Field Study in Pou Village, Siem Reap karsikSaesdækic ... · WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 6 WHERE CROCODILE AND FISH GROW Field Study in Pou Village, Siem Reap karsikSaesdækic©sgÁmenAPUmieBaFi

WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 6

WHERE CROCODILE AND FISH GROW

Field Study in Pou Village, Siem Reap

karsikSaesdækic©sgÁmenAPUmieBaFi extþ esomrab

MRCS/WUP-FIN KMerageFVIm:UEdl Tenøsab Water Utilization Program – Modelling the Flow Regime and Water Quality of the Tonle Sap

Finnish Environment Institute Consultancy Consortium

November 2002 vicäika 2002

WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 6

WHERE CROCODILE AND FISH GROW

Field Study in Pou Village, Siem Reap

karsikSaesdækic©sgÁmenAPUmieBaFi extþ esomrab

MRCS/WUP-FIN KMerageFVIm:UEdl Tenøsab Water Utilization Program – Modelling the Flow Regime and Water Quality of the Tonle Sap

Finnish Environment Institute Consultancy Consortium

November 2002 vicäika 2002

Bt’man)anmkBI - Information derived from

elak Ehm nYn Hem Naun, elak Tit va:n; Tit Vann, elak Rsi rin Srek Rin, elak CYn eGak Chhoun Ork,

elak ya:n Ky Yan Koy, elak Tuy ma:b; Toy Mapt, elak va:n; lun Vann Lun, elakRsI Cn nI Chhun Ny,

elakRsI Kg s‘‘n Kong Soun, elak Tit nag Tit Nang, elak ehg eTO Heng Tour, elak saMg eQot Sang Chout, elakRsI KaM va:n; Kam Vann, elakRsI Kwm ma:y Kim May, elakRsI Bag vg Peng Vorng,

elakRsI Lan erOt Lan Roet

RkumeFVIkarsikSa - Field study team

elak ywm sMbUr - Mr Yim Sambo, Team Coordinator, Ministry of Rural Development / WUP-FIN

kBaaØ Ny b:uk - Ms Noy Pok, Officer of Fisheries Department / WUP-FIN

elak sr vDÆ nI- - Mr Klen Chea Heng, coordinator of FAO project, Siem Reap

GñkRsI eTB sux bUra:n; - Mr Meng Sothai, officer of Fisheries, Battambang Province

karsresrr)aykarN_ - Report writing

elak ywm sMbUr, elak ma:kU xIsIáEnn, kBaaØ Ny b:uk kBaaØ G‘ulLa Gab;)a:La - Ulla Haapala, Marko Keskinen, Yim Sambo and Noy Pok

For comments and questions please contact [email protected] or [email protected].

matika

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9

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10

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11

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12

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13

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14

ciB©awmCIvitehIyPaKeRcInénGñkciB©wamRtInigRkeBIGacrkcMNYl)anRbcaMRKYsarkñúg1qñaMGac)an 800000erolCamFümkñúg1qañMEdllk;RtIciB©wamenaHdUecñHmuxrbrenHGaceGayBYkKat;manR)ak;xøHsMrab;TijGgáreGayRKYsar)anhUbRKb;RKan;RbcaMqñaMnImYUy².RKYsard¾éTeTotKWensaTRtIGñkPUmi ensaTRtIenArdUvR)aMgBYkKat;cab;RtIenAsÞwgsEgánigrdUvvsSaBYkKat;cab;RtIenAéRBlicTwkenALÜt_elx2kñúg1RKYsarcab;RtI)anCamFüm7KIRkkñúg1éf¶ tMélRtIKuNPaBelx1KW1500eroleTA2000erol kñúg1K>Rk G ñkPUmiminsUvniymeFVIRbhukRtIEdlensaT)anRtItUc ¬lij bJ erol¦ BYkKat;eq¥IrsMrab; lk;RtIRss;²Edr.enAkñúgPUmiminmanRKYsarNaRbkbrbrrksIukab;Guslk;EdrBYkKat;kab;sMrab;Et eq¥IrRtInigeRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsarG ñkPUmi)an)a:n;RbmaNfakñúg1RKYsareRbIGusGs;15Em:RtKUbkñúgmYyqñaMehIyGusEdrkab;enaHKWGuskab;mkBIéRBlicTwkLÜt_elx2xageRkaypÞHehIyk¾KµanRKYsarmYyNa ebHRtkYnRBlwtsMrab;;lk;eT bJ k¾cab;stVéRBykeTAlk;EdrsBVéfJenH. 9>2- kMekInnigkarERbRbul muxrbrrbs;RbCaCn ³ RbCaCnekIneLIgenAkñúgPUmicMnYnRKYsarenArdUvTwkeLIg¬ExkBaØa¦edaysarmanRbCaCnmkBItMbn;xagelImksñak;enAbeNþaHGasnñedIm,ImkensaTRtIenAéRBlicTwkLÜt_elx2GñkTaMgenaHmkBIfµeKal/GMBilR)aMedImRkva:j mgÁlburI CIERkgnigRsukesÞagBYkeKTaMgenaHrs;enAelITYksßitenAkñúgéRB licTwkedIm,IctTUkehIyGñkTaMgenaHvilRtLb;eTAPUmivijenAExemsaeBlrdUvR)aMgcab;epþIm.Gñk EdlmkRtIenAéRBlicTwkLÜt_elx2manRbmaN200RKYsar.ehIykMeNInRbCaCnenAkñúgPUmiKitCa mFümkumarekIt4nak;kñúg1qñaM. muxrbrrbs;RbCaCnPUmieBaFiminpøas;bþÜreTkñúg1qñaM²rvagrdUvnImYy²PaKeRcInKWCaGñkensaTeBj1 qñaM.enArdUvR)aMgensaTenAsÞwgsEgá¬maneq¥IrRtI¦ehIyenArdUvvsSacab;RtIenALÜt_ensaTelx2¬éRB licTwk¦b:uEnþkarensaTRtIbc©úb,nñmankarlM)akedaybrimaNRtIticBIeRBaHTwkCMnn;x<s;eBkehIynig TwkmanCatiBulenALÜt_ensaTelx2ehIyG ñkPUmik¾ciB©awmRtITaMgrdUvR)aMgnigrdUvvsSanigciB©wamRkeBI pgEdr. 9-3-kareRbIR)as;FnFanFm µCati

15

RtICaRbPBFMbMputsMrab;karciB©wamCIviteBjmYyqñaMrbs;GñkPUmi.brimaNRtInigBUCRtImaneRcInenAtMbn;enHmunqñaM1993enAeBlTwkCMnn;eLIgkMBs;3Em:RtenHKWmkBIeBlenaHenAmanéRBeQIRKb dNþb;enAeRcInTUTaMgRbeTskarensaTmankMritehIyeRbIR)as;]bkrN_Rsbc,ab;ehIyGñkensaTenAmancMnYntic.ehIyenAeBlfµIbc©úb,nñenHTaMgbrimaNnigBUCRtIRtUvfycuHedaysarkarcab;RtIelIs kMritehIynigkareRbI]bkrN_minRsbc,ab;ehIyTwk)ankøayeTACaTwkkxVk;eFVIeGayRtIxøHgab;Bas eBjéRBlicTwkRbCaCnekInCaerogral;q ñaM¬RbePTRtIenAtMbn;enHGacemIlnUv]bsm<n§½//////¦. • RbPBTwksMrab;eRbIR)as;rbs;GñkPUmiKWsÞwgsEgánigTenøsabGML úgrdUvR)aMgeRbITwksÞwgsEgá sMrab;eRbIR)as;nigensaTRtIehIyenArdUvTwkeLIgeRbITwkCMnn;BITenøsab. KuNPaBTwksÞwgsEgáehIynigTwkTenøsabl¥kalBIqñaMmun²sMrab;karensaTRtinigTwkeRbIR)as;kñúgRKY sarCaBiesskñúgGMLúgTwkCMnn;eLIgx<s;.b:uEnþ\LÜvKuNPaBTwk)anfycuHedaysarkkdIRkhm mkBIPñMxagelI¬éb:lin¦nigmgÁlburICaBiessEx]sPadl;kkádakrkdIRkhm)anrlayeTAkñúgTwkman CatiEr:BIeRBaHePøóg)annaMhUrdITaMgenaHeTAbwgTenøsabBItMbn;xagelICaBiesskñúgrdUvR)aMgTwk)ankxVk; edayskmµPaBmnusS¬pÞHbENþtTwk¦nigkarecalkaksMNl;BIMbn;xagelIeFVIeGayKuNPaBTwk)an fypgEdr. karlM)akénKuNPaBTwksMrab;eRbIR)as;nigensaTbc©úb,nñenHcuHdundabCagmunenAkñúgGM LúgeBlrdUvTwkeLIgCaBiessrvagExvicäikanigtulaTwk)ankøayeTACakxVk;bJmankøins¥úyeFVIeGayRtI xøHgab;CaBiesseBlEdlRkumsikSacuHeTAPUmieBaFieFVIkarsikSaBIFnFanFmµCatiCamYyGñkPUmi¬Exvicäika¦eXIjTwkmankøins¥úyehIyRtIxøHBulgab;enAtaméRB. •munqñaM1993manéRBlicTwkeRcInenAtMbn;enH.EteRkayqñaM1993brimaNéRBlicTwk)anfycuH enAkñúgtMbn;enHbNþalmkBIRbCaCnrs;enAtMbn;xagelImanRbCaCnXuMsrsrsþm)ancuHmkkab;Gus nigbNþalmkBIRbCaCnEdlrs;enakñúgPUmi)annaMKñadutéRBrkGeNþIknigkab;GuseRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar ehIynigRKYsarmYycMnYnkab;éRBedIm,IeFVIsMrHdak;ykRtI.EtluHdl;qñaM1998éRBlicTwkk¾)anduHeLIgvijya:geRcInedayRbCaCn)anyl;dwgBIRbeyaCn_énéRBlicTwkehIyGñkPUmik¾)ancUlrYmEfrkSaéRBlicTwkedIm,ITukCaCMrkRtInigstVnigsMrab;mnusSCMnan;eRkayehIynigéRBGackarBarBüúHEdlGac eGayBYkKat;cg;taMgenApÞHbENþtTwk)ankñúgéRBlicTwk. • karRKb;RKgLÜt_ensaTelx2

16

enAqñaM2000raCrd§aPi)al)ankat;LÜt_elx2eTAeGayRbCaCnRKb;RKgnigensaTCalkçNHRKYsar ¬kat;LÜt_ecjBIRkumh‘unÉkCneTARbKl;eGayRbCaCnvij¦ehIyRbCaCn)ancab;epþImensaTenAkñúg LÜt_cab;BiqñaM2000mkemø:H.bnÞab;BI)anRbKl;LÜt_eGayraRsþmkGgÁkarhVavk¾)ancuHeTAerobcMsh Kmn¾ensaTedIm,IRKb;RKgnigcat;EcgkarensaTRtIsMrab;GñkPUmikarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;shKmn_ensa TKWsMrbsMrYlkarensaTCUnRbCaCn.enAeBlbc©úb,nñenHmanCMelaHxøHrvagLÜt_ensaTelx2nigLÜt_ensaTelx5extþ)at;dMbgelIkareRbI]bkrN_qk;RtIenAtamLÜt_nigkareRbI]bkrN_xusc,ab;kñúg karcab;RtIehIyshKmn_ensaTLÜt_elx2nigLÜt_elx5)anecaTRbkan;Kñafamankarlk;bwgenAkñúgLÜt_edIm,IykR)ak;dak;kñúgshKmn_ensaT.bnÞab;BiraCrd§aPi)al)anRbKl;LÜt_ensaTeTAeGayRb CaCnGñkPUmimanCMenOfakarEdlraCrd§aPi)alRbKl;LÜt_eGayensaTRtIenHBYkKat;GacmankEnøg cab;RtI)annigeFVIeGaykarciB©wamCIvitrbs;BYkKat;)anRbesIrCagmunxøHEtfaRtIsMbYrbJminsMbYrsMrab; cab;enaHvaGaRs½yelIFmµCatiEtenAkñúgGMLúgeBlenHG ñkPUmienAEtcab;)anRtItictYcenAeLIyeTaHbI CaBYkKat;manEdnensaTTUlayCagmunk¾eday. 10-karcUlrYmGnuvtþn_lMhat; lT§plepSg²énkarcUlrYmGnuvtþn_lMhat;¬EpnTIPUmikarCiHTUkeFVIRtg;siucRbtiTinrdUvkalnigcMNat;fñak;muxrbrkarvivtþn_FnFanFm µCatikarcMNat;fñak;TIRkugnigkarpøas;TilMenA¦Edl)anGnuvtþn_ enAeBlsikSaGacemIleXIjenAtam]bsm<n½§ 1/2/3/4/5/karBnül;énBiFIsaRsþepSg²nigktþaRBm TaMgkarBiPakSaehIynigkMNt;bgðajEdlsresredayRkumsikSaenAtamlMhat;nImYy²GacemIlenAkñúgCMBUkénr)aykarN_RKb;karGnuvtþn_lMhat;edaymankarcUlrYmBIRbCaCnG ñkcUlrYm)anBiPakSa ya:gskm µdUcCakarKYsEpnTInigkareFVIcMNat;fñak;epSg²GñkPUmi)anTTYlxusRtUvRKb;karGnuvtþn_dUc CaKUsEpnTInigsresrktþaepSg²ehIyniglT§plénkareFVIcMNat;f ñak;Kwpøas;bþÜrkñúgcMeNamRbCaCn EdlcUlrYmeGayTTYlxusRtUvmñak;1dgeTAtamlMhat;epSg²EdlRkumsikSa)anBiPakSaCamYyBYk Kat;nUvRbFanbTepSg²Tak;TgeTAnigmuxrbrkareRbIR)as;FnFanFm µCatinigkarERbRbYl. 10-1-kMNt;bgðajkarcUlrYmKUrEpnTI

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karcUlrYmKUrEpnTIKWeFVIeLIgCamYyRkumG ñkPUmi16nak; enAelIlasabzmsikSa PUmieBaFi GñksMrb sMrYlsMrab;karKUsEpnTI KW Nayb:uk nig em:g suéf . vaCakarkMNt;sMKal; fa karsikSa eFVIeLIgkñúgrdUvvsSa eBlEdlTwkCMnn; kMBg;licPUmi EpnTIenHKUs eLIgedaykñúgGMLg;eBlTwklic. xageRkamKWkMNt;sMKal;bgaðjnvFnFanFmµCati nigrcnasm<n§_ PumikarBnül;nig nimitþsBaaØsMrab; sMKal; KwmanenAelIEpnTI GacemIleXIj nUv FnFansMxan; ² manéRBlicTwk sÞwgsEgehIyenA RbPB FnFanepSg² manERBkemBg karKUscMlgEpnTI cugbBa©b;énkarKUsEpnTI edayRbCaCn KWKUseday elakkøwg Ca ehg nig elak yIm sMbUr . • éRBlicTwk ³ éRBlicTwk Kws ßitenA xageRkaypÞH RbCaCn ehIylicTwkCaerogral;qaM ñenAGMLg;eBlrdUv TwkeLIg éRBlicTwkCatMbn;Luelx 02Edl rd æPi)al)anRbKl;[RbCaCn RKb;RkgEfrkSa nig ensaT RtI . ehIyéRBlicTwkenH k_ pþl;dl;GñkPUminUvGnupl éRBeQI licTwk CaeRcindUcCa bEnøéRB EpøeQIéRB GUs nig ]isfbUraN pgEdr . eRkABIeRbIR)as;éRBlicTwk enAkñúgLÜt_ elx 02 RbCaCnPUmieBaFi k_)aneRbIR)as; éRBlicTwk kñúgLÜt_elx 05 pgEdr EtmanTMhMénkareRbIR)as;enaH tictYc eRBaHvaCaéRBlicTwkenAkñúgTwkdIextþ)at;dMbg karEdlKat;eRbIplitpléRBlicTwkLÜt_elx 05 enaHman ensaTRtI kab;Gus sMrab;dut éRBlicTwk LÜt_elx 05 raCrdæaPi)al)anRbKl;[ RbCaCn XMuekaH CIvaMg sMrab;RKb;RKg EfrkSa nigensaTRtIpg Edr . ehIybc©úb,nñenHshKmn__ensaTLÚt¾TaMgBIenHmanbBaða xøHeTAelIkarecaTRbkan;KañeTAvijeTAmk eTAelIkareRbIR)as;]bkrN_qk;RtInigbBaðabwgtUc²enAkñúgLÚt¾elx 05 rbs;TwkdIextþ)at;dMbgEdl shKmn_ ekaHCIvaMg kMBug RKb;RKg . • pÞHbENþtTwk EbrciBa©wmRkeBInig ciBa©wmRtI ³ pÞHRbCaCn PaKeRcIntaMgenA tMbn;enH enACMuvijpÞHbENþtTwk GñkPUmiciBa©wmRtInigRkeBIrEdr Gac[BYkKat;lk;CaRbcaMqañM ehIy)ancMNUlpÁt;pÁg;RKYsar . • sÞwgsEgá ³

