FH Planning Guide

8/13/2019 FH Planning Guide

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Frequency Hopping Network Implementation

and Planning

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're(uency )opping Ne*ork P+anning ,uide

HISTORY

Version -ae Auhor Commens

0.0.1 21 ep 1!!" aa he irs dra

0.0.2 2 ep 1!!" #$y odiicaions4 he *ho+e documen resrucured

Chaper 2.34 PC and -5 gains Chaper 6.24 $57ua+

disribuion ab+e !4 )o hresho+d 8nererence.

Added4 'igure 9 :32 'igure 9 :33'igure 6 :9'igure

6 :;'igure 6 :90 ab+e 10 ab+e 11ab+e 12.

Added4 )isory Chaper 2.1.; Chaper 3.; Chaper

3.!.1 Chaper 3.!.; Chaper 3.!.6 Chaper 3.!."

Chaper9.1 Chaper 9.2 Chaper 9.;.2 Chaper ;.3

Chaper6.1 Chaper6.2 Chaper6.!.

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CONTENTS

! INTRO"#CTION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$

1.1 ,


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9.3 '$NB8N,


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! INTRO"#CTION

he purpose o his documen is o eDp+ain he heory behind he re(uency hopping %')& ho* he

re(uency hopping is imp+emened in NokiaEs ne*ork e+emens ho* o choose he righ re(uency

hopping sraegy parameers re+aed o ') re(uency a++ocaion procedure ho* o ana+yse he(ua+iy o he ne*ork and he opimisaion process. A+so some pracica+ p+anning eDamp+es are

presened.

're(uency hopping is one o he sandardised capaciy enhancemen eaures in , sysem. 8

oers a signiican capaciy gain *ihou any cos+y inrasrucure re(uiremens. 8 is a+so compaib+e

*ih a++ he eDising , mobi+e phones since he re(uency hopping suppor has been re(uired by

he , speciicaions rom he beginning. 're(uency hopping can co:eDis *ih mos o he oher

capaciy enhancemen eaures and in many cases i signiican+y booss he eec o hose eaures.

A++ hese acors make re(uency hopping a very emping capaciy enhancemen so+uion.

'igure 1:1. o+uions o enhance ne*ork capaciy.

! *eneral "e5cription o6 Frequency Hopping

're(uency hopping can be brie+y deined as a se(uenia+ change o carrier re(uency on he radio

+ink be*een he mobi+e and he base saion.

8n , one carrier re(uency is divided ino eigh ime s+os.


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A irs he re(uency hopping *as used in mi+iary app+icaions in order o improve he secrecy and

o make he sysem more robus agains Famming. 8n ce++u+ar ne*ork he re(uency hopping a+so

provides some addiiona+ beneis such as re(uency diversiy and inererence diversiy. he basic

princip+e o re(uency hopping is presened in 'igure 1 :2.

$re/uenc0

Tie

$1

$2

$3

Call i# tran#itted through #everalfre/uencie# in order to average the interference (interference diversity) minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)

'igure 1:2. @asic unciona+iy o re(uency hopping.

!% Frequency Hopping (ode5

he re(uiremen ha he 7CCH TR8 mu5t tran5mit continuou5lyin a++ he ime s+os ses sric

+imiaions on ho* he re(uency hopping can be rea+ised in a ce++. he curren so+uions are

Base*and #re!ency Hopping%@@ ')& and Synthesised #re!ency Hopping%$' ')&.

8n t9e :a5e:and 6requency 9opping he $5s operae a iDed re(uencies. 're(uency hopping is

generaed by s*iching consecuive burss in each ime s+o hrough dieren $5s according o he

assigned hopping se(uence. he number o re(uencies o hop over is deermined by he number o

$5s. @ecause he irs ime s+o o he @CC) $5 is no a++o*ed o hop i mus be eDc+uded rom

he hopping se(uence. his +eads o hree dieren hopping groups. he irs group doesnE hop and i

inc+udes on+y he @CC) ime s+o. he second group consiss o he irs ime s+os o he non:@CC)

$5s. he hird group inc+udes ime s+os one hrough seven rom every $5. his is i++usraed in

'igure 1 :3.

