Fiction: A story that is made up by an author (not true).
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REALISTIC FICTION A story that tells about characters and
events that are similar to people and animals in real life.
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SCIENCE FICTION A story that is set in the future and is based
on scientific ideas.
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HISTORICAL FICTION A story that is set in the past and portrays
people, places, and events that did or could have happened. A story
that is not realistic; sometimes, the characters have magical or
supernatural powers. FANTASY
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SETTING when and where the action in the story takes place. Map
of Narnia
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PLOT The plot is the outline of events that takes place in a
story.
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Plot (continued) Exposition- the first part of the story. The
author establishes the setting, introduces characters, and gives
additional background information. Rising Action- the series of
conflicts or struggles that build a story toward its climax.
Tension rises.
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Plot (continued) Climax- the high point or turning point in a
story. It is the most intense point. A decision is made that will
decide the outcome of the conflict. Falling Action- the action that
works out the decision arrived at during the climax. The conflict
is or begins to be settled.
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Resolution Resolution is the conclusion of the story. The
reader finds out how the conflict has been resolved and what
happens with the characters.
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CHARACTERS The people or animals that take part in the story.
MAIN CHARACTERS: who the story is mainly about MINOR CHARACTERs:
the less important characters in the story Selection of Characters
from Percy Jackson and the Olympians
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Characters (continued) Character Types- Protagonist- the main
character in the story that is most central to the action in the
story. Antagonist- the person or thing working against the
protagonist or hero in the story.
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Characterization- The techniques an author uses to develop the
personality of a character in a literary work. An author can give
information about a character by describing several aspects of the
character:
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Characterization (continued) physical appearance and
personality speech, behavior, and actions thoughts and feelings
interactions with other characters
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Static Characters- characters that stay the same throughout the
story.
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Dynamic Characters- characters that change and learn something
during the story.
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Flat characters very few personality traits; do not change
throughout the story; sometimes can be symbols or stereotypes.
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Round characters convincing and true to life; many different
personality traits; usually undergo a change during the story.
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CONFLICT The struggle between two opposing forces in a story.
1. INTERNAL CONFLICT Takes place within a characters mind. 2.
EXTERNAL CONFLICT The character struggles with an outside force.
The Brothers Grimm: Sleeping Beauty
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External Conflict An external conflict is between a character
and an outside force. Man vs. Man Man vs. Nature Man vs.
Society
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Internal Conflict An internal conflict is between a character
and his/her self. Man vs. Self
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OTHER TYPES OF CONFLICT Man vs. Supernatural Gods, ghosts,
monsters, spirits, aliens, etc. Man vs. Fate Fight for choice;
fight against destiny Man vs. Technology Computers, machines,
etc.
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Conflict (continued) Without conflict, there is no plot! The
plot mountain is created around the conflict Introduced in rising
action Is faced head-on during climax Begins to work itself out
during falling action Is resolved during resolution.
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POINT OF VIEW The vantage point from which a story is told. 1
st person the writer uses first-person pronouns (I or me) to tell
the story; only one (biased) perspective. 3 rd person narrator
describes the events, but does not take part in them. 3 rd person
omniscient the narrator knows everything; encompassing.
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Mood While we often associate setting with the where and when,
there is also an emotional effect of setting because the setting
can create a mood or an atmosphere. A storys mood is the feeling
that a text conveys to its readers.
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Symbolism Something concretesuch as a person, place, or
objectthat signifies something more than just itself, something
abstract, such as a concept or an idea. Universal Symbols: water =
purity black clouds = evil approaching
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THEME Theme is the statement about life that the author wants
to share with the reader. Often times, the reader will have to make
inferences or reasonable guesses as to the theme of the story.
Helpful hint- Ask yourself what lesson the main character learned
in the story?
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What is an authors tone? TONE
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Tone indicates the writers attitude. Often an author's tone is
described by adjectives, such as: cynical, depressed, sympathetic,
cheerful, outraged, positive, angry, sarcastic, prayerful, ironic,
solemn, vindictive, intense, excited. What is an authors tone?
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Tone is not an action. It is an attitude.
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Tone is not explained or expressed directly.
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A reader must read between the lines to determine the authors
attitude and identify the tone.
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Tone is the authors own attitude toward the subject. Mood is
the emotion the author wants the readers to feel while reading
about the subject. Tone is different from mood.
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An authors tone influences the storys mood and atmosphere.
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An authors tone leads to the storys atmosphere and mood.
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An author writes a horror story using a serious and sinister
tone. That tone helps create a scary atmosphere and a nervous,
frightened mood for the readers. Example:
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An author writes a satire, making fun of a horror story using a
playful or sarcastic tone. That playful tone helps create a
humorous mood for the readers. Another Example:
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Irony A surprise! It is the difference between what we expect
to happen, and what actually does happen. It is often used to add
suspense and interest. It is also used to keep the reader thinking
about the theme of the story.
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The Big Picture Irony Verbal Irony Situational Irony Dramatic
Irony
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Verbal Irony The simplest kind of irony. You use it everyday
when you say one thing and really mean another. It is often similar
to a sarcastic response. Example: When you appear to be sick and
someone asks you if youre okay. You say Of course! But in the
meantime you are vomiting and fainting.
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Situational Irony Occurs when a situation turns out to be the
opposite of what you thought it would be. Example: The teachers
daughter is a high school drop out. The chef wont eat his/her own
cooking. The barber always needs a hair cut.
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Dramatic Irony Occurs when the audience knows something that
the characters in the story, on the screen, or on the stage do not
know; the audience is more aware of whats going in the story
compared to the characters. This is used to engage the audience and
keep them actively involved in the storyline.
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Dramatic Irony (continued) In all of the Friday the 13 th
movies, we know Jason is in the woods. The characters do not. When
they go out into the woods, we are afraid for them because we know
that they are in danger. We scream for them to run; we get excited
when they fall; we cringe when we know that Jason is right behind
the tree.
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Foreshadowing A writers way of hinting at what will come in the
story. A reader can make predictions based on the information
given. The reader is able to have an A-ha moment and make
connections later on in the story.
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Authors Purpose Authors have a purpose in mind when writing:
entertain, analyze, persuade, inform, etc. They consider their
audience when deciding on a subject, purpose for writing, and the
tone and style in which to write.
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Dialogue The words that characters speak aloud/exchange with
one another. Always involves two or more people.