18

sÞwgsEgá CaRbpBTwksMrab;GñkPUmi RbCaCn)ancab;RtIenAsÞwgenH ehIynigeRbIR)as;Twk sMrab;briePa Knig eRbIR)as;RbcaMéf¶ nig CaRbPBpþl;RtI sMrab;BYkKat;cab;RtITaMgenaHykeTAlk;edI m,Iyk R)ak;;ciBa©wmCivit. • EbrciBa©wmRtI ³ EbrciBa©wmRtIrbs;GñkPUmisßitenA xageRkay pÞHbENþtTwk man 43 RKUsar EdlRbkbrbr ciBa©wmRtI . BYkeKciBa©wm RtI 500- 1000k,al kñúg EbrnimYy² ehIyciB©awmryHeBlmYYyqñaMeTIb cab;RtIyk eTAlk;enApSar)at;dMbg bJesomrab .tMélRtIKW 1300 erol sMrabv;RtIR)a1K-Rk 2000erolsM rab;RtIeqaþr 1 K>Rk . • EbrciBa©wmRkeBIr ³ sßitxageRkaypÞHbENþtTwk enAkñúgPUmieBaFiman 7 RKUsarEdlRbkbrbrciB©wamRkeBIrBYk Kat;ciB©awm BI 3-30k,al kñúg 1Ebr . edayciBa©wmry³eBl 1-5qañM eTIbcab;RkeBIrykeTAlk;)an tMél 80 dulaør ¬ciBa©wmry³eBl 1 qañM ¦nig ¬1000dulaør ciBa©wmry³eBl 05qañM ¦kñúgRkeBIr 1k,al . 10> 2- kMNt; bgðajkarCiHTUkeFVIRtg;sIuc ³ karCiHTUkeFVIRtg;sIuc eFVIeLIgbnab;BikarcUlrYmKUsEpnTI eday RkumGñkPUmi 16 nak;karCiHTYUkcab; epþImBIéRBlicTwkLÚt¾elx 05 extþ)at;dMbg; ehIycab;rYcral; enAéRBlicTwk LÚt¾elx 02 extþ esomrab EdlsßitenAxageRkaypÞHbENþtTwk karCIHTUkeFVIRtg;sIuc eFVIeLIgenAeBlEdlTwkkMBg; licPUmi karKUsRtg;sIuc . Kuseday elak em:g suéf nig kBaØa Ny b:uk . 1-éRBlicTwk¬LÚt¾elx 02 ¦ ³ enHCatMbn;sMrab;RtIBgkUnenAGMLúgeBlrdUvvsSa ehIyvak¾pþl;CmrksMrab;stV bJmnusS nigpÞHbENþtTwkenArdUvvsSa edim,IkarBar Bixül;BüúH nig CakEnøgensaT RtIrbs;GñkPUmieBaFienA rdUvTwkeLIg . ehIy rduvR)aMg GñkPUmiensaTenAtamdgsÞwg sEgá . 2-pÞHbENþtTwk ³ RbCaCnrs;enAelIpÞH bENþtTwkenAbeNaþydgsÞwgsEgá ¬tMbn;enHsßitenACitLÚt¾elx 02¦ enAkñúgsÞwgsEgá CakEnøgEdlRbCaCntaMglMenAdaæn mancMgay 25 K>m BIbwgTenøsab BYkGñkPUmi k¾)anciBa©wmRtI nig RkeBIr kñúgEbr ehipÞHRbCaCnPaKeRcIntaMg enATIenH .

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3- sÞwgsEgá ³ sÞwgsEgáCaRbPBpþl;TwksMrab; GñkPUmi CaBiessenArdUvR)aMg GñkPUmi)ancab;RtIBisÞwgenH nigeRbITwksÞwgsMrab;hUb gUtRbcaMéf¶ sÞwgsEgámanRbPBBitMbn;PñMxagelI ehIhUrcak;eTAbwgTenøsab enArdUvTwkCMnn;nig rdUvePøog Faøk; enArdUvTwkCMnn; TwksÞwgsEgá manCMerA 12 m BI)atsÞwgeTAxagelI 4- pÞHbENþtTwk ³ enAtMbn;enH eBlrdUvvsSa pÞHRbCaCnxøH)anbENþteTAtaMg enACitéRBlicTwk ¬ LÚt¾elx 05extþ)at;dMbg ¦ ehIypÞÜHbENþtTwkenHpøas;bþÚreTAtamrbbTwkCMnn; enACMvijpÞH RbCaCnciB©awmRtI nigRkeBIenAkñúgEbr . 5-éRBlicTwk ¬LÚt¾elx 05 extþ)at;dMbg ¦ ³ tMbn;enHmanéRBlicTwkCaeRcInCakEnøgGñkPUmieTAensaTRtIenArdUvTwkeLIgehIyraCrd§aPi )al )anRbKl;eTAeGayRbCaCn XMuekaHCIvaMg edIm,I RKb;RKg nigcat;Ecg karRKb;RkgensaTCUn RbCaCn edIm,I ensaTRtI . 10-3 RbtiTinrdUvkalnigcMNat;fñak;muxrbr³ RbtiTinrdUvkalénmuxrbrnigktþabrisßaneFVIeLIgCamYyRkumGñkPUmi16nak;kMnt;sMKal;KWfµ tUc²EdleRbIsMrab;dak;BinÞúBI0-10enAkñúgRbGb;nImYy²GñkPUmisMercrYmKñaEdlmantMél010dak; kñúgRbGb;nImYYy²kMNt;sMKal;KwsMbYrbJsMxan;énktþaepSg²enAkñúgExepSg²cMnYnelxEdlFMCageKKW sMxan;Nas;bJsMbUUrNas;énktþaepSg². vaCakarsMxan;EdlRtUvkt;sMKal;fatMélKWeRbóbeFobEtrvagExepSg²mineRbóbeFobktþaepSg²enaH eTenHmann½yfa]TahrN_³ExmkravamantMél5sMrab;karciB©wamRtInigkarciB©awmRkeBIrminmann½yfa ExenaHsMxan;es µIkñakñúgExmkraenaHeTkEnøgciB©wamRtImantMél5sMrab;ExmkranigExkumÖHbgðajfakar ciB©wamRtIsMxan;vamantMélesµIkñakñúgExkumÖHnigmkra. bnÞab;BIRbtiTinrdUvkalKWkareRbóbeFobrvagmuxrbrepSg²eFVIeLIgtamryHcMNat;f ñak;muxrbrvaKWGnu vtþn_RsedogKñanigkareFVIRbtiTinrdUvkal]TahrN_³kEnøgsMKal;kñúgRbGb;muxrbrnImYy²cg¥úlbgðaj famuxrbrsMxan;.cMnYnelxmanCabnþbnÞab;BIcMNaat;fñak;muxrbrnImYy²bgðajBIBinÞúEdlenAkñúgRbGb; nImYYy²cMnYnelxEdlFMCageKKWmuxrbrsMxan;rbs;G ñkPUmidUcEdreK)aneXIjfakarensaTRtICamuxrbr

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sMxan;bMputrbs;GñkPUmibnÞab;BimuxrbrenHmankarciB©awmRtIkarciB©wamRkeBIrkareq¥IrRtIkarkab;Gusnig kardakk;sMras;. • TwkCMnn;³ kMBs;TwkénsÞwgsEgácab;epþImeLIgrvagExmifunanigkkáda/ ExkBØaa nig tulaKWCaExEdlTwk liceLIgx<s;ehIyTwkcab;epþImRskcuHenAExvicäika.TwkCMnn;ekIteLIgedayktþaBIr³ ePøógenAtMbn;P ñMxagelIehIyhUrtamsÞwwgsEgáehIynigmYyeTotKWTwkCMnn;BITenøsabtamryHkalhUr cYlBITenøemKgÁRbsinebITwkCMnn;eLIgkMBs;6mKWmanbrimaNRtIticenAkñúgtMbn;enH.ehIyebITwkeLIg kMBs;3meTA4mKWmanRtIeRcInenAk ñúgéRBlicTwk¬Lüelx2¦nigenAtamsÞwgsEgá. • KuNPaB³ TwksÞwgmanKuNPaBl¥rvagExtulanigExF ñÜeBlEdlTwkkMBuglicPUminigcab;epþImRskbnþic dUecñHKuNPaBTwkminsUvl¥rvagExmkranigExkBØaakñúgGMLúgExTaMgenHRbCaCnlM)akk ñúgkareRbIR)as; TwksMrab;briePaKBIeRBaHcMnYnénkarecalkaksMNl;énmnusSehIynigkkrdIeTAkñúgTwkmanbrimaN eRcIn. karduHdI³ karduHdImankMritx<s;rvagExmifunanigsIhaBIeRBaHkarhUrBItMbn;xagelInigBIP ñMvamankMritxøaMg EdlnaMTaMgdIl,ab;nigkkrdImkCamYyhUrcUlbwgTenøsabnigsÞwgsEgáehIyRBmTaMgkaksMNl;ecal edaysarmnusSnigkardak;sMras;k¾eFVIeGaymankarduHdIpgEdr. karciB©awmCIvit³ karciB©wamCIviténGñkPUmiKWBwgBak;eTAelIkarensaTRtIGñkPUmicab;)anRtIeRcInenAExkkádaehIycab;)anCamFümrvagExvicäikanigExFñÜehIyrvagExkumÖHnigminaRbCaCnmanes,óghUbRKb;RKan;. Karcab;RtI)anticenArdUvR)aMgnigrdUvvsSaKWrvagExemsanigmkraehIyenAkñúgGMLúgExsIhadl;tula kñúgGMLúgExTaMgenHRbCaCnCYbRbTHenAkarxVHxates,ógeFVIeGaykMritCIvPaBrbs;BYkKat;cuHdundab pgEdr. rdUvbuNü RbCaCnPUmieBaFierobcMbuNüTandUcCacUlqñaMExµrenAExemsanigbuNüP¢úMbiNüenAExkBØaanig

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buNüsMBHRBHExGkGMbukenAExtulaehIynigbuNütUcenAkñúgPUmimanecjRBHvgSaExkkádaeRkABIbu NüTaMgenaHG ñkPUmiminsUvcab;GarmµN_eTAelIbuNüepSg²eT. karcab;RtI ¬10¦ RbCaCnkñúgPUmi)anensaTRtIeBj1qñaMsMrab;ciB©wamCIvitGñkPUmi)aneRbI]bkrN_ensaTxñattUc sMrab;cab;RtIkEnøgcab;RtId¾sMxan;KwsÞwgsEgánigéRBlicTwk¬LÜt_elx2¦RbCaCnBuM)aneTAensaTenA bwgTenøsabeTkarcab;RtI)aneRcInKWenAExkkádaBIeRBaHenAExenHTwkmankMritTabehIyRtIk¾eLIgmkBI TenøsabeRcIn.karcab;RtI)anCamFümrvagExkumÖHnigminapgEdrkñúgExviciäkanigExFñÜkñúgGMLúgExTaMg enHRtImanbrimaNticenAtMbn;LÜt_elx2RtIEdlensaT)anGñkPUmieq¥IrTuklk;pgEdr¬RbePTRtIenA tMbn;enHGaceXIjkñúg]bsm<n§½¦. karciB©wamRtI ¬8¦ GñkPUmi)ancab;kUnRtI¬eqþar¦mkciB©wamkñúgExkkádaehIyeGaycMNIvasIukñúgEbbciB©awmRtIeBj1qñaMluHdl;ryHciB©awmmYyqñaMBYkKat;)ancab;ykRtIenaHeTAlk;enATIpSarEdlGaceFVIeGayBYkKat;GacrkcMNUl)ankñúgRKYsar. karciB©wamRtI ¬6¦ karciB©wamRkeBIrCamuxrbrbnÞab;bnSMrbs;G ñkPUmiBYkKat;cab;epþImTijkUnRkeBIrdak;ciB©awmenAEx kkádaehIyeGaycMNIRtIEdlensaT)anGn;KuNPaBeGayRkeBIsIuCaerogral;éfJeKciB©awmryHeBl1qñaMbJrhUtdl;5qñaMehIycab;RkeBIrykeTAlk;eGayQµÜjedIm,Ilk;bnþeTARbeTscin. kareq¥IrRt I¬5¦ GñkensaTPUmieBaFiniymcUlcitþeq¥IrRtIenAeBlEdlBYkKat;ensaT)anRtIeRcInGñkPUmi)ansg; erageq¥IrRtIenArdUvR)aMg¬ExkumÖHnigmina¦nigrdUvvsSa¬ExkkádanigExFñÜ¦PaKeRcInEdlGñkPUmieq¥IrRtI enaHKWenArvagExkumÖHnigminaRtIeq¥IrTaMgenaHG ñkPUmilk;eTAeGayQ ñÜjenAkñúgPUmisMrab;lk;bnþeTAkan; pSar)at;dMbgbJesomrabtMélRtIeq¥IrKW1Rkas;tMél100erolRbePTrRtIlijbJRtIl¥it². karkab;Gus ¬5¦ enArdUvTwkeLIgrvagExvicäikanigFñÜG ñkPUmi)annaMKñaeTAkab;GusBIéRBlicTwkenAkñúgLÜt_elx2 kñúgryHeBlExTaMgenHBYkKat;kab;GusTuksMrab;eRbIR)as;RKb;RKan;ryHeBl1qñaM.BYkKat;eRbIR)as;

