FIELD PERFORMANCE FOR UP FIELD PERFORMANCE FOR UP FLOW FILTRATION DEVICEFLOW FILTRATION DEVICE

Noboru TogawaNoboru Togawa

Robert PittRobert Pitt

Robert AndohRobert Andoh

Kwabena OseiKwabena Osei

Richard FieldRichard Field

Anthony TafuriAnthony Tafuri

Department of Civil, Construction, and Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering University Environmental Engineering University of Alabama, AL 35487, USAof Alabama, AL 35487, USA

Hydro International, Portland, ME Hydro International, Portland, ME 04102, USA04102, USA

U.S. Environmental Protection U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Edison, NJ, 08837, USAAgency, Edison, NJ, 08837, USA

OverviewOverviewo Introduction and Significance of the ResearchIntroduction and Significance of the Researcho HistoryHistoryo Up-FloUp-Flo®® Proto-Type Filter Proto-Type Filtero Location and Size of the FilterLocation and Size of the Filtero Full Scale Up-Flow Filter ComponentsFull Scale Up-Flow Filter Componentso Installation of FilterInstallation of Filtero Treatment Flow Rate RequirementsTreatment Flow Rate Requirementso Controlled Flow TestControlled Flow Test

o SedimentSedimento MethodologyMethodologyo ResultResult

o Future Research SubjectFuture Research Subject

Introduction & SignificanceIntroduction & Significance

Many types of stormwater controls are available, but most Many types of stormwater controls are available, but most are relatively large or insufficient in their treatment are relatively large or insufficient in their treatment capacity.capacity.

Adequate treatment of runoff requires the removal of many Adequate treatment of runoff requires the removal of many types of pollutants as well as large amounts of debris and types of pollutants as well as large amounts of debris and floatable materials, over a wide range of flows.floatable materials, over a wide range of flows.

Traditional downflow filters, which can provide high levels Traditional downflow filters, which can provide high levels of treatment, can quickly clog, reducing their treatment flow of treatment, can quickly clog, reducing their treatment flow rate and overall treatment capacity. They also usually rate and overall treatment capacity. They also usually operate at a low treatment flow rate requiring a large area to operate at a low treatment flow rate requiring a large area to treat substantial portions of the runoff from a site. treat substantial portions of the runoff from a site.

HistoryHistory This stormwater filtration device was developed by engineers This stormwater filtration device was developed by engineers

at the University of Alabama through a Small Business at the University of Alabama through a Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) grant from the U.S. Innovative Research (SBIR) grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Up-Flow Filter was Environmental Protection Agency. The Up-Flow Filter was commercialized by Hydro International as part of this project.commercialized by Hydro International as part of this project.

Proto-Type Up-Flow FilterProto-Type Up-Flow Filter

Installed in a 0.9ac parking Installed in a 0.9ac parking lot.lot.

Maximum filtration rate at Maximum filtration rate at least 25 gal/min per sq ft of least 25 gal/min per sq ft of filter area.filter area.

Prototype TestingPrototype Testing

Up-Flo Up-Flo ®® Proto-Type Filter Proto-Type Filter Sump can collect the heavy Sump can collect the heavy

debrisdebris Small objects are filtered Small objects are filtered

by screen and mediaby screen and media During prototype field During prototype field

tests, measured:tests, measured: 68-94% sediment 68-94% sediment

removalremoval 70-90% reduction of 70-90% reduction of

typical stormwater typical stormwater pollutantspollutants

Illustration from Hydro InternationalIllustration from Hydro International

Full Scale Up-Flow Filter ComponentsFull Scale Up-Flow Filter Components

Dissolved pollutants are removed by sorption and ion-exchange in the media

Illustration from Hydro International

Buoyant trash is captured by flotation in the chamber and retained by the floatables baffle during high-flow bypassing

Coarse solids and debris are removed by sedimentation and settle into the sump

Current Full-Scale UpFlow Filter Testing

A 7-foot tall 4-foot diameter standard inlet containing A 7-foot tall 4-foot diameter standard inlet containing a six module filter unit.a six module filter unit.

Installed at the Riverwalk parking lot near the Bama Installed at the Riverwalk parking lot near the Bama Belle on the Black Warrior River in Tuscaloosa, Belle on the Black Warrior River in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Alabama.

