas: a)

Measurement of the impact of corruption; b) Program of integrity

in public procurement; c) Sectoral programs on health, education,

environment and other areas.

Measurement of the impact of corruption

By the end of 1999, Transparencia Mexicana called up a group of

specialists to devise a statistical mechanism to measure the impact of

corruption on Mexican homes. 45 professionals of several specialties

participated in this design and at first it was proposed that the study

registered not only the perception of corruption, but also the actual

and measurable impact it has on households. We must point out that

in that moment the problem of corruption was seen as something

anecdotic and not very important. Two of every three Mexicans

thought so. A significant percentage of the population expressed

that corruption was an almost congenital matter to Mexican people

and a little less than 10% stated that it benefited economy. In light of

this situation, one of the main purposes of the study was to create

consciousness of the scale and extent of the problem.

After a year of work, a totally original design was achieved to carry out

a national survey to find out information, among heads of households,

about the 38 procedures that damage Mexican families the most. The

study had a section on the perception of corruption and another one

about the culture of Mexicans regarding illegality and corruption.

Based on the methodological requirements of representation, 16

thousand questionnaires were applied in each one of the 32 states of

the country. The costs of this kind of study are, therefore, very high

so Transparencia Mexicana turned to business organizations and

foundations to finance the study. One of the conditions is that none

of the sponsors offers a service evaluated by the study, thus avoiding

any conflict of interest. The first issuance of the National Index of

Corruption and Good Governance (INCBG, Spanish acronym) was

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published in 2001 and created such a shock that some governors tried

to challenge the methodology and they even questioned the intentions

of Transparencia Mexicana.

The study has been reproduced five more times, so currently there is

a historical record of the different states regarding the performance

of the several administrations and the evolution of their procedures.

These exercises promote a mutual knowledge among state

governments to fight corrupt practices. Given the political context

around the INCBG, it was expected to attribute more corruption to

one political party and less to others. However, the numbers show

that there is no direct correlation between levels of corruption and

the colors of the party in the government. This situation has been

fortunate because the reading of the INCBG has differentiated itself

from the party discussion and, clearly, a more professional approach

to the problem of corruption has been achieved. The study has become

the referent most widely used by national experts, analysts and

journalists in the matter of corruption. It is not merely anecdotic that

in the debates of the presidential election of 2012, the most quoted

2001 2003 2005 2007 2010

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4

0

Source: Transparencia Mexicana, created with data of the Índice Nacional de Corrupción y Buen Gobierno, 2001-2010.

* This time series is presented with an informative purpose.

National evolution in time of the incbg

National

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8.510.1 10.0 10.3

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institution was Transparencia Mexicana, and none of the candidates

refuted the data of the study.

The INCBG has been reproduced in many Latin-American nations:

Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Peru, Paraguay and Nicaragua.

This shows its usefulness and originality. The same questions have been

used for more than a decade; only three have been eliminated because

they were irrelevant and to give historical soundness to the study.

Transparencia Mexicana has tried, as nearly as practicable, to summon

national encounters with the attendance of professors, public servants,

as well as the ones responsible for corporate governance of several

companies to share the results of the Index. The data bank of the study,

which is already the longest historical series in the whole continent,

is located in the Center for Economic Research and Teaching (CIDE,

Spanish acronym), so as to spread the generated information.

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Program of Integrity in Public Procurement

It is worth mentioning that what we call in México “Integrity

Pacts” are the result of an experience collected during a Meeting

of Transparency International where “islands of integrity” were

discussed. As of 2000, Transparencia Mexicana has promoted the idea

of the existence of community observance in different areas of the

public administration. In this context, and based on integrity pacts,

a mechanism of community control and surveillance was created

which is called Social Witness, which has been applied for more than

a decade. In 2001, the law that regulates this kind of observation

was modified. As time went by and as the concept of Social Witness

proved its usefulness, the Mexican government got to the conclusion

that it was important to incorporate the concept to the Law of Public

Acquisitions and Works; incorporation that was carried out in 2004.

Since then, the concept has been used at a federal and local level.

Transparencia Mexicana is not the only institution that implements

this mechanism but it is by far the most requested one. Annually,

more than 80% of the invitations received by the institution are

declined. To date, it is estimated that the organization has monitored

about 51.5 billion dollars of public works (see TM monitoring in

figures at the end of the document).