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TUkedIm,IdwkCB¢ÜanGusTaMgenaHkñúgmYyRKYsarkab;GusCamFüm15m-Kybkñúg1rdUvkñúg1qñaMGñkPUmi kab;GussMrab;EteRbIR)as;kñúgkardMasønigTukeq¥IrRtIeQIEdlkab;eFVIGusdutmanedImraMgtaGU PñMEBñg eføImGeNþIk.G ñkPUmiBuMmanRKYsarmYyNaEdlkab;Guslk;eLIy. kardak;sMras; ¬5¦ RbCaCnkab;EmkeQIdak;sMras;enAExemsaehIydak;EmkeQIenaHeTAk ñúgTwksÞwgsEgáenAEx ]sPaPaKeRcInénGñkPUmiKWdak;sMras;enArdUvR)aMg.kardak;sMras;ebIdak;ExNamYykñúgrdUvR)aMgenAtamsÞwgsEgáBYkKat;k¾cab;epþImerIsMras;ykRtIenAExenaHEdr¬RbEhl20éfJeRkaydak;sMras;eTAkñúg Twk¦. 10-4-kMNt;bgðajkarvivtþn_FnFnFmµCati³ karvivtþn_FnFnFmµCati¬RbvtþiERbRbYl¦énktþabris ßannigmnusSKWeFVIeLIgCamYYyRkumG ñkPUmi16nak; ¬dUcKñanigkareFVIRbtiTinrdUvkal¦dUcCaenAkñúgRbtiTinrdUvkalkMNt;sMKal;KWeRbIBinÞúHBI0-10kñúgRb Gb;nImYy²/ karsMKal;KWcg¥úlbgðajPaBsMbUrbJsMxan;énktþaepSg²énryHeBlyUrqñaMknøgmkrhUt dl;bc©úb,nñcMnYnelxEdlFMCageKKWsMxan;bJsMbUrénktþa. edIm,IeFVIeGaymanPaBRbesIrCagkarsikSamun²r)aykarN_enaHnigbgðajnUveTATn;énktþaepSg²eFVI eGaygayyl;nUvkarvivtþFnFanFm µCatisBØaaRBYjEdleLIgelIcg¥úlbgðajkarekIneLIgénktþaehIyRBYjEdlcuHKWkarfycuHénktþaehIynigsBØaTwkrlkbgðajfaktþaenaHenAes ßrbJpøas;bþÜredayeTa Tn;minc,as;las;.vaCakarkt;sMKal;faenAkñúgRbtiTinrdUvkalnigkarvivtþnigERbRbYlFnFnFm µCati tMélKWeRbóbeFobRKan;EtrvagEteBlevlaepSg²mineRbóbeFobrvagktþaepSg²xageRkamenHKw kMNt;sMKal;nigkarBnül;Tak;TgeTAnigktþaepSg²EdlsresrkñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþn_lMhat;eday RkumsikSa. RbvtþxøIrbs;PUmi enAqñaM1988manekItsRgÁamsIuvilenAkñúgPUmirvagExµrRkhmnigraCrd§aPi)alenAqñaM1989GñkPUmiCYb RbTHnUvCmJWqñaM1983ekItCmJWRtIenAtaméRBlicTwkqñaM1992sRgÁamenAkñúgPUmirvagExµrRkhmnigrd§a

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Pi)alq ñaM1994TwkCMnn;FMehIyRtIgab;BaseBjéRBqñaM1997TwkCMnn;FmmþgeTotqñaM1999ksagsalaeronenAkñúgPUmienAkñúgGMLúgeBlqñaM2000-2002manTwkCMnn;FMeFVIeGayRtIBuMsUvsMbUrryHbIqñaM knøgmk. -RbCaCn RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi)anekIneLIgcab;BiqñaM1990edaysarkMeNInénGRtaekItrbs;kumarenA kñúgPUmiGRtaekItrbs;kumarKW4nak;CamFümkñúg1qñaMehIyenAkñúgPUmiminmanGñkeRkAmkrs;enAEdr. -karensaTRtI munqñaM1990enAtMbn;enHsMbUrRtICaBiessenAsÞwgsEgánigLÜt_elx2¬éRBlicTwk¦BIeRBaHGMLúgeBl enaHRbCaCn)aneRbI]bkrN_ensaTRsbc,ab;ehIyRbCaCnEdlrs;enACMuvijsÞwgsEgáenAmancMnYnticehIyéRBenARKbdNþb;eRcInehIyTwksÞwgenAmanCMerAbnÞab;BiqñaM1990mkdl;bc©úb,nñTaMg brimaNRtInigBUCRtI)anfycuHedaysarTwkrak;ehIyKuNPaBTwkk¾fycuH¬TwkkxVk;RtIminGacmkrs; enA)an¦ehIynigkareRbI]bkrN_minRsbc,ab;RbCaCnekIneLIgenAeBlGnaKtbrimaNRtInigBUCRtI GacfycuHedaysarkarcab;RtIelIskMritkñuúgGMLúgeBlTwklicbIqñaMknøgmktMbn;enHmanRtIticehIy brimaNRtIxøH)angab;edaysarkarbMBulTwkBItMbn;xagelInigmkBIRbCaCnEdlrs;enAtampÞHbENþt TwkkñúgPUmiecalkaksMNl;eTAkñúgTwkbJbNþalmkBIcMNIRtIs¥úyEdlRbCaCneGayRtIciB©awmbJRkeBIr sIuenaHk¾eFVIeGayTwkmankøins¥úyEdr. -éRBlicTwk munqñaM1990éRBlicTwkenAtMbn;enHmantictYcBIeRBaHRbCaCn)aneRbIR)as;éRBenaHGnaFibetyüdUcCadutéRBedIm,Icab;GeNþIkkab;éRBlicTwkdak;CasMras;edIm,Icab;RtIcab;BiqñaM1995dl;bc©úb,nñéRBlicTwksMbUreLIgvijBIeRBaHGñkPUmikab;éRBsMrab;EteFVIGusdutRbcaMRKYsarehIykarkab;éRBeFVICasMras;k¾fycuHenAeBlGnaKtéRBenAkñúgLÜt_elx2nigduHeLIgkan;EteRcInedaysarkarPJak;rlwkrbs;RbCa CnBIplRbeyaCn_énéRBlicTwk¬RbePTéRBlicTwkGaceXIjnUv]bsm<n§½¦. -TwkCMnn; munqñaM1990TwkCMnn;)anlicCaFmµtaenAkñugtMbn;enHBIeRBaHGMLúgeBlenaHsÞIgségÖnigbIgTenñsab enAmanCMerAehIyERBenAtmbn;xagelImaneRcIn.bnÞab;BiqñaM1995mkdl;bc¢úb,n ñTIkCMnn;enAtMbn;

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enH)anekIneLIgG ñkPUmiKitfaehtuplenHbNþalmkBIkar)at;bg;éRBeQIenAtMbn;PñMxagelImkBIkar duHdI¬sÞIgsEgánigTenñsabk½)ankøayeTACarak;¦nigkarpøas;bþUrGakas;FatuenAeBlxagmuxTIkCMnn;nigekIneLIgedaysar Ten ñsab)ankøayeTACarak; RbmTaMgsÞIgségþpgEdrebITwkCMnn;kMBs; 3-4 m RtI sMbUrenAtMbn;enH Et RbsinebITwkCMnn;eLIgdl;kMBs; 6 m eFVI[brimaNRtImantic enAkñúgLÚt_ensaTelx 2 nig sÞwgsEgá pgEdr . stVsøab nig stVéRB munqñaM 1990 tMbn;enHsMbUrstVéRB nig stVsøabBIeRBaHeBlenaHRbCaCnBMu)aneFVIkarbr)aj;stVTaMg enaHeT ehIytRmUvkarTIpSark¾BMuTan;man ehIyeBlenaHsMbUrRtIsMrab;stVTaMgenaHsIuCaGahar nig CMrkpgEdr. eRkayqñaM1990 dl;bc©úb,nñ brimaNstVsøab nig stVéRB enAtMbn;enaHfycuH eday sarGñkPUmibr)aj; nig cab;stVTaMgenaH ykeTAlk;enATIpSar enAeBlGnaKtBYkKat;Kitfa stVsøab nig stVéRB GacmanbrimaNfycuH edaysarskmµPaBmnusS. KuNPaBTwk munqñaM 1990 KuNPaB TwkenAtMbn;enaHl¥BIeRBaHeBlenaHmnusSenAmancMnYntic ehIyGñkensaT enAmancMnYntic TenøbwgenAmanCMerA ehIyéRBenARKbdNþb;TUTaMgRbeTseRcIn EdlGackarBarkar eRcaHdI cab;BIqñaM 1995 dl;bc©úb,nñenH Twk)ankøayeTACakxVk; edaysarTenørak; RbCaCnrs;enAkñúg PUmiecalkaksMNl;eRcIn ehIycrnþTwkhUrBIxagelIeTATenøsabmanel,ÓnyWt enAeBlxagmuxKuN PaBTwk kan;EtkxVk;eLIg. karduHdI munqñaM 1990 sÞwgsEgá nig bwgTenøsabenAmanCMerA BIeRBaHmnusSminecalkaksMNl;eTAkñúgTwk ehIycMnYnRbCaCntic kardak;sMPar³cab;RtI k¾enAmanbrimaNRtI éRBenARKbdNþb;eRcIn ehIyTwkhUr BItMbn;xagelItamsÞwgsEgá cak;cUleTATenøsab naMCamYynUvkakdItictYc ehIycab;BI qñaM 1990 dl; sBVéf¶ RKb;bwg Tenø sÞwg )ankøayeTACarak; edaysarkarbMpøaj éRBeQIénGñkman GMNac nignayTunRkumh‘un lk; nig TijeQI RbmTaMgkarkab;eQIdak;sMr³cab;RtI BIsMNak;RbCaCn Edl eGaybwgTenøkøayeTACarak; b¤duHdIenAkNþalbwgTenø. enAeBlxagmuxCMerATwk nwgkøayeTACa

25

rak;pgEdr RbsinebIskmµPaBmnusSenAEtbnþeFVI eTAeTot CaBiesskarGnuvtþn¾c,ab;nanaEdlTak; TgeTAnig bTelµIselIkareRbIR)as;FnFanFm µCati BMuRtUv)anGnuvtþn¾esµIPaBKñaenaHeT. karciBa©wmCIvit munqñaM 1990 karciBa©wmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmieBaFi mankMritx<s;BieRBaHeBlenaHFnFanenAsMbUr dUcCaRtI éRB stV CafedIm ehIyeBlenaHGñkPUmicab;)anRtIeRcIn kñúg 1 éf¶ 20-30 KILÜRKam kñúg 1 éf¶ kñúg1 RKYsar ehIyGaclk;)anluyeRcIn. bnÞab;BIqñaM 1990dl;sBVéf¶karciBa©wmCIvitrbs;BYkKat; )anfycuHya:gxøaMg edaysarktþaCaeRcIn dUcCabrimaNRtIfycuH RbCaCnmankMeNInCaerogral;qñaM RbCaCnKitrYmK ñafakarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;BYkKat;enAeBlxamuxR)akdCadundabCagenHedaysarkar eGayénbrimaNRtI. karciBa©wmRtI munqñaM 1990 cMnYnRKYsarEdlciBa©wmRtIenAmantictYc BIeRBaHeBlenaHmnusScab;RtI)aneRcIn eRkayqñaM 1995 dl;sBVéf¶cMnYnénRKYsar EdlciBa©wmRtI)anekIneLIg edaysarGñkPUmicab;RtIBMusUv )an ehIy k¾EbkKMnitciBa©wmRtI edIm,Ilk;ykR)ak; bEnßmelIkar>>elIkarensaTRtI RbcaMéf¶ ehiyk¾edIm,I elIkkMBs;CIvPaBrs;eenArbs;BYkKat; enAeBlxag mux cMnYnRKYsarciBa©wmRtInig ekIn eLIg edaysarkarRk énBUCRtI enAbwgTenøsab nig sÞwgsEgá enAeBl\LUvenHmanRKysarCaeRcIn EdlkMBg;ciBa©wmRtI eqaþrnigRtIR)a . karciBa©wmRkeBI ³ munqaMñ 1990 mancMnYnRKYsar tictYc bMput EdlciBa©wmRkeBIr lk; BIeRBaHeBlenahKaµn TIpSar sMrab;TijRkeBir ehIykarrs;enArbs;RbCaCn mankMritx<s; bnÞab;qañM 1995 dl;sBVéf¶ cMnYnRKYsarEdlciBBaw©mRkeBIr)anekIeLIgbnþicBIeRBaHGñkPUmiKitfaGaclk;ykR)ak;BIkarciBa©wmRkeBIrenHedaHRsayCIvPaB)anxøHEdr ehIyRkeBIr enHlk;[QµÜj naMeTAlk; RbeTscin enA eBlGnaKt cMNYnRKYsarciBawmRkeBI)anekIneLIg . 11 - karRbmUlBt’man sþI BIkarpaøs;bþÚrTIlMenA bJkartaMgTIlMenA ³

26

Bt’manEdlbgðajxageRkamenH KW RbmUl)an tamkarsMPasn_ CamYy GñkPUmi 16nak; karBiPakSa eFVIeLIg enAelIsala bzmsikSa PUmieBaFi GñksMrbsMrYlRkumBiPakSa enH KWman kBaaØ Ny b:uk nigelakem:gsuéf cMENk elak køwg Caehg nig elak ywm sMbUr CaGñkkt;RtaBt’maneBl BiPakSa. 11- 1 karpaøs;bþÚrTIkEnøgrs;enA BImun ² enAeBlbc©úb,nñ minmankarkt;sMKal; karpaøs;bþÚrTIkEnøg rs;enA rbs;RbCaCn kñúgPUmi bJ k¾ecjeTAeRkAPUmi eTArs;enATIRkugmandUcxageRkam ³ rvagqañM1988-2001³mnusS9nak;¬Rbus06nak;nigRsI03nak;¦)ancakecjBIPUmieTArs;enAPñM eBjedImÇIeFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edrrIlk;BlkmµlIEsgehtuplEdleFVIeGayGñkTaMgcakecjBIPYmiKIxVHesÇógrRkIRkbrimanRtIcab;)antic]bkrN¾ticeBkstVepSgEdlrs;enAkñugPYmi)nfucuHeBlEdl BÜkKat;rs;enAkñUgPYmiGñkTaMgenaHCaGñkensaTehIyeron)anRtwmfañk;TI03ehIyGñkTaMgenaHman GayuBI20-25qañMehIyBYkeKcakecjBIPUmienArdUvTwkCMnn;mnusSTaMgenaHeTAeFVikarenAPñMeBjeday saÁl;mitþbJbg b¥Únrs;enATIenaH GñkTaMgenaHmkelgRKYsarenArdUvbuNüTan dUcCa cUlqañM P¢MúbiNÐ ehiyGñkTaMgenaHCamnusS RkIRk RBmTaMgenA lIv pgEdr . enAqaMñ2000mnusS2nak;¬RsI¦)ancakecjBIPUmieTArs;enAe)a:yEb:tedIm,Ilk;dUrrksIuenA pSare)a:yEb:tehtuplEdleFVI[GñkTaMgenaHecjBIPUmiKWxVHes,ogbrimaNRtIcab;)anticeBlGñk TaMgenaHrs;enAkñúgPUmiKWCaGñkensaT ehIy BYkeK manGayu 20 qañM eron)anRtwmfañk;TI 4 ehIyecjBIPUmienArdUvR)aMg GñkTaMgenaH eTArs;enAe)a:yEb:t edayman bgbçÚnrs;enA TIenaH mnusS TaMgBIenHmkelg RKYsarenA rduvbuNü cUlqañM P¢úM biNÐ GñkTaMgBIrenHenAlIvpgEdr . enA qaM 2000 mnusS 03nak; ¬ Rbus 2nak; RsI 1 nak; ¦ )ancakecjBIPUmieTArs;enA bnÞaymanC½y edIm,IeFVIkar dUcCalk;Blkmµ ehtuplEdleFVI[BYkeKcakecjBIPUmi KWbNaþlmkBI xVHes,og brimaNRtItic cab;min )an RtIlk; sMrab;dUr Ggár ehIyeBlEdlrs;enAkñúgPUmi GñkTaMgenaHKWCaGñkensaT eron)anRtwmfañk;TI 2 manGayu 19 qaMñ cakecjBIPUmienArduvTwkeLIg