7

RTS' . % + / $ 3 0

TR8;

TR8;%

TR8;+

TR8;/

1 7G @CC) imes+o. 8 does no hop.

2

3

ime s+o 0 o $5:2/:3/: hop over 2/3/.

ime s+os 1...6 o a++ $5s

hop over %1/2/3/&.

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Figure ;+!@aseband hopping %@@ ')&.

8n he 5ynt9e5i5ed 6requency 9oppinga++ he $5s eDcep he @CC) $5 change heir re(uency

or every -A rame according o he hopping se(uence. hus he @CC) $5 doesnE hop. he

number o re(uencies o hop over is +imied o ;3 *hich is he maDimum number o re(uencies inhe)o*ile 'llocation%A& +is covered in ecion 1.. ynhesised hopping is i++usraed in 'igure

1 :.

BTRX-1

Non-BCCH TRXs are hopping overthe MA-list (f1,f2,f3,...,fn atta!he" to the !ell.

TRX-2

B#BCCH ti$eslot. TRX "oes not hop.

f1,f2,f3,fn

f1,f2,f3,fn

. . . .

Figure ;/!ynhesised hopping %$' ')&.

he bigges +imiaion in baseband hopping is ha he number o he hopping re(uencies is he same

as he number o $5s. 8n synhesised hopping he number o he hopping re(uencies can be

anyhing be*een he number o hopping $5s and ;3. )o*ever in synhesised hopping he @CC)

$5 is +e comp+ee+y ou o he hopping se(uence. he dierences be*een @@ and $' hopping

are urher i++usraed in'igure 1 :9.

)SC

BB-$+$1%4 BCC+'

$2

$3

(ig. "$

T"*-3

T"*-1

"$-$+

$15 $25$3

(ig. "$

T"*-1

T"*-2

BSCTCS)

BCC+

$re/uenc0

Tie

$1$2$3

)S doe# not #eean0 difference

BB-FH is feasible with large configurationsRF-FH is viable with smaller configurations

'igure 1:9. he dierence be*een @@ and $' ').

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!+ Cell &llocation

he Cell 'llocation%CA& is a +is o a++ he re(uencies a++ocaed o a ce++. he CA is ransmied

regu+ar+y on he @CC). >sua++y i is a+so inc+uded in he signa+ing messages ha command he

mobi+e o sar using a re(uency hopping +ogica+ channe+. he ce++ a++ocaion may be dieren or

each ce++.

8n , !00 he CA +is may inc+ude a++ he 12 avai+ab+e re(uencies H, 0.0"I. )o*ever he

pracica+ +imi is ; since he A:+is can on+y poin o ; re(uencies ha are inc+uded in he CA

+is as presened in he neD secion. he on+y signa+ing mehod a++o*ed in he , !00 sysems o

ransmi he CA +is is he Jbi map 0K mehod presened in ab+e 1.

ab+e 1. he signa++ing mehod or ransmiing he CA +is in , !00 sysem.

C& 5ignaling

met9od

'owe5t

&RFCN

(a

6requencie5 in t9e C& li5t

:it map . 0 12 12LL Pracica+ +imi is ; because he A:+is can on+y poin o ; re(uencies.

8n , 1"00 and , 1!00 sysems he re(uency band is so +arge ha he CA +is canno inc+ude

a++ he re(uencies avai+ab+e in a sysem. 8n hese sysems he Jbi map 0K mehod is no avai+ab+e bu

ive oher mehods can be used H-C 0.0"I H#:- 6I.

%$3 range se+ecab+e 29; 22

%4 range se+ecab+e 12" 2!

=aria:le :it map se+ecab+e 112 112L

L Pracica+ +imi is ; because he A:+is can on+y poin o ; re(uencies.

!/ (o:ile &llocation

he A is a +is o hopping re(uencies ransmied o a mobi+e every ime i is assigned o a hopping

physica+ channe+. he A:+isis a subse o he CA +is. he A:+isis auomaica++y generaed i he

baseband hopping is used. 8 he ne*ork ui+ises he $' hopping he A:+iss have o be generaed

or each ce++ by he ne*ork p+anner. he A:+isis ab+e o poin o ; o he re(uencies deined in

he CA +is. )o*ever he @CC) re(uency is a+so inc+uded in he CA +is so he pracica+ maDimum

number o re(uencies in he A:+is is ;3. he re(uencies in he A:+is are re(uired o be in

increasing order because o he ype o signa+ing used o ranser he A:+is.