The purpose of Social Witness is to guarantee transparency in all the

stages of public procurement, as well as to promote that tenders

are made in accordance with the law. In fact, Social Witnesses work

between the bidders of the goods and services and the authorities

in order to achieve clarity in the requirements of whatever is being

put out to tender. Sometimes, when dealing with big public works,

the meetings with the Social Witness, the bidders and the authorities

regarding the clarifications of the terms of reference draft and the

terms of the call for bid may take months of work. One of the side

effects of these exercises is to get the press well informed about

the evolution of these procedures, which reduces considerably the

attacks, the slander and even the crossed accusations of illegality

that overshadow these processes before the public opinion.

Another important but not central effect of Social Witness is to have

a direct impact on the price of the acquired goods when promoting

healthy competition among the bidders. This happens especially

in case of certain standardized products that are in an open

market. Frequently, the savings achieved through this mechanism

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are measured in hundreds of millions of dollars, which brings a

significant benefit to good governance. The responsibility of this

concept, now regulated by law, is huge; therefore, it is essential to

carry out a careful and rigorous selection of the people that shall

play this key role. Although it is true that the deliberation goes

through the professional ability, it also goes through an analysis

of the public reputation and conflicts of interests of the witnesses.

Thus, there is an objective content in the invitation and a totally

subjective content that is responsibility of the Institution.

A formula used by Transparencia Mexicana at the beginning of

these exercises was calling renowned technical advisors that

accompanied the Institutions in the great insurance contests of the

national company of electricity, the Federal Electricity Commission

(CFE, Spanish acronym) or in the disincorporation of a bank under

the control of the State. Advisors offer an honest career that makes

them well-known in the reference point in question, besides, they

are important people who have everything to lose and nothing to

win in terms of reputation. Hence they are shielded by their own

career (see list of technical advisors at the end of this document).

Sectoral programs on health, education,environment and other areas

EducaTIoN

The Board of Transparencia Mexicana has decided that the

programs of the Institution should focus on several sectors of great

social relevance. Even though the tender of a dam is important due

to the amounts of money handled in it, there are other areas such

as education where the Institution has to participate. Transparencia

Mexicana estimated the amount of the “voluntary” contributions

that parents make in public schools. The approximate amount was

500 million dollars. Apart from the economic burden, many times

the contributions in question are made by families of the most

socially excluded areas from an economic point of view, and the

poorest ones based on their income. That is why Transparencia

Mexicana, in coordination with the Secretariat of Public Education,

organized the Conferences on Transparency and Accountability in

federal schools of high school and college education. During these

c)

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events, the principals of the schools appear before the community

that consists of the group of teachers of the institution, the students

and parents. Before them the principal presents the educational goals

set out the previous year and the plan for the next academic year.

In addition, during the conferences, the principals have to present a

balance explaining how the contributions were spent.

More than one thousand schools have participated in such

conferences. One of the findings of the exercise is that a high

percentage of the school principals did not have basic notions of

accounting, situation that affected the school finances. Currently, this

exercise is institutionalized. To date, it is estimated that about one

million students have participated in the conferences. Transparencia

Mexicana hopes that this institutional lesson of accountability shall

have an influence in their lives.

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daycarE cENTErS

In June 2009, the ABC Daycare in Hermosillo, Sonora caught

fire causing the death of 49 boys and girls. The building lacked

appropriate security measures and emergency exits. The institution

was subrogated by the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS,

Spanish acronym), the Mexican institution in charge of taking care

of company’s workers.

IMSS went to Transparencia Mexicana seeking support before a

situation that deeply affected public opinion in the country. As a

response and in order to prevent this kind of events from happening

again, Transparencia Mexicana, with the enthusiasm of its executive

director, designed a scheme of parental systematic observation of

this kind of places. An observation guide was elaborated for parents

to help them have a basic training on the elements a daycare must

have to guarantee children’s safety. We started with a pilot program

in a small entity and then the great national program was launched.

There was some resistance and reluctance to defeat from both

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administrators and society itself; however, between October 2010,

when the mechanism started, and September 2012, 2,751 visits were

made with the participation of 16,068 parents that are beneficiaries

of the Institute, who donated more than 31,170 hours of their time to

observe the integral security measures. After the implementation of

the mechanism, it was verified that 99% of the daycare centers in the

country meet at least 90% of the health and safety conditions.

The proposal of Transparencia Mexicana is to extend this kind

of exercises to other institutions, such as the Institute for Social

Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE, Spanish acronym) in

charge of the social security of State workers, or to the State health

and education systems. Of course, there is always a possibility of

increasing coverage and apply it to Family Medical Units, which

are the first places where families go to when they have a health

problem. There the challenge would be different, because the

capacity of the beneficiaries to organize themselves is smaller than

that of the parents’ in daycare centers. However, again, it would

be about several thousand units, which implies a consistent and

ordered effort. In any case, the principle observed by Transparencia

Mexicana is to respect and involve its main ally: the citizen. In all the

exercises where the community has been involved the results have

been highly effective.