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BYkeKeTAeFVikarenAe)a:y Eb:t edaysaÁl;mitþrs;enATIenaH GñkTaM 3nak;mkelgRKYsar enArdUvbuNüTanmanculqañM nig P¢úM biNÐ Kat;KWCaGñkRkIRkehIyenAlIv . enAqañM2001mnusS1nak;Rbus)ancakecjBIPUmieTArs;enAextþesomrabedIm,IeFVikarenARkumh‘unÉk Cn mnusSEdleTAenH edaysarRkYsarCYbRbTH bBaað CIvPaB dUcCa manbg bçÚneRcIn xVHes,og ]Bukmaþy KaµnlT§PaBedaH Rsay edayKat;ensaTRtI)antic minGaclk; )anR)ak;RKb;RKan;edIm,I TijGgármkciBa©wmkUn mnusSenH)ansikSa dl;fañk;TI 9 ehIy man Gayu 22 qañM eKcakecj BIPUmienArduvTwkCMnn ehIyvilmkelgRKYsarenArdUvbuNücUlqañM nig P¢úM biNÐ KatKWCaGñkRk ehIyenAlIv . 11-2-TsSnHenAeBlGnaKt enAkñúgkarBiPakSaCamYyRkumGñkPUmiBYkKat;)anniyayfaenAeBlxagmuxRbsinebIBYkKat;¬GñkPUmi¦ CYbRbTHkñúgkarciB©wamCIvitdUcCakar)at;bg;RtIenAtMbn;enHxVHes,ógTwkCMnn;mineTogTat;)at;bg;éRBlicTwkGñkPUminignaMKñacakecjBIPUmieTArs;enATIRkugedIm,IEsVgrkkargareFVIdUcCalk;BlkmµbJlIEsg CaedIm. 11-3-kMNt;bgðajcMNat;fñak;TIRkugEdlcUlcitþrs;enA³ kareFVIcMNat;fñak;sþIGMBIkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA¬]³ dUcCacMNat;fñak;TIRkugbJextþepSg²¦eFVIeLIgeday RkumGñkPUmi16nak;edayepþateTAelIkarBiPakSakarpøas;TIlMenA.GñksMrbsMrYlkñúgkarBiPakSaenH KWelakywm sMbUr nigkBØa Ny b:uk. kareFVIcMNat;fñak;KWeFVIeLIgCabIEpñkepSg²KñaTI1KWcMNat;fñak;TIRkugbJextþEdlcg;eTArs;enA.kñúgkar eFVIcMNat;fañk;elIkTI1GñkPUmimanRKab;RKYsmñak;mYYy²ehIydak;eTAkñúgRbGb;TIRkugbJextþEdlcg;eTA rs;enA.cMENkkarcMNat;fñak;elIkTI2eFVIeLIgdUccMNat;fñak;elIkTI1EdredayRKan;EtRbCaCndak; RKab;RKYskñúgRbGb;énTIRkugbJextþEdlBYkKat;mincg;eTArs;enA. enAkñúgcMNat;fñak;TIRkugGñkPUmisMercrYmKñanUvTIRkugbJextþNaEdlGUsTajBYkKat;eGayeTArs;enA RsYlCageKkareFVIenHdUccMNat;fñak;RbtiTinrdUvkalkarsMKal;KWeRbIRKab;RKYsdak;BinÞúBImYydl;db;

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enAkñúgRbGb;nImYy²elxEdlFMCageKKWTIRkugEdlGUsTajBYkKat;eGayeTArs;enA)an.TIRkugbJextþEdldak;kñúglMhat;enHKWyl;RBmedayGñkPUmiEdlmanTIRkugbJextþbJRsukEdlenACitPUmipgEdr. nigTIRkugEdlqJayBIPUmidUcCa ekaHkug bJ haNUy. xageRkamenHKWkMNt;sMKal;enAkarBnül;énTIRkugepSg²bJextþEdlkt;Rta)anedayRkumsikSaenA eBlGnuvtþlMhat;sikSaCamYyGñkPUmieBaFi. 11-3-1 kareRCIserIselIkTI1énTIRkugEdlcUlcitþeTArs;enA³ )at;dMbg³ mnusS12nak;¬RsI7nak; nig Rbus5nak;¦mnusSTaMgenHmanbMNgcakecjBIPUmieTArs; enAextþ)at;dMbgedIm,IrksIubJlk;BlkmµBIeRBaHBYkKat;mansÁal;mitþbJbgb¥Ünrs;enATIenaHehIyextþ)at;dMbgBYkKat;GacgayRsYlrkkargareFVI. esomrab³ mnusS2nak;;¬RsI¦manbMNgeTArs;enAesomrabBIeRBaHBYkKat;sÁal;bgb¥ÚnnigmitþenATI enaHesomrabKWCakEnøgl¥sMrab;BYkeKrkkargareFVIdUcCalk;BlkmµbJrksIuehIyk¾CaTIRkugeTscrN_sMrab;ePJóvbreTspgEdr. BYk³ mnusS1nak;¬Rbus¦manbMNgcakecjBIPUmieTArs;enARsukBYkBIeRBaHKat;manmitþnigbgb¥ÚnenA rs;TIenaHehIyk¾CakEnøgl¥sMrab;rkkargareFVIdUcCa³ lIEsg bJ lk;EpøeQI enAtamTIpSar. PñMeBj³ mnsS1nak;¬RsI¦cg;ecjBIPUmieTArs;enAPñMeBjBIeRBaHPñMeBjCakEnøgl¥sMrab;Kat;rkkar gareFVIdUcCalk;EpøeQI bJlk;bEnøenAtamTIpSarehIyKat;mansÁal;bgb¥Únrs;enATIenaH. 11-3-2kareRCIserIselIkTI2énTIRkugEdlmincg;eTArs;enA³ )agkk¬éfLg;¦³ mnusS13nak;¬Rbus8nak;RsI5nak;¦mincg;eTArs;enARbeTséfBIeRBaHBYkKat; minmansÁal;nrNamñak;rs;enATIenaHehIyBYkKat;BMuGacniyayPasaéf)anRBmTaMgqJayBIPUmikMeNItpgEdr. hUCImij¬evotNam¦³ mnusS3nak;¬RsI2nak;Rbus1nak;¦GñkTaMgenHmincg;eTArs;enATIRkughUCI mijBIeRBaHBYkKat;minsÁal;nrNamñak;rs;enATIenaHehIyk¾minecHPasaevotNamRBmTaMglM)akTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmkehIyevotNamk¾minEmnCaPUmikMeNItrbs;BYkKat;eLIy.

29

11>3>3 kaeFVicMNat;fañk;TIRkugEdlGUsTaj GñkPUmi[eTArs;enA ³ kareFVicMNat;fañk;TIRkugbJextþ KweRbIviFIsaRsþRsedog nigkareFVicMNat;muxrbrrbs;GñkPUmi kMNat;sMKal;CamYyBinÞú 1-10 dak;kñúgRbGb;nimYy ² KWcg¥úlbgðajTIRkugbJ extþ GñkPUmi)anBiPakSa nigsMercrYmKañ éntMélTIRkugbJ extþ EdlTTYl)anBinÞúcMunYnelx manCalMdab;lMeday ehIybnÞab; BI eQaµH TIRkug bJ extþ EdlTTYl)anenAcMNat;fañk; cMnYnelx EdlFMCageK KWTIRkugEdlGUsTaj GñkPUmieGayeTArs;enATIenaH . -)at;dMbg ¬10¦ ³ GñkPUmiKitfa )at;dMbgCaTIRkugd¾RbesIr sMrab;GñkPUmieTArs;enA nigrksIulk;dUr. -esomrab ¬8¦ ³ GñkPUmieRCIserIsbnÞab; eRBaHCaTIRkug eTscrN_EdlGac[BYkeK rkkargareFVI)angayRsYl ehIymanTIpSar lk;bEnø EpøeQIeRcIneTotpg . -PñMeBj ¬5¦ ³ KWCakareRCIserIselIkTI03 sMrab;GñkPUmieTArs;enAnigrkkargareFVI GñkPUmi Kit fa PñMeBjKWCakEnøgBaNiC¢kmµFMCageK . -BYk¬3¦³ KWCaTIRkugEdlminsUvsMxan; EdlGñkPUmiRtUvcakecjeTArs;enATIenaH BieRBaH minmankEnøgl¥sMrab;rksiulk;dUreT ebIman k¾mankargartictYcEtb:ueNÑaH . 12- kMNt;bgðajkarBiPakSabBa©b; enAPUmieBaFi³ enAkñúgkarRbCMubBa©b;karsikSaenAPUmieBaFiBt’manniglMhat;epSgEdlRbmUl)anry³b:unaµn éf¶knøgmk )anbgðajCUnGñkPUmi edIm,IbiPakSa bBa©b; nig viPaKeLiBt’manTaMgenaH karBiPakSaenH k¾GnuBaaØti [ GñkcUlrYm Binitü eLIhgvijenA Bt’man nig lMhat; EdlRbmUl)an edIm,I[GñkPUmipþl;eyabl;bEnßm nigEktMrUv Bt’manxøH ehIykñúgeBlenaHGñkPUmik¾)anpþl;eyabl; eBlenaHGñkPUmik¾)anpþl;eyabl; nigEktMrUv Bt’manmYycMnYn bnÞab;mk GñkPUmi)anniyayfa kar sikSaenHmanReyaCn_sMrab;BYkKat; kñúgkarcUlrYmsikSaBIeRBaHeFVI[BYkKat;yl;dwgBIsßanPaB epSg²enACMuvijBYkKat; nigkarERbRbYlénFnFanFmµCati enAeBlbBa©b;karRbCMuÉksarBt’’manepSg² EdlRbmUl)an ¬ EpnTIPUmi karvivtþFnFanFmµCati >>>>>>>>>>> ¦ KWRkumsikSa)anTukCUnPUmiedIm,IeRbIItamlT§PaBeTAéf¶eRkay .

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13 - kaBiPakSa ³ karBiPakSaenHEtgEtmanlT§PaBlMeGogxøHkñúgGMLúgeBlsikSabJk¾karsresrr)aykarN_

enAkñúgCMBUkenHvanignaMeTArkkarBiPakSacMeBaHbBðaaEdlGacekItmanPaBlMeGogénkarsikSaniglT§plrbs;r)aykarN_PaKeRcInKWvaRsedogeTAniwgkarsikSaelIkmun. enHCaelIkTI6rbs;karsikSa KMeragm:UEdlTenøsabsmaCikénRkumsikSamanbTBiesaFn_elIBiFIsaRsþepSg²nig]bkrN_sMrab; eRbIR)as;kñúgeBlsikSa. karBiesaFn_naMmkenAPaBeCOCak; nig PaBRbesIr eTaHbICamanPaB xVHxattictYcenAeBlGnuvtþn_karsikSataMgBIRbePTBIFIsaRsþdUcKñak¾eday.kareFVImþgehIymþgeTotkan;EteFVIeGaymanPaBRbesIreLIg PaBRbesIr nig karpøas;bþÚr GaceXIjenAkñúg r)aykarN_ eday sgát;F¶n;enAelITwkCMnn; karERbRbYlFnFanFmµCati nig karGnuvtþn_fµI²eTotk¾bB©ÚalBt’mankarpøas; TIlMenArbs;RbCaCnnigkarhUrcUlnighUrecjRbCaCnBIPUmieTATIRkugpgEdr.dUcCakarsikSaelIkmun²GñkPUmiRtUv)aneRCIserIseGaycUlrYmGnuvtþn_karsikSaKWeRCIserIsedayRbFanPUmi¬RbCaCnmkBI Gayu ePT muxrbrRk…¦. CalT§plénkarBiPakSa KWRkummansmasPaB cMruH Kña eTaHCaya:gNaRbFanPUmicUlcitþmnusSNaEdlKat;eBjcitþ [mkcUlrYm CatMNagRkumTUTaMgPUmi kñúgkarsikSaenHedayeBlevlamankMNt;ehIynigkarepþateTAelImuxrbr kareRbIR)as; FnFanFmµCatiRkumsMxan;²k¾BMu)anRbCMudac;BIKñaeLIynigGnuvtþn_karsikSaKWeFVIeLIgrYmKñaedIm,Iyk lT§plrYm.eBlevlsMrab;karsikSaticCag4éf¶enAkñúgPUmiKWeBlticehIyeBlRtUvkarGnuvtþn_lMhat;k¾eRcIn.dUecñHkarBiPakSaRtUvkMNt;GVIEdlBiPakSaeRkApøÚvkarN_RtUvhamXat;nigeBlsMrakk¾Kµan EdreBlBiPakSaCYberOgcEmøkk¾)anebIkKMnitnigrIkraykñúgRkum.eBlcUldl;PUmimankargayRsYl TMnak;TMngl¥edaymRnþIsMrbsMrYlextþesomrab)anCUndMNwgCamundlRbFanPUminigRbCaCnsmas PaBRkumsikSa4nak;CamRnþIrd§aPi)alehIymRnþIxøHmankarlM)akkñúgkarniyayGMBITid§PaBbrisßannigkareRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCatinigmuxrbr GñkPUmiCalT§plkarsMxan;xøH CaBiesskareRbIR)as;FnFan BMu)an sIuCMerARKb;RKan; sMrab;eBlsikSa smasPaBRkumsikSa 16 nak; Ca narI nigCaburskarsikS a KWminlMeGogBak;kNþalRkumCanarInarImanskmµPaBenaHkñúglMhat;eTaHbICanarImanskmµPaBtic Cagburs. 8 nak; CanarI kñúg cMeNam 16nak; . eKk¾kt;sMKal;fakareFVIcMNat;fñak;FnFan RtUveRbIeBlevlaRbCaCncUlrYmKitnUvGVIEdlekItmanBIeBlknøgmkTaMgRbtiTinrdUvkalnigkarvivtþn_

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FnFanKWkarERbRbYlBIeBlqab;²nigeBlyUrmkehIyeTaHCaya:gNaGñkPUmi)ankt;sMKal;elIcMNucnImYy²énBiFIsaRsþTaMgBIr)anya:gl¥RbesIrehIyyl;dwgBIRbtiTinrdUvkalnigkarERbRbYlFnFan FmµCatiemeronedImsMrab;karsikSaCaPasaGg;eKøseRkaymkeTIbERbsMrYlCaPasaExµr.emeronTaMgenHerobcMedayGñkÉkeTsesd§kic©sgÁmdUecñHEtgEtmanPaBlMeGogxøHkñúgkarERbsMrYlnigr)aykarN_Edl)ancgRkgehIy.eTaHCaya:gNacab;taMgBIkarsikSanig sresrr)aykarN_manbuKÁlik2 nak;EdlecHPasaGgeKøsnigPasaExµr.dUecñHkarxusqÁgminxusTaMgRsugenaHeTlT§plénkarGnuvtþn_énkarsikSanigtMrUvkarlT§plEtgEtmanPaBlMeGognigxusqÁgeTaHbIPUmieBaFiRtUv)aneRCIserIsCaPUmitMNageFVIkarsikSak¾eday.eTaHbIkareRbIBiFIsaRsþcUlrYmCaTsSnHTaMgmUlénkarsikSaGacenAmankarriHKn;fakarcUlrYmminmaneBlRKb;RKan;edayktþaepSg²karsikSaeFVIeGayyl;dwgenAtMbn;sikSaminedIm,IGPivDÆn_PUmienaHeTdUecñHGVIEdlGñkPUmiTTYl)anBIkarsikSaehIyehtudUcemþc)anCaGñkPUmicUlrYmkñúgkarsikSaenHeTaHCaya:gNakarsikSaenAtamPUmiéntMbn;epSg²tYya:gdUcCaPUmieBaFiGñkPUmimankarcab;GarmµN_cUlrYmkñúgkarGnuvtþn_lMhat;ehIyRbmUlcMeNHdwgnigBiPakSaBImYyeBleTAmYyeBl)anya:gl¥RbesIr.Bt’manniglMhat;epSg²Edl)aneFVIeLIgkñúgGMLúgeBlsikSaRkumkargar)anTukCUnBYkKat;edIm,ICaÉksarsMrab;PUmidUcCaEpnTIRbtiTinrdUvkalkarvivtþn_FnFanCaedImGñkPUmi)ancUlrYmeFVIEpnkarN_taMgBIdMbUgeRkaymkBiPakSarYmKñadMNak;karénkarsikSaesd§kic©TaMgmUlKWeFVIeLIgnUvGVIEdlKµanRsab;dUecñHbBðacUlrYmKYrkMNt;nigsgát;elIRKb;dMNak;kalénkarsikSaesd§kic©sgÁm. 14 snñidaæn ³ karsikSaenA PUmieBaFi )anbgðajfa GñkPUmiPaKeRcIn bMput KWCaGñkRkIRk ehIkarciBa©wmCivit BwgBakTaMgRsugenAkarensaTRtI BImYyqañM eTAqañM RKb;GñkPUmi TaMgGs;KWTak;TgeTAnwgkarensaT RtI ehIy mYycMENkBwgeTAelIsÞwg sEgá nigLÚt_elx 02 nig Tenøsab CakEnøgcab;RtI RBmTaMgBwgBak;elITwkCMnn;pgEdr . ehIykarciBa©wmRtInigciBa©wmRkeBIr Camuxrbr xañttUcsMrab;

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bMeBj bEnßm elIcMNUl )anmkBIkarensaT RbCaCnkñúgPUmi)anekineLIgCaerolral;qañM ehiykMrit CIvPaBmankar karykcitþTukdak;BIGaCaJFn mankMrit x<s; eRBaH raCrdæaPi)al)anRbKl;LÚt_ elx 02 [RbCaCn ensaTRtI edayeBl\LÚvenHBYkKat; mannaTIensaT TUlay b:u EnþFnFanFmµCati manRtI stV saøb stVéRB manbrimaNfycuH GñkPUmimankarRBYy)armµBIkarfycuH énktaþTaMgenaH BYkKat;dwgénkarekIteLIgénRBwtþikarTaMgenaHEtBYkKat;minmanlT§PaBkarEkERbkarekIteLIgTaMg enaHeT . bBaaðbrisaßnFMenAkñúgPUmieBaFiKWkarfycuH énKuNPaBTwk TaMgrdUvR)aMgnigrdUvvsSa ¬ TwkFMkøins¥úy ¦ CaBiesskñúgGMLg; Ex 11-Ex 12 enArduvTwkcab;epþImRskbnþicmþg ² .