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!$ Hopping Sequence Num:er

he Hopping Se!ence 7!m*er%)N& indicaes *hich hopping se(uence o he ; avai+ab+e is

se+eced. he hopping se(uence deermines he order in *hich he re(uencies in he A:+isare o be

used. he )Ns 1 : ;3 are pseudo random se(uences used in he random hopping *hi+e he )N 0 is

reserved or a se(uenia+ se(uence used in he cyc+ic hopping. he hopping se(uence a+gorihm akes)N and 'N as an inpu and he oupu o he hopping se(uence generaion is a )o*ile 'llocation

Inde%A8& *hich is a number ranging rom 0 o he number o re(uencies in he A:+issubraced

by one. he )N is a ce++ speciic parameer. 'or he baseband hopping *o )Ns eDiss. he Mero

ime s+os in a @@ hopping ce++ use he )N1 and he res o he ime s+os o++o* he )N2 as

presened in 'igure 1 :3. A++ he ime s+os in $' hopping ce++ o++o* he )N1 as presened in

'igure 1 :.

!3 (o:ile &llocation Inde< O665et

hen here is more han one $5 in he @ using he same A:+is he)o*ile 'llocation Inde

:ffset%A8O& is used o ensure ha each $5 uses a+*ays an uni(ue re(uency.


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!0 (&IO Step

he A8Osepis a Nokia speciic parameer used in he A8O a++ocaion o he $5s. he A8O or

he irs hopping $5s in each ce++ is deined by he ce++ speciic A8O oseparameer. A8Os or

he oher hopping $5s are assigned by adding he A8Osepo he A8O o he previous hopping

$5 as presened in


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%! THEORETIC&' PERFOR(&NCE OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN*

're(uency hopping is a po*eru+ counermeasure in order o overcome he harmu+ eecs inroduced

by he propagaion channe+ and inererence. he (ua+iy gain achieved by emp+oying re(uency

hopping can be raded or capaciy gain by ighening he re(uency reuse in he ne*ork.

%! Frequency "i=er5ity

he as ading is a signiican prob+em especia++y in he do*n+ink direcion since he mobi+es do no

emp+oy anenna diversiy *hich is common+y used in base saions. '+ucuaions o he received

signa+ srengh are especia++y harmu+ or he 5low mo=ing mo:ile5because hey end o say in a

ading dip much +onger han he aser moving mobi+es. 're(uency hopping causes he consecuive

burss o be ransmied on dieren re(uencies. 8 he separaion be*een hese re(uencies is

suicien he ading characerisics o hese re(uencies are dieren.

'or he 6a5t mo=ing mo:ile5 he consecuive burss have dieren ading characerisics even*ihou re(uency hopping because he spaia+ movemen be*een he consecuive burss is

signiican and he +ocaions o he ading dips are re+aive+y consan in mos environmens. hus he

re(uency diversiy gain or he as moving mobi+es is no signiican.

2.1.1 Coherence Bandwidth

Coherence band*idh represens a band*idh ha is re(uired be*een *o re(uencies in order o

ensure ha heir ading characerisics are dieren enough o provide proper+y uncorre+aed

amp+iudes and phases. he coherence band*idh depends srong+y on he mean de+ay spread o he

environmen.

@ecause o he mu+ipah scaering he ransmied impu+se signa+ spreads in ime domain beore i is

received. A ypica+ signa+ de+ay enve+ope o a ransmied impu+se is presened in 'igure 2 :". he

parameers as deined in H=ee"2I are

d tE t dt m =

% &0

%2.1&

2 2

0

2=

t E t dt d m% & %2.2&

*here4

dmG mean eDcess de+ay ime

tG eDcess de+ay ime

E 5G signa+ po*er densiy

G de+ay spread

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.