Transparencia Mexicana donated the methodology for the

observation of the daycare centers of the institutions involved.

INSTITuTIoNal STrENGThENING of SocIal ProGraMS

In 2001, when the Federal Transparency and Access to Governmental

Public Information Act was not enacted yet, the Secretariat of Social

Development proposed to Transparencia Mexicana to contribute

to the public control of social programs by promoting public

participation. Transparencia Mexicana worked with substantial

information regarding the rules of operation of federal social

programs and published, together with the Federal Electoral

Institute (IFE, Spanish acronym), a public manual for the observation

and monitoring of social programs.

In 2008, the concern to have institutionalized social programs had

passed the federal scope; this concern had reached the States.

The apparently simple question, “How many social programs are

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there in Mexico?” became a real puzzle. Between 2008 and 2011,

Transparencia Mexicana added up efforts with the United Nations

Development Program (UNDP), and together they launched the

Initiative for the Institutional Strengthening of Social Programs

(IPRO, Spanish acronym).

From 2008 to date, with the direct participation of State

governments and the Federal District, IPRO has made an inventory

of more than 1,770 social programs in the country. The levels of

Institutional strength of the programs vary depending on the federal

secretariat that administers them, on the State government where

they operate or on their purpose or extent. A constant that indicates

low Institutional strenght in the programs has been the lack of

mechanisms of public participation in them.

In 2011, the Secretariat of Social Development (SEDESOL, Spanish

acronym), the National Council for Evaluation of Social Development

Policy (CONEVAL), the UNDP and Transparencia Mexicana decided

to promote a National Catalogue of Social Programs. This catalogue,

the first of its kind, shall allow any citizen to know the offer of social

policy of the Federation, the States and the Federal District. In its

design, the National Catalogue of Social Programs includes the

guidelines of open government considered by the Open Government

Partnership (OGP).

TraNSParENcy aNd clIMaTE chaNGE

One of the most recent global priorities is adaptation and mitigation

of the effects of climate change. The world is spending more and

more resources to face its effects and facilitate an energy transition.

Transparency International has started to include these problems

in its agenda. This is the first time in history that a strategic

global agenda is born in conjunction with the social capacity for

monitoring and the necessary surveillance of a technical nature.

Transparencia Mexicana collaborates with other six countries to

monitor the private and public resources that are being invested in

the subject.

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It is important to know that the private funds of the carbon

markets are considered as part of this initiative. The reason is

simple: if fiscal resources destined to mitigate and adapt the

effects of climate change are important, market mechanisms are

many times more important.

The surveillance of public resources meant the transformation

of the abilities of civil society; monitoring private resources for

public purposes requires a new transformation of the citizens.

That is why in conjunction with the work of market monitoring,

Transparencia Mexicana has launched the initiative “Citizens

and Markets” that shall allow to understand and explain the new

features of democratic control.

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Emilio carrillo Peñafiel

He is a lawyer by the National

Autonomous University of Mexico

and a Public Accountant by the

Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de

México. He holds a Master’s degree

in Business Administration by the

Kellogg School of Management of

Northwestern University. He is a

Partner of the Firm Carrillo Gam-

boa, S.C., a law firm specialized in

providing legal support to compa-

nies that are interested in funding

opportunities, or of acquisition

and association in Mexico. He has

specialized in providing counseling

to companies involved in regula-

ted sectors, such as the energy,

telecommunications, the financial

sector, and the real estate sector.

The projects he has been involved

throughout his career exceed the

sum of eight billion dollars and

involve the sectors of access to the

Mexican market, privatizations,

securities issues, fusions, acquisi-

tions, co-investments and structu-

re finance. He is a member of seve-

ral Boards of Directors of diverse

institutions linked to his profes-

sional practice. He was an advisor

of the Mexican Government in the

negotiation of the North American

Free Trade Agreement.

Manuel arango arias

He is a Mexican entrepreneur and

philanthropist. He is the founder

and President of Grupo Concord

S.A. de C.V. and of Grupo Marina

CostaBaja. He is the founder of

Compartir Fundación Social, I.A.P.,

of the Centro Mexicano para la

Filantropía, A.C., organization

from which he is the Honorary Life

Chairman, of Fundación Xochitla,

A.C., of the Fundación Mexicana

para la Educación Ambiental, A.C.

and of Caracol de Plata, A.C. He is

a member of the Board of Trans-

parencia Mexicana and from the

Governing Board of the Fundación

para las Letras Mexicanas, A.C. He

is also the Honorary Chairman of

the Consejo Consultivo del Agua.