Table of contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................34 2. Objective of the field study ...............................................................................34 3. Methodology .....................................................................................................35 4. Field study team ................................................................................................35 5. Location of the field study.................................................................................36 6. Itinerary .............................................................................................................36 7. Meeting with governmental line agencies and NGOs.......................................37 8. Finding from key informant interviews ............................................................37

8.1. Village location and boundaries ................................................................. 37 8.2. Village history............................................................................................. 38 8.3. Migration/urbanisation................................................................................ 39 8.4. Administrative structure.............................................................................. 39 8.5. Organisations working in the village .......................................................... 39 8.6. Religion, education, health and infrastructure ............................................ 40 8.7. Means of livelihood .................................................................................... 40

9. Finding from group discussion..........................................................................41 9.1. Occupation of the villagers ......................................................................... 41

9.1.1. Family fishing...................................................................................... 41 9.1.2. Other occupations................................................................................ 41

9.2. Seasonal migration and seasonal variation of occupations......................... 42 9.3. Natural resource use.................................................................................... 42

10. Participatory exercises.......................................................................................43 10.1. Remarks to participatory map ............................................................. 43 10.2. Remarks to transect walk map............................................................. 44 10.3. Remarks to seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking .. 45 10.4. Remarks to time ranking ..................................................................... 47

11. Findings on migration/urbanisation ..................................................................49 11.1. Previous migration............................................................................... 49 11.2. Future prospect .................................................................................... 50 11.3. Remarks to the rankings on migration /urbanisation........................... 50

11.3.1. First choice ranking ............................................................................. 51 11.3.2. Last choice ranking.............................................................................. 51 11.3.3. Preference ranking on migration/urbanisation .................................... 51

12. Remark from the final discussion......................................................................52 13. Discussion .........................................................................................................52 14. Conclusions .......................................................................................................54 Annexes

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1. Introduction Tonle Sap Modelling Project (WUP-FIN) aims to model the flow regime and water quality of Tonle Sap Lake. Main objective is to create a water model of Tonle Sap in order to better understand the interaction between the physical and biological features of the lake and their changes that may occur due to human activities. Socio-economical issues form an important part of the project. They will be taken into account in the baseline studies, in the development of management tools and in guidelines to be produced. One of the aims of the project is that with the help of the outcomes of the project the utilisation and protection of the Tonle Sap could be socio-culturally acceptable. The main aim of the socio-economic analysis is to achieve basic understanding of the interconnections of the socio-economic and environmental impacts and factors in Tonle Sap area. Socio-economic analysis consists of literature and database reviews, expert interviews, participatory field studies, modelling and final analysis of gathered information. Socio-economic field studies are based on different rapid and participatory appraisal (RRA/PRA) methods and their focus is on village level. During the spring 2002 Tonle Sap Modelling Project conducted three socio-economic field studies in the villages situated along Tonle Sap in the provinces of Kampong Chhanng, Pursat and Battambang. In autumn 2002, three more field studies are conducted in the provinces of Kampong Thom and Siem Reap. Although new field studies use similar approach as well, some modifications and improvements in actual field studies as well as in report writing have taken place. Also time of the studies differs totally from each other: three first field studies took place during the dry season when the lake was its shallowest, while three latter ones are conducted just after the rainy season and peak of the flooding. Aim of the field studies is to collect information on different socio-economic factors, focusing on occupations and their seasonal variation, use of natural resources and access to them, as well as on environmental changes. In new field studies focus is also put on issues of migration/urbanisation and floods. Field studies will also give better practical level understanding of local circumstances as well as of different RRA/PRA-methods. Since all field studies use similar approach, reports are also written using similar structure, making them thus easier comparable with each other. Moreover, some of the more overall chapters in each report (like this one) are partly or exactly the same.

2. Objective of the field study Main aim of the field study is to collect complementary village level information to support socio-economic information derived from different databases, literature reviews

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and expert interviews. Main indicators of the field study are related to the living condition, occupations, migration, natural resources, floods and environmental change.

3. Methodology Methods used in the field study were in chronological order:

- Key informant interview (semi-structured interview) - Group discussion (semi-structured interview) - Participatory mapping - Transect walk and observation - Seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking - Time ranking - Focus group discussion and rankings on migration/urbanisation - Final discussion and analysis of the study

The idea is first to collect more overall information on socio-economic situation through key informant interview. Following group discussion deals especially with issues of livelihood, occupations, natural resources, environmental problems and floods. With the help of this data and information derived from participatory mapping and transect walk, study is then focused especially on issues of seasonality and recent changes in environment, natural resources, floods and livelihood. This is done using two different ranking exercises: seasonal calendar and time ranking. Next, issue of migration and urbanisation is dealt with in separate exercise including focus group discussion and different kind of rankings. In final discussion all derived information is put together and then analysed together with villagers. In this meeting, villagers’ comments on the field study and its results are achieved as well. Different visualisation exercises (mapping and rankings) do not only create a useful final product (map, matrix) but also act as tools for further discussion about the issues of seasonality, environmental changes, migration and causes behind them. Discussion evolved during the exercises is recorded in this report under the remarks for different methods. This report presents information chronologically according to methods used, not according to indicators and factors. This is done in order to see the differences in the nature and quality of information gathered with different methods and also to enable comparison and crosschecking between methods. Certain level of repetition could not therefore be avoided.

4. Field study team Field study team consists of two WUP-FIN socio-economic trainees / experts and two provincial level team members:

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• Mr Yim Sambo, team coordinator, Ministry of Rural Development / WUP-FIN • Ms Noy Pok, officer of Fisheries Development / WUP-FIN • Mr Klen Chea Heng, coordinator of FAO project, Siem Reap • Mr Meng Sothai, officer of Fisheries, Battambang Province

Like in the earlier field studies, two members of field study team acted as main facilitators during the exercises and two members were taking notes on discussions and progress of exercise. Practise of two note-takers allows crosschecking of gathered information and ensures that all the important information emerging during the exercise will also be written down. Tasks were rotated among the team members in each exercise. Methods and exercises of the field study were planned by WUP-FIN socio-economists together with socio-economic trainees. Final field study report was written by WUP-FIN socio-economic trainees / experts and socio-economists.

5. Location of the field study WUP-FIN's sixth field study took place in Pou Village, Pou Treay commune in Pouk district. Pou village is a floating village but unlike WUP-FIN’s first field study village, Pou is non-migrational: village stays in approximately same place during both dry and wet season. During the dry season houses are situated on the Sankai River, while during the wet season the houses move to the close-by flooded forest following the changing water level. All the villagers in Pou are primarily dependent on fishing and fishing related activities. The village is approximately 2.2 kilometres from the commune headquarter.

6. Itinerary November 25th 2002 Travel from Phnom Penh to Siem Reap. Meeting with

government's provincial line agencies and NGOs. Training with provincial members of field study team.

November 26th, 2002 Travel to Pou village, meeting with commune chief, village

chief, chief of community fisheries and village elder. Field study with Pou villagers: key informant interview and group discussion. Team meeting, staying overnight in Pou village.

November 27th, 2002 Field study with Pou villagers: participatory mapping,

transect walk and seasonal calendar . Team meeting, staying overnight in Pou village.

November 28th, 2002 Field study with Pou villagers: time ranking, focus group

discussion and preference ranking on migration / urbanisation. Team meeting and report writing, staying overnight in the Pou village.

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November 29th, 2002 Final discussion and analysis of study results in village.

Leaving from Pou village to Siem Reap. Team meeting and report writing. Leaving from Siem Reap to Phnom Penh.

For more detailed information itinerary have a look on Annex 7.

7. Meeting with governmental line agencies and NGOs After arriving to Siem Reap at Monday morning field study team visited several governmental line agencies (Seila-programme, Provincial Department of Fisheries) and NGOs (FAO, Concern, CFDS, PADEX). In these meetings field study team informed line agencies and NGOs about WUP-FIN project and about the field study especially. Team also got information about the activities of different line agencies and organisations working in the region. One person from FAO was invited to join the field study team. Since field study village is situated right to the border of Battambang, other provincial level team member was from Battambang’s Provincial Department of Fisheries. In the meetings it was found out that FAO has together with governmental line agencies (Department of Fisheries, Department of Agriculture, Department of Rural Development and Department of Environment) carried out several PRA-studies in Siem Reap, including Sonikum district. Some of the studies conducted were more overall PRA studies while the more recent ones (done in Pouk district in 2001) concentrated mostly on natural resources and their management (especially fish conservation). These reports are not published yet but some of the reports were available in FAO in English and Khmer. In addition, FAO has published several reports from their previous PRA-studies in 1995. Also Seila, Concern, CFDS and PADEX have used some PRA methods (e.g. participatory mapping) in various districts in Siem Reap province but these reports were only written in Khmer and were not available. Most of these studies and development activities focused on poverty reduction.

8. Finding from key informant interviews Key informant interview was conducted with the chief of village Mr Tit Vann, advisor of commune Mr Hem Noung, chief of community fisheries Mr Srai Rin and village elder Mr Choun Orth. The interview took place in the house of community fisheries chief and Mr Yim Sambo and Ms Noy Pok acted as main facilitators of the interview.

8.1. Village location and boundaries Pou village is situated in Pou Treay commune, Pouk district in Siem Reap province. Village boundaries are as follow:

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- Northern border against inundated forest (fishing lot No2) - Southern border against Sankai River (fishing lot No5 in Battambang) - Eastern border against Treay village - Western border against creek of Prek Mepong

Pou village has 84 families and 470 habitants from which 249 are females and 221 are males. The population in Pou village increases naturally through births and marriages: the average birth rate in the village is 4 children per year. The village is located 2.2 km from commune headquarter, 36 km from Pouk district headquarter, 80 km from the provincial headquarter of Siem Reap and 73 km from provincial headquarter of Battambang. In the village there is no orchard, residential or agricultural land because the authority has not given the ownership of the land to the families in the village. Pou village is floating village but unlike WUP-FIN’s first field study village in Kampong Chhnang, Pou is non-migrational i.e. village stays basically in same location throughout the year. During the dry season houses are located along the Sankai River while during the high flood houses move to the close-by flooded forest (fishing lot No2 and fishing lot No5 in Battambang) where villagers can locate their houses safely from wind and big waves. Villagers live close to each other and they do not own land. At the moment there are 84 permanent houses in the Pou village. Most of the houses (79) have palm leaf roof and five houses have zinc roof. 66 houses are floating houses, 14 houses are built on stilts and four houses are houseboats.

8.2. Village history Pou village was founded in 1874 and at that time there were 30 families living in the village. Between the years 1920 to 1959 there were approximately 37 families in the village and between the years 1954 to 1970 the village consisted of 46 families. The number of families increased slowly due to marriages. Between the years 1970 to 1979 eighteen families were removed from the village to live in Prek Toul village, Bak Prea commune, Koh Chivang commune and Battambang province due to the fighting in the village between Khmer Rouge and government. These families returned back to the village mainly after the year 1994. Between 1990 and 1994 the number of families in village increased to 66 because of births and marriages. Since 1994 there has been six new families migrating to village from the communes of Koh Chivang and Bak Prea. After year 1994 the number of families has increased steadily in the village because of marriages and births and at the moment there are 84 families living in the village.

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8.3. Migration/urbanisation After the Pol Pot regime (Khmer Rouge) there has not been remarkable permanent migration to or from Pou village. Seasonal village to the village is remarkable but this is dealt in more detail later in this report. Nine people (six males and four females) have migrated from the village to Phnom Penh because of lack of food due to low fish catch. Most of them moved to Phnom Penh to work in the garment factories and some in paid labour or business. All of the migrants had relatives or friends living in the city. Two females migrated from the village to Poipet to do business in the market. Reason for their migration was lack of food due to too low fish catch and they moved to Poipet because they knew someone living there. One male migrated from the village to Siem Reap to work in a private company while three villagers (one male, two females) have migrated to Banteay Meanchey to find work as paid labour or doing business. The villagers moved due to the lack of fishing gears and food. They migrated to these provinces because they knew somebody that is living there. All these migrants come to visit their families during the festivals. Seven big families moved to live in Banteay Meanchey province because they lacked fishing gears and the fish catch was low. They sold their floating houses to other villagers and moved to Banteay Meanchey because they had friends living there.

8.4. Administrative structure Pou village has a village chief, commune advisor and community fisheries committee. The community fisheries committee was elected in 2001 and the election was supported by FAO. The committee has five members, four males and one female. The village is divided into five groups and every group has its own chief. Each of the group consists of 15 to 17 families.

8.5. Organisations working in the village At the moment FAO is starting their project in the village and has just conducted short field study in the village. The information for their study was collected from commune chief, village chief and district governor. The map of fishing lot 2 derived from FAO’s study was available in the village and was helpful source of information for this field study as well. FAO has supported village with arrangements of community fisheries and has also provided micro-credit for the poor families. In the future Seila-programme is planning to set up development activities in the village.

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8.6. Religion, education, health and infrastructure All the people in Pou village are Buddhists. Village does not have its own pagoda and during traditional festivals villagers visit Chheu Kmao Pagoda that is located to the border of Battambang province 300 meters from the Pou village. There is Pou Primary School in the village and at the moment there are 34 students. The school was built in 1999 by the villagers and it is constructed on the stilts. In the Pou Primary School pupils are able to carry out only their first grade studies but after this they can continue their studies in Treay Primary School, which is approximately 2.2 km from the village. There is no health centre in the village but villagers can use the district health centre. Puok district health centre arranges vaccinations to the children, trains villagers about the importance of health care and pure drinking water and distributes chloramines to the villagers. There is no pharmacy in the village but the medicines are sold in the small shops in the village. Pou village has no electricity network or latrines. People stool to water in flooded season and in the forest and bushes in dry season. There are no wells in the village and all the villagers use water from Sankai River. Villagers transport their products to sell to Sasor Sdam Market and the expense of transportation during the wet season is more expensive than during the dry season. In the wet season express boat to Siem Reap as well as Battambang cost around 12 to 15 dollars and in the dry season the expense of transportation by motorbike is only 20 000 riels (during dry season when the village has a foot path). Many villagers sell their products also in Battambang Market because it is more easily accessible by boat.