. dB

d$ean delay time

telay time

owerdensity

%(t)

elay spread

'igure 2:". ypica+ de+ay enve+ope.

he de+ay spread is hus deined as he sandard deviaion o he mean de+ay ime. he measuremens

indicae ha he de+ay spread is high+y dependen on he environmen. ypica+ va+ues are presened in

ab+e 3H=ee"!I.

ab+e 3. ean de+ay spreads

'ype of environment elay spread 3 s

!pen area 4 .5,

6uburban area .57

#rban area /

he coherence band*idh is oen deined as he re(uency separaion ha yie+ds an auocorre+aion

coeicien va+ue o 0.9 or +ess HPen!9I. 8 he propagaion environmen is a+so ime dependen he

ime separaion o signa+s has o be aken ino accoun. he auocorre+aion coeicien based on he

re(uency and ime separaion can be *rien as o++o*s H=ee"2I

r

< v% &

% &

% &

=

+

0

2

2 21

% 2.3 &

*here

= signa+ *ave+engh

vG ve+ociy o he mobi+e

G ime separaion

G de+ay spread o he environmen

G 2?f> fG re(uency spacing

Ade(uae coherence band*idh *here signa+ auocorre+aion coeicien be*een burss e(ua+s o

0.9 can be derived rom


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2.1.3 Cyclic vs. Random Hopping Se!ences

@oh cyc+ic and random hopping modes are avai+ab+e in ,.

8n he cyclicmode he re(uencies are changed se(uenia++y rom he +o*es re(uency o he

highes as deined in he A:+is.

8n random mode he re(uency o be used or each burs is se+eced rom he A:+is by apredeined pseudo random se(uence. his means ha he same re(uency may be used or a

coup+e o consecuive burss and he re(uencies are no used even+y in a shor ime sca+e.

hus he optimum 6requency di=er5ity gainis possib+e o achieve on+y i he cyclic 9opping is

used. As he number o re(uencies becomes +arger he dierence be*een he cyc+ic and he random

mode becomes sma++.

2.1." Sim!lated #re!ency $iversity %ains

.

*

,

/

0

7

1

2

8

*.

&o hop , / 0 7 1 2 9nfinite

Nu;er of carrier#

E;&N6%dB'

F:;' /F%R < /=

'#/F%R < /=

F:;'/RB%R

"l *b < .3/=

'#/RB%R"l *b < .3/=

'igure 2:10. 're(uency diversiy gain o re(uency hopping +ink agains herma+ noise

compared o a non:hopping +ink.

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.

*

,

/

0

7

1

2

8

&o hop , / 0 7 1 2 9nfinite

Nu;er of carrier#

C&Ic%dB'

F:;' /F%R < /=

F:;'/RB%R"l *b < .3,=

'#/F%R < /=

'#/RB%R"l *b < .3,=

'igure 2:11. 're(uency diversiy gain o re(uency hopping +ink agains co:channe+

inererence compared o a non:hopping +ink.

he simu+aions sho* a very signiican gain or '=A3 channe+ compared o he >3 channe+. his

happens because he >3 channe+ inc+udes severa+ propagaion pahs having saisica++y independen

ading condiions and i is hus providing pah diversiy ha he+ps o achieve he perormance arges

even in he non:hopping case. he resu+s o his simu+aion represen a bes possib+e case because

he ading on he used re(uency channe+s is assumed uncorre+aed and he cyc+ic hopping mode is

used. 8n rea+ +ie he re(uencies are no necessari+y uncorre+aed as eDp+ained in ecion 2.1.1and

t9e random 9opping i5 u5ed to ma


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2.1.) Effect in Cell Coverage (rea

8n coverage +imied ce++s he 6requency 9opping may increa5e t9e cell co=erage areabecause o

he re(uency diversiy gain bu since he @CC) ime s+o doesnE hop he increased coverage area

is re+evan on+y or he ongoing ca++s ha have been successu++y esab+ished and are a++ocaed a

hopping C). According o he simu+aions see ab+e he non:hopping signa++ing channe+ %@CC)/ -CC)& has a beer perormance han a non:hopping C) bu a *orse perormance han a

hopping C) channe+. hereore he cell co=erage area could :e increa5ed bu no according o

he u++ ') gain bu :y con5idering t9e per6ormance o6 t9e 7CCH time 5lot.

8n RF FHcase he *ho+e @CC) carrier is non:hopping. hus he re(uency diversiy gain shou+d

be considered as a quality gainin he ce++ border area raher han he gain increasing he ce++ service

area.