In the international sphere he is a

member of the Governing Body of

the Encuentros Iberoamericanos

de la Sociedad Civil and a member

of the Directive Committee of

Foro Iberoamérica. As a result of

the production of the documen-

tary “Centinelas del Silencio” he

won two Oscar awards in 1971 on

behalf of the Academy of Motion

Picture Arts and Sciences.

José Manuel covarrubias Solís

He is a Civil Engineer by the Natio-

nal University of Mexico and he

coursed a Master’s degree in Civil

Engineering in the School of Engi-

neering of the National University.

He is a professor and tenured

lecturer of the same University.

He has been a professor in the

School of Engineering since 1953

to this day. Simultaneously he has

occupied multiple positions in the

National University, among which

we can highlight being Director

of the School of Engineering and

General Administrative Secretary

and Treasurer. He is the author of

diverse publications among which

is the book Apuntes para Mecánica

de Materiales parte de Torsión, of

several articles regarding Enginee-

ring and of multiple chapters of

several books. He carried out his

professional practices in Inge-

nieros Civiles Asociados, S.A., in

Industria del Hierro, S.A., in Jeffrey

Manufacturera Mexicana, S.A. and

in Constructora SIA, S.A. He is a

member emeritus of the Mexican

School of Civil Engineers, member

of the Asociación Mexicano-Fran-

cesa de Ingenieros Civiles, foun-

ding member of the Fundación

UNAM and founding member of

the Music Academy of the Palacio

de Minería.

Members of the Board of directors / acTIvE MEMBErS

23

Sergio García ramírez

He obtained his bachelor’s degree

in law from the Law School of the

UNAM and his PhD in law in the

same School. He is a researcher at

the Institute of Juridical Research

and professor of the Law School,

UNAM. He is also a National Re-

searcher Emeritus in the National

System of Researchers. He is the

author of more than fifty books

and many journal articles publis-

hed in Mexico and abroad. He is

member of several academic and

professional corporations, such as

the Mexican Academy of Criminal

Sciences (from which he is Pre-

sident), the Mexican Academy of

Legislation and Jurisprudence, the

Mexican Institute of Procedural

Law, among others. He is member

of the International Society of

Social Defense (vice-president)

and of the International Penal and

Penitentiary Foundation. He was

awarded Honorary Doctorates by

several Mexican and foreign uni-

versities. He was the Government

General Deputy Director of the

Secretariat of the Interior, as well

as Attorney General of the Federal

District, Secretary of Labor and So-

cial Welfare and Attorney General

of the Republic. Between 1992 and

1995 he was President (founder)

of the Agrarian Superior Court. He

has been Judge and President of

the Inter-American Court of Human

Rights and Electoral Counselor in

the Federal Electoral Institute.

david antonio Ibarra Muñoz

He is a Public Accountant and has

a Bachelor Degree in Economics

by the National Autonomous

University of Mexico. He continued

his Graduate Studies in Stanford

University. He received an Hono-

rary Doctorate from the National

Autonomous University of Mexico

in the year 2010. He has been a con-

sultant of the UNECLAC for several

periods. He worked as a consultant

of the General Director of Pemex,

consultant of the Inter-American

Development Bank, as the Gene-

ral Director of the National Bank

of Mexico, as Secretary of the

Treasury, as the General Director of

Nacional Financiera, S.A., as Chair

of the Economic Commission for

Latin America and the Caribbean,

at the Mexican Office. He gives

an annual cycle of lectures in the

Faculty of Economics of the UNAM,

where he was a professor from

1955 to 1970; and from 1963 to 1968

in the Instituto Latinoamericano

de Planificación Económica y

Social (ILPES). Nowadays he is the

Chair of the Editorial Board of the

Economics Magazine UNAM. In

the Faculty of Economics he has

published several books like: La

Tributación en México y Paradig-

mas monetarios en México, among

others.

Sergio lópez ayllón

He obtained his PhD in Law from

the National Autonomous Universi-

ty of Mexico (UNAM). He obtained a

Master’s Degree in sociology of law

and social relations from the Uni-

versity of Paris II. He is a researcher

professor of the Center for Econo-

mic Research and Teaching (CIDE,

Spanish acronym) from which he

is currently Director General. He is

member of the National System of

Researchers (level III) and the Mexi-

can Academy of Sciences. He is

author of several books and he has

published many articles and chap-

ters of books both in Mexico and

abroad regarding the themes of

right to information and transpa-

rency, regulation and sociology of

law. He has given diploma courses

and postgraduate courses in the

most important academic institu-

tions of higher education in the

country, and he has participated in

several national and international

seminars and symposiums. He has

had several positions in the Fede-

ral Public Administration; he has

also been adviser of the Supreme

Court of Justice of the Nation, the

Chamber of Deputies, the Cham-

ber of Senators, the Secretariat of

Economy, the Secretariat of Public

Administration and the Federal

Institute for Access to Information,

among other institutions.