8.7. Means of livelihood Livelihood of the villagers in Pou depends mostly on fishing. Other important occupations include fish and crocodile raising. Villagers catch fish during wet and dry season: in wet season villagers go to fish to the fishing lot 2 and in the dry season they fish in Sankai River. In the wet season the average fish catch is five to seven kilogrammes, and in the dry season three to five kilogrammes per day per family. In the Pou village there are seven rich families and most of them raise fish and crocodiles and have adequate fishing tools. There are 12 medium income families in the village which are involved in the same occupations and have same facilities than the rich villagers but they mostly do this in smaller-scale than rich families. Majority of the villagers, 65 families, are poor. Poor villagers are all fishermen, have only some fishing tools and are also often indebted.

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9. Finding from group discussion Information presented in this chapter was collected from the group discussion with 16 villagers (12 villagers, village chief, commune chief, community fisheries chief and village elder). The group discussion took place in the Pou Primary School that is easily accessible for the villagers. The main facilitators of the group discussion were Mr Yim Sambo and Mr Klen Chea Heng.

9.1. Occupation of the villagers All villagers in Pou village have fishing as their main occupation. Supplementary occupations are fish and crocodile raising, fish trading and smoked fish processing (during the wet season). Villagers are also involved in firewood collection for home consumption.

9.1.1. Family fishing Villagers in Pou village have had large fishing area in their use since year 2000 when government handed over the fishing lot number 2 for the villagers to manage and fish all year around. In dry season people fish in Sankai River in front of the village and in the rainy season they fish in flooded forest (fishing lot number 2) nearby their houses. The main fishing tool is gillnet, which is used all year around, and supplementary fishing tools are mostly seine fishing nets. Families can catch an average seven kilogrammes fish per day. The price of the best quality fish is 1500 to 2000 riels per kilogramme. Villagers produce smoked fish and sale it to the dealer in the village to be sold in the Battambang and Siem Reap Markets (100 riels per fish). From the low quality fishes villagers produce fish sauce for household consumption while small fish is used to feed fish (fish raising) and crocodiles.

9.1.2. Other occupations Besides fishing some of the families are also involved in fish and crocodile raising that form an important source of income for the villagers. There are 43 families involved in fish raising; other families lack the funding to start the raising. Raised fish species can be fed with small fish caught by villagers so villagers do not have to buy special (and expensive) food for the fish. Villagers raise around 500 to 1000 fingerlings per family. They raise fish for approximately one year and after this sell the fish in Battambang and Siem Reap markets. The market price of fish is 1300 riels per kilogramme. There are seven families involved in crocodile raising in Pou village. They raise 3 to 30 crocodiles per family. They use crocodile species that can be fed with fish. Villagers catch fish themselves so they do not have to buy special food for the crocodiles. Villagers raise crocodiles for 1 to 5 years and sell them then to the dealer to be sold in China. The price of a crocodile is from 80 up to 1000 dollars. The crocodile farmers are also involved in fishing all year around. The families that are involved in fish and crocodile

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raising can earn even 800 000 riels per year. One of the fishing families is involved in commerce and trade all year around and villagers buy products for daily consumption from this shop. None of the families are involved in firewood collection for sale but families collect firewood for home consumption and smoked fish production. Villagers estimate that demand of firewood for one family is 15 m3 per year. Firewood is collected from inundated forest (fishing lot number 2) behind the villager’s houses. There is no family involved in catching water birds or wildlife for sale.

9.2. Seasonal migration and seasonal variation of occupations Population of the village increases highly during the wet season due to migration from Ampil Prindam commune and the districts of Thmor Kol, Kralagn, Mokul Borei, Chhi Kreng and Stoung. Normally approximately two hundred families migrate from these villages to Pou village in September. These migrants are involved in fishing and smoked fish processing. They live in the boats in inundated forest (fishing lot N0 2) and they return back to their own villages in April when the dry season starts. The occupation of the villagers does not change much between different seasons: most of the villagers are fisherman all year around. During the dry season people fish in Sankai River and during the wet season people fish in flooded forest (fishing lot No2). Fishing is more difficult during the wet season due to higher water level and pollution. During both seasons people raise fish and crocodiles.

9.3. Natural resource use Fish is the main source of livelihood around the year for the Pou villagers. Both the quantity of fish and the variety of fish species was great before 1993 due to the high flood (3 meters), thick forest cover, small-scale fishing, use of reasonable fishing tools and lower population. More recently the quantity of fish and fish species have decreased due to over-fishing, use of illegal fishing tools, increasing population and polluted water that has caused fish deaths. Different fish species in the village are presented in the annex. In 2000 the government released the management of the fishing lot number two to the villagers. Villagers believe strongly that this rearrangement will increase their fish catch and as a result also their level of livelihood. FAO has collaborated with Fisheries Department of Siem Reap to set up community fisheries committee to manage the fishing lot. At the moment there are some conflicts between fishing lot number two in Siem Reap and lot number five in Battambang considering e.g. electro-fishing and use of other illegal fishing gears. Main water sources in Pou village are Sankai River and Tonle Sap Lake. During dry season villagers use water from Sankai River for home consumption as well as for fishing. In wet season villagers use the floodwater from the Tonle Sap Lake. Water quality of the Sankai River and Tonle Sap Lake was earlier good for fishing and drinking

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especially during the wet season, but now there has been decrease of water quality. This decrease is partially due to red sediment coming from upland of Pailin and Mokul Borei Mountains, especially between May and July. The red sediment is released to the water because of rainfall and mining in the mountains. Also the human activities and waste disposal from upstream causes degradation of the water quality especially during the dry season. This means that the water quality for both human use and fishing is at the moment lower than before. Between October and November there have appeared fish deaths that were clearly visible also during the field study. Some villagers think that the reason for the deaths is sediment coming from upland, waste disposal from floating houses, pesticide use as well as use of other chemicals and poison in the water. Before year 1993 there was a lot of flooded forest in the village but since then there has been a clear decrease of the forest cover. This is partly caused by the Sasor Sdam commune people who have collected firewood from the upper lands as well as Pou villagers who have burned the forest to catch turtles. Some villagers have also been cutting the forest for preparation of fishing gears like samras fish catches. Since 1998 the amount of flooded forest has increased because of better understanding of the importance of forest. The forest offers shelter for birds, breeding places for fishes and it also gives protection against storms and waves.

10. Participatory exercises Products of different participatory exercises (participatory mapping, transect walk, seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking, time ranking, preference ranking on migration/urbanisation) carried out during the field study can be found from the Annexes 1-5. Explanations for different methods and factors used as well as discussion and remarks written down during each exercise can be found from this chapter. In all of the participatory exercises villagers were actively involved in discussions, mappings and rankings. The responsibility of drawing maps and writing down the factors and results of ranking exercises was rotated among different participants.

10.1. Remarks to participatory map Participatory map was done with the group of villagers (16 people) in the Pou Primary School. Main facilitators in the mapping were Ms Noy Pok and Mr Meng Sothai. It is important to notice that the maps present situation when the field study took place i.e. at the end of the wet season and after flooding had reached its peak. Following remarks present main structures and natural resources in and around the village. Full explanation for the different symbols used in the map can be found from the map legend. As can be seen the main natural resources in Pou village are inundated forest, Sankai River and other water bodies near the village (e.g. Prek Mepong).

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- Inundated forest (i.e. flooded forest) Inundated forests are situated behind the houses in the fishing lot number two and flooded every year during the wet season. The inundated forest provides villagers vegetables, firewood, fruits and traditional medicines. Villagers also fish and collect firewood in inundated forests in a fishing lot number five in Battambang province. The government has transformed the management of fishing lot number five to people in Koh Chhi Vang commune in Battambang province.

- Floating houses, fish and crocodile cages Most of the floating houses in the village are located around the Sankai River. Around the floating houses villagers raise fishes and crocodiles in the cages.

- Sankai River Sankai River is the main source of water for villagers. They use the river for fishing, bathing and as a source of fresh water for home consumption throughout the year. Sankai River is also the main source of fish to the villagers. Sankai River starts from the upland region and it flows into the Tonle Sap Lake, which is approximately 25 kilometres from the village. During the big floods Sankai River is 12 meters deep.

- Fish cages Fish cages are situated behind the floating houses. There are 43 families involved in fish raising.

- Crocodile cages Crocodile cages are situated behind the floating houses. There are seven families involved in crocodile raising.

10.2. Remarks to transect walk map Transect “walk” map was done after participatory mapping with the same group of villagers (16 people) and was actually carried out by boat because of flooding. Transect walk started from the inundated forest (fishing lot N0 5 in Battambang province) and finished to the flooded forest (fishing lot N0 2 Siem Reap) situated behind the village's floating houses.

- Inundated forest in fishing lot N02 This zone is similar to zone one but this inundated forests is located in Pou Treay commune in Siem Reap province.

- Floating houses Similar zone than other zone with floating houses but the floating houses move in the wet season to the flooded forest in fishing lot number two (located in Siem Reap province) following the changing water level.

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- Sankai River Sankai River is the main source of water for the villagers. Especially during the dry season villagers catch fish from the river and use also its water.

- Floating houses Most of the people live in the floating houses along the Sankai River. In this zone the villagers also raise fish and crocodiles. Most of the floating houses in the village are located in this area.

- Inundated forest in fishing lot N05 This zone provides shelter for people and their houses against the storms in wet season. During the wet season area is also used for fishing and fish breeding. This zone is situated in inundated forest in Koh Chivang commune, Battambang province.

10.3. Remarks to seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking

The seasonal calendar of different occupations and environmental factors was done with the group of 16 villagers. Main facilitators were Mr Yim Sambo and Mr Klen Chea Heng. Markers (small stones) were placed in each of the boxes. Villagers decided together which value between 0 and 10 each box gets. Markers indicate abundance or importance of different factors in different months: the bigger the number, the more important / abundant the factor. Factors used were decided and agreed together with villagers. It is important to notice that the values are comparable only between different months, not between different factors. This means that for example May’s value of five for both fishing and crocodile raising does not mean that they are equally important in January, whereas fishing’s value of five for both February and March indicates that it is equally important in those months. After seasonal calendar ranking, comparison between different occupations was done through occupational preference ranking. This ranking was carried out in a similar way than actual seasonal calendar i.e. placing markers for each occupation to indicate the importance of the occupation. Numbers in parenthesis after each occupation show results from the preference ranking: the bigger the number, the more important the occupation. As it can be seen, fishing is by far the most importance occupation in the village. After this comes fish raising as well as crocodile raising, smoked fish processing, collection of firewood and producing of fish catches (samras). Following remarks and explanations related to different factors were written down during the exercise by the field study team.

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- Flooding Water level of Sankai River starts to rise between June to July. September and October are the months with heaviest floods and the flooding starts to decrease in November. The flooding is caused by two factors: rain in upland area and raising water level of Tonle Sap Lake. The height of the flood has an effect to the amount of fish in the area: if the flood rises up to 6 meters, there is only little fish but if the flood is only 3 to 4 meters, there are a lot fish in inundated forest and Sankai River.

- Water quality Water quality in Sankai River is good between October and December when the whole area is flooded. Consequently water quality is lower between January and September. During these months it is difficult to use water for drinking because the water is dirty due to human waste and sediment.

- Sedimentation Sedimentation is highest between June and August because the flow from upstream and mountains transports alluvial soil that sediments into Tonle Sap Lake and Saikai River. Waste from human activities and use of samras fish catches increase the sedimentation as well.

- Festivals There are three main festivals in the village: Khmer New Year in April and Phum Ben in September and water festival in October. Other smaller festivals include Chheng Preak Vosa in July.

- Level of livelihood Level of livelihood of the villagers depends mostly on fishing. Villagers catch a lot of fish in July, February and March and in these months villagers have enough food. The fish catch is smallest between April and June as well as between August to November. During these months villagers have shortage of fish and rice, which naturally decreases villagers’ level of livelihood.

- Fishing (10) People in the village catch fish all year around for their livelihood. Villagers use mostly small scale fishing gears. Best place for fishing are Sankai River and fishing lot number two (inundated forest). Villagers do not go to fish in Tonle Sap Lake because it is so far away (25km) and there are lot of private fishing lots where people cannot catch fish. Fish catch is best in July because during this month water level is low and lot of fish migrate from Tonle Sap Lake. In November and December there is only little fish in inundated forest. At this time the fishes are smoked and some sold in the market to get money to buy rice.

- Fish raising (8) Villagers catch fish species for fish raising in July and feed them in the cages all year around. After one year they sell fish to the market and are able to increase their income.

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- Crocodile raising (6) Crocodile raising is a subsistent occupation for Pou villagers. Villagers start to raise crocodiles in July and feed them in the cages from 1 up to 5 years. When the crocodiles have grown big villagers sell them to dealer to be sold in China.

- Smoked fish processing (5) The villagers in Pou are specialised for producing smoked fish. They build small shelters for smoked fish processing between July to December and between February and March they produce smoked fishes. Villagers sell smoked fishes to dealer in the village who will sell them in the Battambang or Siem Reap Market. The price of smoked fish is 100 riels per piece.

- Firewood collection (5) During the flood between November and December villagers cut firewood from the inundated forest in fishing lot number two. In these months they normally collect enough for the whole year and they use boat for transportation. One family collect an average of 15m3per season, which is enough for household consumption and smoked fish processing.

- Samras fishing (5) Villagers make fish catches (samras) in April and put these gears into the Sankai River in May. Most of the villagers use samras fish catches especially during the dry season.

10.4. Remarks to time ranking Time ranking (historical change) of environmental and demographical factors was done with the same group of villagers than earlier exercises (16 people). As in seasonal calendar, markers using the scale 0-10 were placed in each of the boxes. Markers indicate abundance or importance of different factors in different time periods: the bigger the number, the more important / abundant the factor. Table of time ranking (Annex 4) presents also the trends of different factors. Arrow pointing up indicates increase of the factor, arrow pointing down decrease, and tilde (~) that factor has stayed the same or is changing without clear trend. Moreover, it is important to notice that as in the seasonal calendar, also in the time ranking different values are comparable only between different time periods and not between different factors. The following remarks and explanations related to different factors were written down during the exercise by field study team.

- Population Population in the village has increased steadily from the year 1990 because more children have borne. Average rate of birth is four children per year. There has been no permanent migration to the village.

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- Flooding Before 1999 there was regular flood in the area because during that time the Sankai River and Tonle Sap Lake were deeper and forests in upstream was larger. After 1995 flooding in the area has increased and villagers think that the reasons behind this are: loss of forest area in upland and mountains, sedimentation of Sankai River and Tonle Sap Lake and changes in the weather. They also think that in the future the flooding will increase because Tonle Sap Lake and Sankai River are getting shallower.

- Water quality Before year 1990 the water quality was good because there was not many people and fishermen in the village, river was deeper and the forest area larger (prevents soil erosion). From 1995 to present the water in Sankai River has got dirtier because the river has got shallower due to disposed wastes. Villagers think that in the future water quality may get even dirtier.

- Sedimentation Before 1990 Sankai River and Tonle Sap Lake were deep because people did not dispose waste into water, villagers did not use many samras fish catches, forest cover was larger and water flows from upland contained less silt. From 1990 to present all water bodies have become shallower due to the loss of forest cover, heavier use of and increasing sedimentation. Villagers think that due to the present reasons the water depth will decrease in the future as well.