2.1.* Effect of +o,ile Speed

As menioned ear+ier he re(uency diversiy gain or he as moving mobi+es is no signiican. he

movemen as ise+ causes he same gain *hich is +os rom he re(uency diversiy gain. hereore

he as moving mobi+es ge he same gain han he s+o* moving ones he gain Fus comes more or

+ess rom he moving as ise+.

8n , he speed o Po*er Conro+ %PC& is s+o*. hen moving as he PC canno o++o* anymore

he s+o* ading dips so eicien+y. hereore he as moving mobi+es migh +oose in PC gain. A+so

he )andover %)O& perormance may be degraded *ih high speed.

%!% Inter6erence "i=er5ity

8n a conveniona+ non;9oppingne*ork each ca++ is ransmied on a sing+e iDed re(uency. his

means ha he inererence siuaion in a ne*ork is a+so (uie sab+e. ome ca++s may eDperience

very +i+e inererence and he oher ca++s may be inerered severe+y. evere inererence can be

avoided by a handover bu he probabi+iy o inding an inererence ree channe+ decreases as he

ne*ork +oad increases. 8n a non:hopping ne*ork he inererence ends o be coninuous so ha he

same inererence source aecs severa+ consecuive burss. 8 his inererence is srong enough i

may +ead o a corrupion o severa+ consecuive burss. he error correcion measures used in ,

can no usua++y o+erae severa+ corruped burss in a speech rame and hus hese rames are +ike+y o

be erased causing signiican deerioraion in speech (ua+iy.

8n random 9oppingne*ork he inererence sources vary rom burs o burs. hus he inererenceends o ge averaged over a++ he ca++s in he ne*ork. As a conse(uence he inererence aecing

each ca++ in he ne*ork has a +o*er sandard deviaion around is mean va+ue. his eec is

i++usraed in 'igure 2 :12. Anoher advanage o random re(uency hopping is ha he severe+y

inerered burss occur random+y. @ecause o his he probabi+iy o severa+ consecuive corruped

burss and erased rames decreases.

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.

7

*.

*7

,.

,7

/.

"all * "all , "all /

Average

C&I%dB'

.

7

*.

*7

,.

,7

/.

"all * "all , "all /

Average

C&I%dB'

'igure 2:12. 8nererence averaging be*een users in a random re(uency hopping ne*ork.

8n order o use he avai+ab+e re(uency specrum eicien+y he re(uencies are reused in a ne*ork.

he suicien disance be*een he ce++s using he same re(uency depends on he minimum C/8 raioo+eraed by he sysem he surrounding environmen and he ne*ork opo+ogy. 8n pracice he

minimum reuse or a non:hopping macro ce++s is abou 12. his means ha he same re(uency may

be used in every 12h ce++. @ecause he inererence +eve+s or each user vary considerab+y a +arge

inererence margin has o be inc+uded o guaranee suicien (ua+iy or each user in he ne*ork.

hen he random re(uency hopping is emp+oyed he deviaion o inererence +eve+ is decreased as

i++usraed in 'igure 2 :12.his means ha t9e inter6erence marginused in he re(uency p+anning

can :e reduceda++o*ing he usage o igher re(uency reuse as i++usraed in 'igure 2 :13.

Field strenght

6erving carrier

averagewea>estinterference

averagestrongestinterference

interferencemargin

worstinterference

FH with tighterfrequencyreuse

FH withimprovedquality

no FH

'igure 2:13. he gain o re(uency hopping.

)o* big is he inererence diversiy gain is a subFec or a urher sudy.

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6+6

6%

6+

6%

6

6+

6%

6

6%

6+

6

&=e

$+No $+


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%!+ E66ect o6 Power Control and "T8

@oh he power control and t9e "T8are sandard , eaures *hich are de5igned to minimi5e

t9e inter6ering tran5mi55ion *hen possib+e. hey are boh mandaory eaures in he mobi+e

ermina+s bu i is up o he ne*ork operaor o decide *heher o use hem or no. -5 prevens

unnecessary ransmissions *hen here is no need o ranser inormaion. Po*er conro+ is used oopimise he ransmied signa+ srengh so ha he signa+ srengh a he receiver is si++ ade(uae. he

boh eaures can be indi=iduallyacivaed 6or uplink and downlink. Operaors have been *ide+y

using boh eaures in #' directionmain+y in order to ma


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-5 has some eec on he R8)ual di5tri:ution. Norma++y he @


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+! NO,I&-S S#PPORT FOR FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN* IN *S(

he suppor or re(uency hopping is a sandard eaure o Nokia Base Station S!*;System%@&. 8n

his chaper he re(uency hopping suppor o dieren base saion generaions and he @C are

described. A+so he curren and upcoming re(uency hopping suppor o NokiaEs radio ne*orkp+anning oo+ NP/5 is presened.