24

María del carmen Pardo lópez

She obtained a PhD in History from

the Universidad Iberoamericana

and a PhD in Political Sciences form

the University of Paris II. She has a

Bachelor’s degree in Political Scien-

ces and Public Administration by

the National Autonomous Univer-

sity of Mexico. She is a member of

the National System of Researchers

(level III), member of the Consejo

Consultivo para la Gestión Pública

of the Ministry of Public Adminis-

tration, of the Editorial Committee

in the magazine Gestión y Política

Pública of the CIDE and of the Edi-

torial Committee of the Economy,

Administration and Finances of

the Fondo de Cultura Económica.

She has also been a government

representative as an independent

member of the Inconformity Com-

mission of INFONAVIT, as Director of

the Center of International Studies

and as an advisor for international

organisms like the United Nations

and the Latin-American Center of

Development Administration. She is

the author of several books and has

published numerous articles and

chapters in books. Among her most

recent books are: Administración

Pública Mexicana del Siglo XX y La

modernización administrativa en

México: 1940-2006.

olga Pellicer Silva

Has a Master’s Degree in Interna-

tional Relations by the Institute of

High International Studies of the

University of Paris and she obtai-

ned her Bachelor’s Degree in Inter-

national Relations by the UNAM.

Throughout her teaching career

she has held different positions,

like General Coordinator of the

Instituto Matías Romero de Estu-

dios Diplomáticos of the Ministry

of Foreign Affairs, as Principal of

the Department of Economics

and International Politics of the

CIDE and as a research-professor

at El Colegio de México. To this

day she is a research-professor

in the Department of Interna-

tional Studies of the ITAM. In her

diplomatic career she has acted

as Ambassador in Austria and

Permanent Representative before

the International Organisms based

in Vienna, as Ambassador before

the United Nations in New York

and as Ambassador in Greece. She

was also the Chief Executive of the

System of United Nations in the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Chair of

the UN Commission on the Status

of Women, Chair of the Working

Group for the organization of the

IV World Conference of the Women

that had place in Beijing. She is or

has been a member of the Consejo

mexicano de Asuntos Internaciona-

les, of the Academic Council of the

United Nations and the Mexican

Academy of Sciences.

felipe Pérez cervantes

He is the actual Chair of the

Consejo Emisor and of the Centro

de Investigación y Desarrollo del

Consejo Mexicano de Normas de

Información Financiera, A.C. (CINIF,

Spanish acronym), an independent

institution that is responsible for

issuing the accounting standards

in Mexico, organization that he

has chaired since January of 2005.

He is a member of the Directorio

del Grupo Latinoamericano de

Emisores de Normas de Informa-

ción Financiera (GLENIF, Spanish

acronym). He is also a member of

the Emerging Economies Group

of the IASB, and an active partici-

pant in the International Forum

of Accounting Standard Setters

(IFASS, Spanish acronym). He was

a partner of PricewaterhouseCoo-

pers, S.C. where he worked during

40 years. He has been a professor

of Audit, Operational Audit and he

has given the Seminar of Profes-

sional Problems. He was the Chair

of the Comité Ejecutivo Nacional

and of the Governing Board of

the Instituto Mexicano de Conta-

dores Públicos. He is a lecturer of

financial and accounting themes

in several places of the country

and abroad.

Members of the Board of directors / acTIvE MEMBErS

25

Jacqueline Peschard Mariscal

Jacqueline Peschard obtained her

PhD in Social Science from El Cole-

gio de Michoacán. She is currently

a full time professor in the School

of Political and Social Sciences, a

position she had in the year 1979-

1991 and that she retook in 2003.