Land UseArea (ft2)

Area (acre)

% of Land Use

Parking Area 11,800 0.27 30.5

Other Paved 1,300 0.03 3.4

Sidewalks 2,100 0.05 5.4

Entrance Road 10,990 0.25 28. 5

Green Space 12,400 0.29 32.2

Total 38,610 0.89 100.0

Filter Location

Installation of the Up Flow FilterInstallation of the Up Flow Filter

Treatment Flow Rate RequirementsTreatment Flow Rate Requirements

Treatment flow rate requirements for typical southeastern US Treatment flow rate requirements for typical southeastern US conditions (Atlanta, GA), based on continuous long-term conditions (Atlanta, GA), based on continuous long-term

simulations (Pitt and Khambhammettu 2006) simulations (Pitt and Khambhammettu 2006)

The 100 gal/min filtration capacity of the full-scale filter is expected to treat about 90 percent of the annual flow for a typical rain year, with about 10 percent of the annual flow bypassing filtration.

Controlled Flow Test for the CPZ MediaControlled Flow Test for the CPZ Media Water flow rate was determined by measuring Water flow rate was determined by measuring

the time needed to fill a measured volume. the time needed to fill a measured volume. This was also used to calibrate the flow sensor. This was also used to calibrate the flow sensor.

Head (in) vs. Flow Rate for CPZ Media (gal/min)

y = 6.9449x

R2 = 0.6918

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 5 10 15 20

Head (in)

Flo

w R

ate

(g

al/m

in)

Upper Confidence in 95% Lower Confidence in 95%Actual Data Linear (Actual Data)

Controlled Test SedimentsControlled Test Sediments The test sediment in the stormwater stimulant used a mixture SIL-The test sediment in the stormwater stimulant used a mixture SIL-

CO-SIL 250, SIL-CO-SIL 106 (both from U.S. Silica Co.), and coarse CO-SIL 250, SIL-CO-SIL 106 (both from U.S. Silica Co.), and coarse and fine concrete sands. The mixture was made by mixing the four and fine concrete sands. The mixture was made by mixing the four components with different ratios to obtain a relatively even particle components with different ratios to obtain a relatively even particle size distribution representing the complete range from about 20 to size distribution representing the complete range from about 20 to 2,000μm. 2,000μm.

Sediment mixture was manually and consistently added to the influent water over the 30 minute test period.

Mixture Particle Distribution

0.000

20.000

40.000

60.000

80.000

100.000

10 100 1000 10000

Sieve Size (μm)

% F

ine

r (%

)

PSD for the CPZ Media Flow Test

Features of Controlled TestsFeatures of Controlled Tests Flow rates of 24, 50, and 100 gallons/minutes Flow rates of 24, 50, and 100 gallons/minutes

were tested.were tested. Each experiment conducted over 30 minutes.Each experiment conducted over 30 minutes. River water was used as the “inflow” water.River water was used as the “inflow” water. Effluent samples collected using a dipper grab Effluent samples collected using a dipper grab

sampler every 1 minute.sampler every 1 minute. During these tests, four different influent sediment During these tests, four different influent sediment

concentrations were tested at each flow rate: 50 concentrations were tested at each flow rate: 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 250 mg/L, and 500 mg/L.mg/L, 100 mg/L, 250 mg/L, and 500 mg/L.

Initial Controlled Test ResultsInitial Controlled Test Results These tests These tests

indicated a high indicated a high level of level of treatment even treatment even for smaller for smaller particle sizes. particle sizes.