- Amount of wildlife Before year 1990 there were plenty of birds and wildlife in the area because during that time people did not hunt birds or other animals. In that time the markets did not have a demand of these special species either. Also at that time there were plenty of habitats and food for the birds and wildlife. After 1990 the quantity of birds and wildlife has decreased due to hunting. Villagers think that in the future the quantity of birds and wildlife may continue to decrease due to continuing hunting as well as other human activities.

- Flooded forest cover Before 1990 flooded forest area was small because at that time the villagers used the forests a lot: They burned down the forest to catch turtles and cut flooded forest for Samras and firewood. From 1995 to present the area of flooded forest has been increasing because villagers cut forest only for their own consumption. They do not make samras fish catches as much as before because the amount of fish has decreased. In the future villagers think that inundated forest may increase due to villager’s awareness of the benefits of flooded forest. Species of plants in inundated forest can be seen in the annexes.

- Fish catch Before 1990 there was plenty of fish in Sankai River and in inundated forest because during that time people used reasonable fishing tools, the population in the village was smaller, flooded forest cover was larger and water in the river deeper. After 1990 both

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quantity of fish and fish species has decreased due to shallow water, decrease of water quality (fishes cannot migrate to the areas because of dirty water) and use of illegal fishing gears. During the last three big floods (2000, 2001 and 2002) there were only little fish in the river and forest. Human activities like waste disposal and fish raising in upstream of Sankai River as well as in floating houses have caused water quality problems and even death of fishes. In the future villagers think that increased population and overfishing will reduce both the quantity of fish and that of fish species.

- Fish raising Before year 1990 there were only few families involved in fish raising because at that time people got higher fish catches. After 1995 the number of families involved in fish raising has increased and some villagers sell fish to the market to earn money. At the moment many families have started to raise fishes in the village. In the future villagers think that the number of families involved in fish raising will be increase due to decreasing fish catch from the Tonle Sap Lake and Sankai River.

- Crocodile raising Before 1990 there were only few families involved in crocodile raising because during that the living standard of villagers was higher and the market demand of crocodiles was low. After 1995 the number of families involved in crocodile raising has increased. Villagers sell crocodiles to the middleman who sells them to China. In the future the number of families involved in crocodile raising might increased because at the present many families are starting crocodile raising.

- Level of livelihood Before 1990 the level of livelihood in village was higher because there were more natural resources around the village (e.g. fish, birds, wildlife, flooded forest). At that time people got higher fish catch than nowadays i.e. around 20 to 30 kilogramme of fish per day per family. After 1990 the level of livelihood of villagers has decreased due to the decreased fish catch and increasing population. Villagers think that in the future the level of livelihood may be even poorer due to decreasing fish catches.

11. Findings on migration/urbanisation Information presented in this chapter was collected from the focus group discussion with 16 villagers. The group discussion took place in the Pou Primary School and Ms Noy Pok acted as main facilitator of the exercise.

11.1. Previous migration Between the years 1988 to 2001 nine villagers (six males, three females) migrated to Phnom Penh to work in the garment factories or as paid labour. Reason for their migration was lack of food due to low fish catch, lack of fishing gears and decreased natural resources (e.g. fish and wildlife). The migrants were all poor and single fishermen and most of them had graduated from the third grade. Majority was 25 to 30 years old and they left from the village during wet season.

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In the dry season 2000 two females migrated to Poipet to do business in the market. Reason for their migration was also lack of food and low fish catch. They both were poor, single fishermen. They were around 20 years old and had graduated from the fourth grade. In the wet season 2000 three people (two females, one male) migrated to Banteay Meanchey to work in paid labour. Also these villagers migrated due to lack of food and low fish catch. They all were young (19 years), poor and single fishermen and had graduated from the second class. In the wet season 2001 one male migrated to Siem Reap to work in private company. Reason for his migration was lack of food, lack of fishing gears and low fish catch. He was 22 years old, poor and single fisherman and he had graduated from the grade nine. All these migrants knew somebody from the village that they were moving in and they all come to visit their families during festivals like Khmer New Year and Phum Ben.

11.2. Future prospect In the group discussion villagers said that in the future if they will face problems with their livelihood such as decreased fish catches, shortage of rice, irregular floods or loss of forest, they will migrate from the village to some other city in order to find work (e.g. paid labour or business). They want to move to city from where they know somebody.

11.3. Remarks to the rankings on migration /urbanisation

Rankings on migration/urbanisation (i.e. rankings of different cities and provinces) were done with the same group (16 villagers) than the focus group discussion of migration. The main facilitators of the exercise were Mr Yim Sambo and Ms Noi Pok. Rankings consist of three different parts: first choice ranking, last choice ranking and preference ranking. In first choice ranking each villager had one marker and marked with it individually the city or the province where he/she would most likely to move. Last choice ranking was done similarly but the villagers picked up the city or the province where they would not like to move. In preference ranking villagers decided together how attractive they think different cities and provinces are to migrate in. Method used is quite similar to occupational preference ranking: here markers using the scale from 1 to10 were placed in each box. The bigger the number in the box, the more attractive villagers find the city to be. Cities and provinces in the exercise were agreed together with the villagers and they include provincial and district towns closer to the village as well as cities and provinces further away (e.g. Phnom Penh, Bangkok).

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Following remarks and explanation related to different cities and provinces were written down during field study exercise.

11.3.1. First choice ranking

Battambang: 12 people (seven males, five females) would like to move to Battambang. They have friends living there and they think that they can do business there. Siem Reap: Two males would like to move to Siem Reap because they have friends who are living there. They think that Siem Reap is a good place for working and doing business and there are lot of tourists. Pouk: One male would like to move to Pouk because it is good place for business (e.g. fruit selling) and he also has friend who is living there. Phnom Penh: One female would like to move to Phnom Penh because she has some friends who are living there and she thinks that it is good place for business (e.g. fruit selling) or paid labour.

11.3.2. Last choice ranking

Bangkok (Thailand): 13 villagers (eight males, five females) do not want to go to Bangkok because they do not know anybody who is living there. Villagers think that it is difficult to move to Bangkok because they cannot speak Thai and it is also too far from the village. Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam): Three villagers (two males, one female) do not want to move to Ho Chi Minh because they cannot speak Vietnamese. The city is not in their motherland and therefore they think that it is difficult to live there. The villagers do not know anybody who is living in this city.

11.3.3. Preference ranking on migration/urbanisation Preference ranking on migration/urbanisation used same kind of method than occupational preference ranking. Markers with scale from 1 to 10 were places to each box indicating city or province and villagers discussed and decided together which value each city and province gets: number in parenthesis after the name of the city or province indicates the value which city or province in question got in the preference ranking: the bigger the number, the more attractive villagers think that city or province is to move in. Following remarks of the most attractive cities/provinces were written down during the exercise. Battambang (10): Villagers think that Battambang is the best city for them to move in and do business.

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Siem Reap (8): Siem Reap is the villagers’ next choice. They think that in this city it is easy for them to find the work and to do business. Phnom Penh (5): Third choice for villagers to move in and find work is Phnom Penh. Villagers think that it is a good city for them to do business. Pouk (2): Pouk is not so important city to migrate in for the villagers but some villagers think that it is a good city because it is close and has a market.

12. Remark from the final discussion In the final discussion in Friday morning the products of different exercises together with preliminary report of the study were presented to the villagers for the further discussion and analysis. This discussion allowed final crosschecking and verification of the derived information as well as opportunity to hear villagers comment on the field study. During final discussion villagers gave comments about different subjects and corrected some information from the exercises. After the corrections villagers agreed the results of the field study and told that it was useful also for them to participate in the exercises. Original products of different participatory exercises (mapping, ranking etc.) were naturally left to the village.

13. Discussion There is always a possibility that some biases or even mistakes occur during the field study or report writing. This chapter brings forward the discussion about the issues that may have caused biases for the study and its results. Most of them are similar to earlier field studies. Since this was already sixth field study of WUP-FIN team, members of the field study team have gained experience on the different methods and tools used in the study. This is naturally positive: experience brings confidence and improvements. On the other hand there is always a threat that applying same kind of methods repeatedly leads also to some routines and ruts. However, in this field study there were no signs of that. Like in earlier field studies, group of villagers for discussions and exercises was selected and gathered by the village chief according to wishes and advices of field study team (people from different gender, wealth, age and occupational groups). As a result the composition of the group was heterogeneous. However, there is always a possibility that village chief prefers some people and that the group does not thus actually present representative sample of the whole village. Due to time constraints and focus in occupations and natural resource use, important groups of gender and age were not dealt separately. On the other hand they were taken into account in the group composition and thus integrated to the overall results of the study.

53

Time reserved for the study (less than four full days in the village) was minimal and schedule of the exercises quite tight. Even though there did not appear to be hurrying, time reserved for relaxed and more informal discussions was limited. Moreover, when strangers -however friendly and open-minded- enter to the village, there always exist certain inconvenience and suspicion which makes relaxed and totally truthful communication more difficult. “Governmental” composition of the study team (three members out of four were government officials) might also have resulted in some difficulties to speak freely about all aspects of natural resource use. As a result, some important and especially sensitive issues like illegal use of natural resources were most probably not discussed and highlighted enough. The composition of the field study team was a bit gender-biased as well: only one out of four team members female. Women were rather active in the exercises although their share was remarkably smaller than that of men (six out of 16 were females). It must also be remembered that while doing different kind of rankings related to time, people tend to emphasise and even exaggerate recent happenings and changes. This is most probably the case in both seasonal calendar and time ranking. In seasonal calendar activities taking place during the time of the study (wet season) get more emphasis than activities in other seasons, and in time ranking recent changes seem to be more radical than similar changes happened long time ago. However, when these points are noticed and remembered, both of these methods offer valuable tool for better understanding seasonal variation of natural resources and occupations as well as recent environmental changes. Since the methods and indicators for the study were originally planned by WUP-FIN socio-economist in English and translated later into Khmer, there is always a possibility for misunderstandings and mistranslations. And vice versa: since the field study was conducted and original report written in Khmer and then translated into English, there is always a possibility for small differences in this report as well. However, since the whole team was present during every exercise and two of the team members know both Khmer and English, bigger differences are not likely. During the socio-economic analysis, the results of the field study will be applied to the wider area. This demands always simplifications and may result to potential biases and even errors. Even though Pou village was selected to be as representative as possible, every village is unique and could thus never be selected as ‘representative’. Even though using participatory methods, the whole concept of this field study can be criticized for being too extractive and not participatory and empowering enough. Due to the nature of the whole survey, the results of the study are used to get better understanding of entire study area, not for development of any specific village. Therefore it might be asked what villagers benefit from the study and why they would even bother to take part in it. However, like in other field study villages, also in Pou villagers were interested in to take part in the exercises of the field study. Villagers discussed about

54

different issues and study can thus be regarded also as initiator for further exchange of opinions. Original products of different exercises (maps, rankings etc.) were naturally left to the village. Moreover, villager’s participation in both earlier (planning) and later (analysis, report writing and implementation) phases of the field study as well as of the whole socio-economic survey is practically non-existent. Therefore, the issue of participation should definitely be addressed and taken even better into account in the all phases of the socio-economic survey and analysis.

14. Conclusions The findings from the field study showed that most of the people in Pou village are poor and depend on fishing all year around: all the villagers are involved in fishing or related activities. This also means that their dependence on Sankai River, inundated forest in fishing lot number two as well as Tonle Sap Lake and its flooding is remarkable. Involvement of the villagers in other occupations, mainly in fish and crocodile raising is quite small-scale and adds as supplement to income derived from fishing. The population in the Pou village is increasing and the villager’s level of livelihood decreasing. Also the natural resources (e.g. fish, aquatic animals) around the village are clearly decreasing. The main environmental problems in the village are related to the decreasing amount of fish and water quality during both wet and dry season, actually water already has a bad odour. The attention paid to the village from the local authorities and government is high due to the fact that the fishing lot number two has been recently transformed to the people for fishing.

]bsm<n½§

]bsm<n§½TI1 ³ karcUlrYmKUsEpnTI ]bsm<n§½TI2 ³ karedIreFVIRtg;siuc ]bsm<n§½TI03 ³ RbtiTinñtamrdUvkalnigcMNat;fañk;muxrbr ]bsm<n§½TI04 ³ kMNt;bgaðjkarERbRbYFnFanFmµCatinigkarvivtþIn_éneBlevla ]bsm<n§½TI05 ³ kartaMgTIlMenAnigcMNat;fañk;TIRkugEdlcUlcitþeTArs;enA ]bsm<n§½TI06 ³ eQaµHGµkcUlrYmsikSa ]bsm<n§½TI7 ³ eQµaHRtI / eQaµHéRBlicTwk ]bsm<n§½TI08 ³ TItaMgénkarsikSatamPUmi ]bsm<n§½TI09 ³ tarageBlevlaénkarcuHsikSa ]bsm<n§½TI10 ³ rUbPaBBIkarsikSa

Annexes Annex 1: Participatory map

Annex 2: Map from transect walk

Annex 3: Seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking

Annex 4: Time ranking

Annex 5: Rankings on migration/urbanisation

Annex 6. Different fish and plant species in and around the village Annex 7: List of participants

Annex 8: Location of field study villages

Annex 9: Itinerary Annex 10: Pictures from the field study

Annex 3. Seasonal calendar and occupational preferece ranking RbtiTinrdUvkalnigcMNat;fañk;muxrbrPUmieBaFi]bsm<n§½ TI 03

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

kka- Ex maX plÁún ecRt BisaF eCsææ GasaF RsaBN_ PRTbT GsSúC kkþik miKsir busS

Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

TwkCMnn; Flooding 1 1 1 1 2 3 5 6 9 10 3 2

KuúNPaBTwk Water quality 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 10 9 8

karduHdI Sedimentation 1 1 1 1 5 9 10 10 3 2 1 1

buNüRbéBNIyPUmi Festivals 1 1 1 10 1 1 5 1 10 5 1 1

karciBa¢wmCIIvit Level of livelihood 1 5 5 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 5 5

ensaTRtI ¬10¦ Fishing (10) 9 5 5 2 2 3 10 3 3 3 5 5

karciBa¢wmRtI ¬8 ¦ Fish raising (8) 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 5 5 5 5 5

karciBa¢wmRkeBiI ¬6 ¦ Crocodile raising (6) 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 5 5 5 5 5

kareq¥IrRtI ¬ 5¦ Smoked fish processing (5) 3 10 10 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

karkab;Gus ¬5¦ Firewood collecting (5 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10

kardak;sMras ¬5¦ Samras fishing (5) 1 1 1 10 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Annex 4. Time ranking karvivtþinigkarERbRbYleBlevlaPUmieBaFi]bsm<n§½ TI 4

munqaMñ 1990 1990-95 1995-2000 2000-2001 GnaKt eTaTn;Before 1990 1990-95 1995-2000 2000-2001 Future Trends

RbvtþiEdlekIt man Historical happenings 1988 ExµrRkhmsmaøb;RbCaCn 1992 ExµrRkhmsmaøb; bøn;RbCaCn 1995-97 TwkCMnn; 2000-2002TwkCMnn; kñúgPUmi 1989 manCMGWGasnVeraKratt,at 1994 TwkCMnn;niigRtIgab; 1998TwktUc