She is a member of the National

System of Researchers since 1988

and of the Mexican Academy of

Sciences since 1994. Dr. Peschard is

also a full member of the Semi-

nar of Mexican Culture since the

year 2008. In the year 2005 she

was a visiting research fellow of

the Woodrow Wilson Center in

Washington DC. In the Colegio de

México she was a professor and a

researcher during the years 1991-

1998. She was an Electoral Counci-

lor of the General Council of the Fe-

deral Electoral Institute of Mexico

during the years 1996-2003. She

was a Comissioner of the Federal

Institute for Access to Information

and Data Protection from 2007

to 2014. She was the President of

this institute during the period of

2009 to 2013. In February, 2014 she

became a member of the Board of

Transparencia Mexicana.

ricardo Pozas horcasitas

He has a PhD in Latin-American

Studies from the National Autono-

mous University of Mexico (UNAM),

a PhD in Political Sociology from

the School for Advanced Studies in

Paris. Currently, he works as a full-

time, tenured, C-level Researcher

at the Institute of Social Research

of UNAM. He was Director of such

Institute from 1989 to 1997. He is

member of the National System

of Researchers level III and level D

of PRIDE-UNAM. He has published

43 articles in arbitrated academic

journals of international circula-

tion; he is the author of 6 books, 37

book chapters, 23 diffusion articles

and the editor of 3 books. He was

a member of the Latin-American

representation to the International

Social Science Council of UNESCO

and Consultant of the same Inter-

national Organization; Member of

the Technical Consultative Council

of the National Institute of His-

torical Studies of the Revolution

of Mexico, 2013. Secretary of the

Board of Directors of the Mexican

Academy of Sciences from 1995 to

1999. Between 1994 and 1996, he

was Citizen Counselor of the Gene-

ral Council of the Federal Electoral

Institute, member of the United

Nations Technical Committee

(UNDP) for the Evaluation of the

Electoral Observation in Mexico’s

elections of 1997, 2000 and 2009,

among many other activities.

federico reyes heroles

González Garza

Federico Reyes Heroles is a renow-

ned writer and political analyst. He

has more than 12 published books,

among which are some essays in

political philosophy like Entre las

bestias y los dioses and Alterados.

He has also published five novels

among which are: Noche Tibia, Ca-

non, which was made into a feature

film in 2014, and El Abecedario, his

most recent publication. He has

been a political commentator and

writer of weekly feature articles for

more than thirty years in different

publications. He currently writes in

the newspaper Excélsior. He is the

founder of the magazine of national

circulation ESTE PAÍS that has more

than 20 years of existence and the

actual President of the Foundation

that names itself after the magazine,

dedicated to social research. In his

professional career we can empha-

size his performance as a member

of the National Human Rights

Commission and as a member of the

University Patronage of the UNAM.

He is also one of the founders and

the Chair of the Board of Transpa-

rencia Mexicana an organization

created in 1999 to fight corruption

and promote good governance. He

presides over the Patronage of the

Tagle Foundation, an organization

dedicated to the attention of senior

citizens and has recently been incor-

porated to the Governing Board of

the National Institute for Geriatrics.

26

ulises Schmill ordoñez

He has as a Bachelor’s degree in

Law from the National Autono-

mous University of Mexico. He took

the PhD course in Law at UNAM,

where he finished the studies but

did not obtain the degree. In the

Secretariat of Finance and Public

Credit he was Technical Deputy Di-

rector of the Directorate of Income

Tax. In the Secretariat of Foreign

Affairs he had the following posi-

tions: Ambassador of Mexico to the

Federal Republic of Austria, am-

bassador of Mexico to the Federal

Republic of Germany, Permanent

representative of Mexico to the

United Nations Industrial Deve-

lopment Organization (UNIDO).

He is founding partner of Schmill

del Valle, S.C., and President of the

General Council of the Arbitration

Center of Mexico. In the Supreme

Court of Justice of the Nation he

was Minister President of the Four-

th Room, Minister President and

President of the Commission of

Government and Administration.

Currently, he is researcher pro-

fessor of the ITAM. He is Tenured

Professor at UNAM Law School and

professor of the Instituto Mexica-

no de Estudios Fiscales, A.C. Among

his published books we have:

Teoría del derecho y del estado and

Reconstrucción Pragmática de la

Teoría del Derecho.

luis rubio freidberg

Luis Rubio is chairman of CIDAC

(Center of Research for Develop-

ment), an independent research

institution devoted to the study

of economic and political policy

issues. Winner of the APRA book

award 1985, in 1993 he was given

the Dag Hammarskjöld award and

in 1998 the National Journalism

Award for op-ed pieces. Rubio is a

prolific writer on political, econo-

mic and international subjects. He

is a contributing editor of Reforma

and his analyses and opinions

often appear in major newspapers

and journals in Mexico, the US and

Europe (Wall Street Journal, Los

Angeles Times, Washington Post).

He serves on the boards of several

hedge funds, EMICA, Afore Bana-

mex and The Tinker Foundation. He

served in the board of directors of

The Human Rights Commission of

the Federal District and is mem-

ber of the Trilateral Commission.