Performance Plot for Sand Media on 0.45~3 μm Suspended Solids for 150 gallon/min Flow Rate

010

2030

4050

Influent Concentration Effluent Concentartion0.45

~3 μ

m S

olid

s (m

g/L

)

50mg/L 100mg/L 250mg/L 500mg/L

Performance Plot for Sand Media on Total Particulate Solids for 150 gallon/min Flow Rate

0

200

400

600

800

Influent Concentration Effluent Concentartion

To

tal P

arti

cula

te S

olid

s (m

g/L

)

50mg/L 100mg/L 250mg/L 500mg/L

Results SummaryResults Summary150 gallon/min Flow Rate and 50 mg/L Concentration

Particle Size (μm)

Average Influent Concentration

(mg/L)

Average Effluent Concentration

(mg/L)

Average Reduction

(%)

< 0.45 160 140 13

0.45 to 3 4.9 1.5 70

3 to 12 17 3.2 81

12 to 30 21 3.3 84

30 to 120 12.4 2.9 80

120 to 1180 7.7 0.12 99

> 1180 3.1 0 100

sum >0.45 μm 65.9 11.1 81

Result Summary (cont.)Result Summary (cont.)150 gallon/min Flow Rate and 500 mg/L Concentration

Particle Size (μm)

Average Influent Concentration

(mg/L)

Average Effluent

Concentration (mg/L)

Average Reduction

(%)

< 0.45 170 110 37

0.45 to 3 43 5.5 87

3 to 12 160 29 82

12 to 30 200 44 79

30 to 120 123 28 79

120 to 1180 77 0 100

> 1180 32 0 100

sum >0.45 μm 635 106 82

Current Full-Scale TestsCurrent Full-Scale Tests Pollutant removal will be measured during Pollutant removal will be measured during

actual storm eventsactual storm events Rain gage triggers the two auto-sampler at the Rain gage triggers the two auto-sampler at the

same time in order to collect influent and same time in order to collect influent and effluent water qualityeffluent water quality

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsFunding provided by:Funding provided by:

Hydro International, Portland, MEHydro International, Portland, ME Graduate Student Research Graduate Student Research

Program, AL Commission Program, AL Commission

on Higher Educationon Higher Education Small Business Innovative Small Business Innovative

Research program, US EPAResearch program, US EPA

References Describing Earlier TestsReferences Describing Earlier Tests Pitt, R. and Khambhammettu, U. (2006). Pitt, R. and Khambhammettu, U. (2006). Field Verification Report for the Up-Field Verification Report for the Up-

FloFloTMTM Filter Filter.. Small Business Innovative Research, Phase 2 (SBIR2) Report Small Business Innovative Research, Phase 2 (SBIR2) Report. U.S. . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Edison, NJ. 275 pages. March 2006.Environmental Protection Agency, Edison, NJ. 275 pages. March 2006.

Pitt, R., R. Andoh, S.E. Clark. “Laboratory and field tests of the Up-FloPitt, R., R. Andoh, S.E. Clark. “Laboratory and field tests of the Up-FloTMTM Filter,” Filter,” 1111thth International Conference in Urban Drainage International Conference in Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, August , Edinburgh, Scotland, August 31 to Sept. 5, 2008.31 to Sept. 5, 2008.

Khambhammettu, U., S.E. Clark, R. Pitt. “Protocols for quantifying solids Khambhammettu, U., S.E. Clark, R. Pitt. “Protocols for quantifying solids removal performance during controlled testing of manufactured treatment removal performance during controlled testing of manufactured treatment devices.” Presented at the devices.” Presented at the World Environmental and Water Resources World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007Congress 2007. ASCE/EWRI, Tampa, FL, May 15 – 19, 2007.. ASCE/EWRI, Tampa, FL, May 15 – 19, 2007.

Pratap, M.R., U. Khambhammettu, S.E. Clark, R. Pitt. “Stormwater polishing: Pratap, M.R., U. Khambhammettu, S.E. Clark, R. Pitt. “Stormwater polishing: Upflow vs. downflow filters.” Presented at the Upflow vs. downflow filters.” Presented at the World Environmental and World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007Water Resources Congress 2007. ASCE/EWRI, Tampa, FL, May 15 – 19, 2007.. ASCE/EWRI, Tampa, FL, May 15 – 19, 2007.

Andoh, R., R. Pitt, and L. Glennon. “Upflow filtration system for stormwater Andoh, R., R. Pitt, and L. Glennon. “Upflow filtration system for stormwater treatment.” Presented at the treatment.” Presented at the 2007 South Pacific Stormwater Conference2007 South Pacific Stormwater Conference. New . New Zealand Water and Waste Association. Auckland, New Zealand May 16 – 18, Zealand Water and Waste Association. Auckland, New Zealand May 16 – 18, 2006.2006.