1983 RtImanCMgW 1999 ksagsalaeron

-1988 Khmer Rouge fighting -1992 Khmer Rouge fighting -1995-97 Big flood -2000- 2002 Big flood

with the government with the government -1998 Regular flood

-1989 Disease in the village -1994 big flood -1999 New school building

-1983 Fish disease -1994 Fish deaths

RbCaCn Population 5 6 8 10 10

TwkCMnn; Flooding 5 6 8 8 10

KuNPaBTwkswÞgsEgá Water quality 10 8 5 4 3

kardUuuHdI Sedimentation 3 6 8 10 10

stVsaøb nigstéVRB Amount of wildlife 10 5 4 4 3

éRBlicTwk Flooded forest cover 5 6 8 9 10

ensaTRtI Fish catch 10 7 6 4 4

karciBwa©mRtI Fish raising 3 4 5 8 10

karciBwa©mRkeBI Crocodile raising 1 3 4 5 6

karciBwa©mCIvit Level of livelihood 10 5 5 5 2

Annex 5. Rankings on migration/urbanisation kartaMgTIlMenAnigcMNat;fañk;TIRkugEdlcUlcitþeTArs;enA PUmieBaFi

cMNat;fak; TIRkugEdlcUlcitrs;enA

TIRkug City / province Preference ranking

Male Female Total Male Female Total

RsukBYk Pouk 1 0 1 0 0 0 3esomrab Siem Reap 2 0 2 0 0 0 7kMBg;FM Kampong Thom 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

kMBg;cam Kampong Cham 0 0 0 0 0 0 1bnÞaymanC_y Banteay Meanchey 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

eBaFisat; Pursat 0 0 0 0 0 0 1)at;dMdg Battambang 7 5 12 0 0 0 10e)a:yEb:t Poipet 0 0 0 0 0 0 1ekaHkug Koh Kong 0 0 0 0 0 0 1sIuhnu Sihanoukville 0 0 0 0 0 0 1éb:lin Pailin 0 0 0 0 0 0 1PñMeBj Phnom Penh 1 0 1 0 0 0 5

]tÁmanC½y Odor Meanchey 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

G’Ub’unrak;¬RbeTséf¦ Ubon Ratchadam (Thailand) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1)agkk ¬RbeTséf¦ Bangkok (Thailand) 0 0 0 8 5 13 1

hUCImij¬RbeTsevotNam¦ Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) 0 0 0 2 1 3 1haNUy Hanoi (Vietnam) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

kUT,alaMBYr Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1saMgkaBYr Singapore 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

TIRkugEdleKcUlcitþeTArs;enA eRcIn TIRkugEdlmincg;eTArs;enA

First choice ranking Last choice ranking

Annex 6. List of participants eQµaHGñkcUlrYm PUmieBaFi Following list presents the name, sex, age, occupation, education (school class completed in new grades) and an average income level of each field study participant.Income level of each participant was decided at the end of migrational ranking in a discussion together by all participants.

Income eQµaH ePT Gayu muxrbr kMritvb,Fm‘

No. Name Sex Age Occupation Education / classRkNas;

very poor

Rk

poor

mFüm

middle

man

rich

1 elak Ehm nYn Hem Naun Male 49 emXMu Commune adviser 5 R)aM x

2 elak Tit va:n; Tit Vann Male 39 emPUmi Village chief 2 BI x

3 elak Rsi rin Srek Rin Male 52 RbshKmnensaT Community fishery chief 12 db;BI x

4 elak CYn eGak Chhoun Ork Male 82 cas;RBwTaVcarü Elder 6 R)aMmYy x

5 elak ya:n Ky Yan Koy Male 42 ensaT Fisherman 3 bI X

6 elak Tuy ma:b; Toy Mapt Male 35 ensaT Fisherman 7 R)aMBI X

7 elak va:n; lun Vann Lun Male 53 ensaT Fisherman 3 bII ; X

8 elakRsI Cn nI Chhun Ny Female 25 ensaT Fisherman 5 R)aM X

9 elakRsI Kg s‘‘n Kong Soun Female 46 ensaT Fisherman 2 BI; X

10 elak Tit nag Tit Nang Male 49 ensaT Fisherman 3 ;bI X

11 elak ehg eTO Heng Tour Male 58 ensaT Fisherman 1 mYy X

12 elak saMg eQot Sang Chout Male 40 ensaT Fisherman 2 BI X

13 elakRsI KaM va:n; Kam Vann Female 42 ensaT Fisherman 1 mYy X

14 elakRsI Kwm ma:y Kim May Female 62 ensaT Fisherman 1 mYy X

15 elakRsI Bag vg Peng Vorng Female 51 ensaT Fisherman 3 bI X

16 elakRsI Lan erOt Lan Roet Female 38 ensaT Fisherman 1 mYy X

cMNUl Income

Annex 7a. Different fish species eQaµHRtI; ]bsm<n§½TI 7 k

Table below presents different fish species recognized by villagers of Pou during the field study

l>r l>r eQaµHExµr eQaµHviTüasaRsþ eQaµHGg;e;Køs l>r l>r eQaµHExµr eQaµHviTüasaRsþ eQaµHGg;eKøsN° N° Khmer name Scientific name English name N° N° Khmer name Scientific name English name

1 1 RtIRkLg; Cirrhinus mrigala 25 25 RtIRcEkg Putioplites falcifer

2 2 2-RtIkBa©úH fµ Leiocassis siamensis Asian bumblebee castfish 26 26 RtIq<in Hypsibarbus pierrei

3 3 RtIRskakaþm Cyclocheilichthys apogon Beardless barb 27 27 RtIqøÚj Macrognathus siamensis Peacock eel

4 4 RtIRkay Chitala blanci Royal featherback 28 28 RtIeqaþr Channa micropeltes Giant snakehead

5 5 RtIeksR)ak; Kryptopterus bicirrhis Glass catfish 29 29 RtIsNaþay Wallgo attu Grear white sheatfish

6 6 RtIkRBa¢ÚkelOg Botia lecontei Silver botia 30 30 RtIqaøMg Leiocassis stenomus

7 7 RtIkaBat; Scleropages formosus Malayan bonytonque 31 31 RtIdMrI Oxyeleotris marmorata Marbled sleeper

8 8 RtiEkçk Morulius chrysophekadion Black sharkminnow 32 32 RtItaeGan Ompok hypophthalmus Whisker sheatfish

9 9 RtIkRnþgeRbg Parambassis wolffi Duskyfin glassy perchlet 34 33 RtIeQVót Pangasius macronema

10 10 5-RtI kBa¢nC½y Channa lucius 35 34 RtIRBlUg Leptobarbus hoeveni Mad barb

11 11 RtIkn§r Trichogaster pectoralis Snakeskin gounrami 36 35 RtIRBYl Cirrhinus microlepis Small scale mud carp

12 12 RtIkRnþb; Pristolepis fasciata Catopra 37 36 Rtir:s; Channa marulius

13 13 RtIRkUs Osteochilus hasselti Silver sharkminnow 38 37 RtIlij Scaphiodonichthys acanthopterus

14 14 RtIIRkaj; Anabas testudineus Climbing perch 39 38 RtIeról Henicorhynchus caudimaculatus

15 15 RtIkMPaøjsMEr: Trichogaster trichopterus Threespot gourami 40 39 RtIeBa Pagasius micronema

16 16 RtIxaµn; Hampala dispar Eye-spot barb 41 40 RtIsaøt Notopterus notopterus Bronze featherback

17 17 RtIkMbutRcmuH Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus 42 41 RtIENþgTn; Clerias meladerma Blackskin cathfish

18 18 RtIRKMu Osteochilus melannopleurus Greater bony lipped barb 43 42 RtIGackuk Dangila spilopleura

19 19 RtIRkbI Bagarius bagarius Dwarf goonch 44 43 cgaVmUl Rasbora tornieri Yellowtail rasbora

20 20 GnÞg; Ophiternon bengalense Bengal mudeel 45 44 RtIcgaVrenag Aplocheilus panchax Blue panchax

21 21 RtIEk Pangasius conchophilus 46 45 GeNþIkRkmYn Hieremy annandalei Yellow-headed temple terrpin

22 22 RtItaenl Mystus filamentus Truncated estuarine catfish 47 46 RtIepÞag Dermogenys pusilla wrestling half-beak

23 23 76-RtIdgExÞg Macrochichthys macrochirus 48 47 tIsøwkbJsSI Paralaubuca riveroi

24 24 RtICnÞas;Pøk Parachela maculicauda

Annex 7b. Different plant species in inundated forest

eQaµHéRBlicTwk ]bsm<n§½TI 7 x

Table below presents different plant species recognized by villagers of Pou during the field study

l>r eQaµHExµr eQaµHviTüasaRsþ l>r eQaµHExµr eQaµHviTüasaRsþN° Khmer name Scientific name N° Khmer name Scientific name1 1 raMgTÅk Barringtonnia Micrantha 24 24 eTonéRB Vitex Holpadenon2 2 PVMEPVg Hymenocardia Wallichii 25 25 ca Butea frondosa3 3 RcEkg Coccoceras Anisoppodum 26 26 cak Nipa Fruticans4 4 t¥Ür Terminalia Cambodiana 27 27 cgáÚmRkeBI r5 5 epþATwk Calamus Sp 28 28 taEsg Xanthophyllum Glanucum6 6 vlÍøRts; Combretum Trifoliatum (vent) 29 29 taEmg7 7 kaeBA 30 30 édxaø Gardenia Sp or Angkorensis Pitard8 8 RbbYy Croton Caudatus 31 31 edaHKn; Tetracera Scabdens 9 9 vlÍøtaeGIk Merremia Hederacea (Burmf.) 32 32 q¥wgBs; Milichdes moulins

10 10 Rk 33 33 ecARBam11 11 bnøaéds¥it Acacia Spiralis 34 34 eføImGeNþIk12 12 GB©aj Gmelina Asiatica 35 35 RTnMGaGUt13 13 søt Ficus Helerophylla 36 36 eTonéRB Vitex Holpadenon14 14 vlIøeRbg Derris Trifolia 37 37 Rb)ac15 15 jTÅk Morinda Presicaefolia 38 38 epÞal Diospyros Bejaudii16 16 xaVyman; 39 39 EPVkRBab Breynia Rhamnoides17 17 xÞm< Stephegyne Pavirfolia or Mitragyna Brunonis 40 40 Pøg18 18 RbepjjÍ Phyllanthus Lasodiifolius 41 41 rMedjEk¥k Elaeocarpus Madopetalus19 19 RbepjeQµal Phyllathus Sp 42 42 el¶og 20 20 eXø Cubrania Cambodiana 43 43 vløi_dURBH Quisgualis Densiflora21 21 eFµjRtI Bridelia Cambodiana 44 44 sén§22 22 esVar Sesbania Javanica 45 45 GavRkeBIr23 23 cMerok Albizia lebbckoides

Annex 9. Itinerary of the field study

Morning Afternoon Evening Monday

25th November

Arrival to Siem Reap Visit to governmental line agencies

(Seila, Ministry of Rural Development, FAO)

Meeting and training with local team members of field study team,

final preparations for the field study

Meeting and training with local team members of field

study team

Tuesday 26th

November

Leaving to the village Meeting with village chief

Presentation of the field study Key informant interviews: information of

the basic socio-economic factors (population, infrastructure, occupations and natural

resources)

Group discussion Presentation of the field study,

gathering of background information on village, occupations and natural

resources

Team meeting Evaluation of the day, report

writing, preparation for next day’s exercises.

Staying overnight in the village.

Wednesday 27th

November

Participatory mapping Village and its surrounding

Transect walk

Micro-ecological zones Land use and natural resources

Seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking

Seasonal variation of natural resources, environmental factors

and occupations Importance of different occupations

Team meeting Evaluation of the day, report

writing, preparation for next day’s exercises.

Staying overnight in the village.

Thursday 28th

November

Time ranking Historical change of environmental

and demographical factors

Group discussion on migration/urbanization

Migrational preference ranking

Team meeting Evaluation of the day, report writing, preparation for next

day’s exercises. Staying overnight in the village.

Friday 29th

November

Final discussion: Presentation of the findings

-villager’s comments to the findings, discussion and possible changes

Leaving from the village

Report writing together with the team

Leaving to Phnom Penh

eBlevlasMrab;karcuHsikSa enAkñúgPUmi eBaFiextþ esómrab ¬Biéf¶TI25 -29Ex vicöuika qñaM 2002¦ ]bsm¶Áçnç TI7 eBlRBwk eBlresol eBll¶ac éf¶TI 25-11-02 cnÞ½

mkdl; esomrab RbCMuCamYysßabn¶æ£ ½Bak;Bnø_ ¬GPivDÆnCnbT ksikmµ Clfl¦ sila hVav .

RbCMunig bNþuHbNþalsmaCikRkumsikSa erób cMsMParHcuHtamPUmi

RbCMunigbNþuHbNþlCamYysmaCikRkumsikSaEbgEckParH kic© RkumsikSa sñak;enAesómrab mUyyb;

éf¶TI26-11-02 GgÁar_

cakecjeTAUPumi RbCMuCamYyRbFanPUmi eróbcMbgðajGMBIkasikSa sMPasn½CamYyGñkpþl;Bt½manKnñIH Bt_manesdækicÜsgám

RkúmPiPakSa bgðajGMBIkasIkSadl;GñkPYmi Bt½manBIPUmi muxrbr FnFanFmµCati karERbRbÜl sMPasn_CaRkum GñkPUmi

eróbcMEpnkar sMrab;éf£Esçk kareRbIBiFIsaRsþ kEnñgsMrab;BiPakSa ParHRkum sikSa r)aykarN_ sñak;enAPUmiryHeBlyb;

éf¶TI27-11-02 BuF

karcUlrÜmKYsEfnTI PUmi nigenACMuvijPUmi karCiHTUkeFVIRtg;siuc edayRkumGñkPUmi

RbtiTinrdUvkal nig cMNat;fñak;muxrbr karERbRbÜlrdUvkal FnFanFmµCati kta brisßan sarHsMxan;énmuxrbrepSg²

RbCMuRkum sikSa vaytélkargar RbcaMéf¶ EpnkarsMrab; éf¶bnaæb; sresrr)aykarN_ sñak;enAPYmieBlyb;

éf¶TI28-11-02 RBhst,i_

kavivtþFnFannigkarERbRbYlbrisaßn ktaRbCaCn karcijImCIvit

RkumBiPakSa kartaMgTIlMenA cMNat;fñak;TIRkugEdlcg;rTArs;enA

RbCMuRkum sikSa -r)aykarN_RbcaMéf¶ -RbCMuEpnkaréf¶ bnÞab;¬saVk;enAPUmi ¦

éf¶TI 29-11-02 suRk

RbCMubgaðjlTÞpl dl;GñkPUmi pþl;eyabl; dl; lTßpl énkarsikSa bjIrQµaH GñkculrYm cakecjBIPUmi eTAesómrab

sresrr)aykarN½ CamYy RkumsikSa cakecj eTAPñMeBj

cakecjBIesómrab mkPñMeBj

Annex 10. Pictures from the field study ]bsm<½n§TI 10 ³ rUbPaBEdl)anmkBIkarsikSa

Houses by the riverside . pÞHenAtamTenø Inundated bushes. éRBlic

Floating houses and fishing gears. pÞHbENþtTWknwg]bkrN_ensaT Crossing the river. Karqøgkat;Tenø

Fishing tools. ]bkrN_ensaT Crocodile cages. EbeciBa©wmRkeBIr

Houseboat. pÞHenAelITUk Pou Primary School. sala bzmsikSa PUmieBaFi

Group discussion with the villagers. karBiPakSaCamYyGñkPUmi Drawing participatory map. karKUsEpnTIPUmi

Time ranking going on. karbnþeFVIkarvivtþnigkarERbRBUlFnFanFmµCati Migrational ranking. cMNat;fañk;TIRkug cUlcitþrs; enA

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Field Study in Pou Village, Siem Reap karsikSaesdækic ... · WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 6 WHERE CROCODILE AND FISH GROW Field Study in Pou Village, Siem Reap karsikSaesdækic©sgÁmenAPUmieBaFi