He is author and editor of forty

six books, including Ganarle a la

mediocridad, Concentrémonos en

crecer y Clasemediero. Before joi-

ning CIDAC, in the 1970′s he was

planning director of Citibank in

Mexico and served as an adviser to

Mexico’s Secretary of the Treasury.

He holds a diploma in Financial

Management, a MMBA, and his MA

and PhD in political science are

from Brandeis University.

José Sarukhán Kermez

He graduated with a degree in

biology from the National Auto-

nomous University of Mexico and

holds a Master’s in Agricultural

Botany from the Postgraduate

College and a Ph.D. in Ecology from

the University of Wales. He was

elected as Rector (President) of the

UNAM for two consecutive periods

from 1989 to1997. In 1992 he was

designated by the President as the

National Coordinator for Mexico’s

National Commission for Knowled-

ge and Use of Biodiversity (CONA-

BIO), position that he currently

holds. He has published more than

180 research papers and authored

and co-authored several books,

among them: Árboles Tropicales

de México, Las Musas de Darwin y

Manual de Malezas del Valle de Mé-

xico, Perspectives on plant popula-

tion Ecology, México ante los retos

de la Biodiversidad, Conservating

Biodiversity. He recently published:

Patrimonio Natural de México: 100

casos de éxito, El Cambio Climático

causas, efectos y soluciones. He is

a member of the Governing Board

of multiple international organi-

zations. He has received multiple

distinctions and prizes and hono-

rary doctorates from numerous

Mexican and foreign universities.

Members of the Board of directors / acTIvE MEMBErS

27

alberto Tiburcio celorio

He is a Public Accountant by the

Universidad Iberoamericana and

has a Master’s degree in Business

Administration by the Instituto

Tecnológico Autónomo de Méxi-

co. He worked in Ernst & Young,

Mexico (Mancera, S.C.) from the

year 1969 to 2013, year in which he

retired; he was named Chairman

and General Director of the firm on

the 1st of January of 2001, position

he held until his retirement. Before

receiving this position he carried

out his professional practice in the

area of Audit, area that allowed

him to directly attend costumers,

be a Commissioner and participa-

te in the Administrative Councils

of renowned enterprises. He was

also the Accountability and Audit

Director and the Director of the

International Practice of the Firm.

He was a member of the Global

Advisory Council, as well as Chair-

man of the Governing Body of the

Consejo Mexicano de Normas de

Información Financiera, A.C. In the

years 1994 and 1995 he was the

Chairman of the Instituto Mexica-

no de Contadores Públicos, A.C.; he

also held the position of Vice Chair

of Legislation and presided over

the Comisión de Principios de Con-

tabilidad of this institute. In 2003

he was acknowledged with the

Award for Professional Excellence

awarded by the ITAM. Mr. Tibur-

cio is currently an independent

consultant.

Bernardo Sepúlveda amor

He has a Law degree from the

UNAM and a Master’s degree in

International Law from Cambrid-

ge University. He has received

Honorary Doctorates from seve-

ral universities. In the academic

field he has been a professor at El

Colegio de Mexico, at the School

of Political and Social Sciences,

UNAM; a researcher at the Institute

of Legal Research; and a founding

member of the Centro de Investi-

gaciónes y Docencia Economíca

(CIDE). He is the author of several

essays, articles and multiple books.

In the Public Administration he has

held, among others, the following

positions: Secretary of the Pre-

sidency, and Director General

for International Affairs at the

Secretary of the Treasury, Principal

Adviser on International Affairs to

the Secretary of the Budget and

Secretary of Foreign Relations of

Mexico. He has represented Mexico

in multiple international forums

and has been a member of diverse

Mexican delegations in assemblies

and conferences of the United

Nations, of the World Bank and of

the International Monetary Fund.

He was Ambassador of Mexico to

the United States of America and

to the United Kingdom. He has also

received numerous prizes, orders

and decorations. To this day he is

the Vice-President of the Inter-

national Court of Justice; he is a

member of the Court since 2006.

Eduardo Bohórquez lópez

Executive director

Has been the Director of Trans-

parencia Mexicana since 1999. He

finished his studies in Political

Science and Public Administration

in the Autonomous University

of Mexico (UNAM), and holds a

Master’s Degree in Development

Studies from the University of

Cambridge in the United Kingdom.

Eduardo has focused his career on

transparency and accountability,

which in his opinion, are the main

obstacles for development in Latin

America. Eduardo has promoted

the Open Government Partnership

in Mexico, as well as the creation

of the first National Catalogue on

Social Programs. Furthermore,

Eduardo has been responsible for

coordinating the monitoring more

that 150 procurement processes in

Mexico in different sectors, such as

telecommunications, energy and

public services. From 2009 to 2011,

Eduardo served as member of the

Board of the Extractive Industries

Transparency Initiative (EITI). He

very recently published a report on

the challenges of institutionalizing

social policy in emerging markets.

Currently, Eduardo is dedicated

to promote social participation

mechanism for monitoring public

services delivery.

29

Monitoring in figuresof public procurement2001-2012

charT 1TM monitoring of awarding of contracts

year Monitoring in figures

2001 6

2002 13

2003 14

2004 12

2005 11

2006 6

2007 7

2008 18

2009 25

2010 26

2011 21

2012 7

TOTAL 156

charT 2Procurement monitoring regarding government plans and programs

Monitoring in figures

Plan or program

14 National Development Plan 2000-2006

4 National Infrastructure Plan 2000-2006

2 National Program “Towards a country of readers” (2002)

2 National Education Program 2001-2006

10 National Infrastructure Program 2007- 2012

42 National Health Program 2007-2012

3 National Infrastructure Strategy

6 National Development Plan 2007-2012

2 PNational Culture Program 2007-2012

charT 3Number of procedures per sector, based on the classification issued by INEGI (Spanish acronym for National Institute for Statistics, Geography and Informatics)

Number of procedures

Sector

7 Financial and insurance services

4 Corporate

7 Generation, transmission and distribution of energy, water and gas supply through pipes to the final consumer

18 Professional, scientific and technical services

10 Construction

5 Transport, mail and storage

13 Information in mass media

2 Real Estate services and rent of personal intangible property

7 Support services for businesses and waste management and remediation services

12 Legislative, government, activities, administration of justice and international and extraterritorial organisms

30 Wholesale trading

21 Health and social services

Monitored amounts:

• 565,630,404,653.74, in current pesos that correspond to what was awarded in the procedures that TM has monitored.

• 51,524,760,310, in current dollars that correspond to what was awarded in the procedures that TM has monitored.

administration

Alfredo Torres Cisneros

Social anthropology

Rosa María Rubalcava

architecture

Agustín Hernández Hernández

Diego Praxedis Cordera Mora

Francisco Pérez de Salazar Verea

Telmo Azorín Bernárdez

archival science

Daniel Martínez Bonilla

Political Science

Arcelia Martínez Bordón

María Carina Navarro Amieva

María de Lourdes Melgar Palacios

accounting

Mario Espinola Pinelo

Roberto Álvarez Argüelles

law

Luz del Carmen Carrillo Careaga

Silvia Eugenia Rocha Torres

Economics

Judith Mariscal Avilés

Rocío Santoyo Vistraín

Samuel Sheinbaum Yoselevit

Biomedical Engineering

María Elena Algorri Guzmán

civil Engineering

Edgar Gerardo Mendoza Baldwin

Juan Antonio Mere Alcocer

Juan Casillas García de León

José Manuel Covarrubias Solís

Juan Valdez Juárez

Maximiliano García Chabert

Salvador Díaz Díaz

Electrical Engineering

Ante Salcedo González

Federico Kuhlmann Rodríguez

Salvador Landeros Ayala

Electronic Engineering

Alfredo Piero Mateos Papis

Fernando Ramírez Mireles

José Antonio Thomsen Zenteno

Uciel Fragoso Rodríguez

communications Engineering

Eugenio Jorge Gamboa Hirales

Jorge Luis Carrasco Marín

computer Engineering

Laura Jácome Madariaga

Systems Engineering

Heriberto Olguín Romo

Telecommunications

Engineering

Arturo Robles Rovalo

Laura Silvia Espino Fajardo

Industrial and Environmental

Engineering

Fernando Ortíz Monasterio Prieto

chemical Engineering

Benito Bucay Faradji

Mathematics

Analía Babinsky Epstein

Medicine

Guillermo Martínez Salazar

chemistry

Adriana Santiago Echauri

Sociology

Ricardo Pozas Horcasitas

Technical advisors(per specialty)

30

31

Executive Team

Eduardo Bohórquez

(Executive Director)

Mariluz Arranz

Bruno Brandao

Araceli Cordero

Carla Crespo

Nora Etxaniz

Rafael García

Monserrat Hernández

Ana Catalina Mayoral

Vania Montalvo

Paola Palacios

Gabriela Ramírez

Alejandra Rascón

Gerardo Sarabia

Vanessa Silveyra

Irene Tello

forMEr MEMBErS

of ThE Board of dIrEcTorS

Sergio aguayo Quezada

José ramón cossío díaz

cecilia loria Saviñón (†)

Gastón luken

humberto Murrieta Necoechea (†)

www.transparency.org