+! 7SS 'e=el Implementation

8n , on+y he @ is responsib+e o he imp+emenaion o re(uency hopping. he 7etwor- S!*;

System%N& inc+uding he)o*ile Switching Centre%C& is no invo+ved in i. he :peration and

)aintenance Centre %OC& is invo+ved in managing he ') re+aed parameers bu heir

managemen in he OC doesnE dier rom any oher ce++ +eve+ parameer. he au+ managemen in

he OC o a re(uency hopping ne*ork is idenica+ o ha o a non:hopping ne*ork. he primary

ne*ork e+emens in , are presened in 'igure 3 :1;.

(SC

(S

O(C

7SC

7TS

7TS

N@

A

interface

A;i#interface

'igure 3:1;. he primary ne*ork e+emens in ,.

+!% T9e %nd *eneration 7a5e Station

he second generaion base saion 5upport5 only :a5e:and 9opping. he main unciona+ b+ocks in

he second generaion @ considering re(uency hopping are he#rame 9nits%'>& he#re!ency

Hopping 9nit%'7)>& and he Carrier 9nits%C>& HNok!;I. he rame uni perorms a++ he conro+and he baseband uncions or rames o up o " u++ rae or 1; ha+ rae +ogica+ channe+s.


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he re(uency hopping connecs he rame unis and he carrier unis as i++usraed in 'igure 3 :16.

he hopping uncion is rea+ised by mu+ip+eDing baseband digia+ bi sreams be*een he rame

unis and he carrier unis. he mu+ip+eDing is done according o he hopping se(uence *hich is

ca+cu+aed in '7)>. he hopping uni is common or he @ a++ he secors o a @ use he same

'7)>. he F)H# can :e duplicated 6or relia:ility or because o di=er5ity reception. 8 he

diversiy is no used he oher '7)> acs as a ho redundancy *hich means ha i is auomaica++yaken ino operaion i he oher '7)> ai+s. hen diversiy recepion is used he oher '7)> is

used or carrying he signa+ rom he diversiy receiver.

'>1

'>2

'>3

'>12

C>1

C>2

C>3

C>12

'7)>

'igure 3:16. 'unciona+ unis or re(uency hopping in 2nd generaion @.

he '7)> is capab+e o supporing a maDimum o 12 hopping groups a a ime. his is suicien as

in hree secor coniguraion he number o hopping groups used is nine %inc+uding he non:hopping

Mero ime s+os on he @CC) carriers&. @oh random and cyc+ic hopping modes are suppored bu no

simu+aneous+y meaning ha a++ he secors under he same @ mus use eiher cyc+ic or randomhopping se(uences. ih random hopping he hopping se(uence numbers %1:;3& can be se+eced

ree+y or each hopping group.

he iming o secors is derived rom a common c+ock uni so he dieren secors are rame: and

bi:synchronised enab+ing he use o synchronous handovers. Conse(uen+y he hopping se(uences

are synchronised as *e++. T9e com:iner5 used in he 2nd generaion @s limit t9e minimum

c9annel 5pacing to 3.. kH?

+!+ Talk Family 7a5e Station

he a+k ami+y base saions are capa:le o6boh :a5e:and 9opping and RF 9opping. @asebandhopping imp+emenaion is s+igh+y dieren compared o he imp+emenaion on he 2nd generaion

base saion. 'unciona+iy inside one $5 is divided be*een burs +eve+ operaions %


22/82


$51/C)-P $51/ is hen used

or sending he $' channe+ number rom he ')-P o be used on he neD ime s+o. *o

synhesiser banks are used *hi+e one is in use he oher is being uned o he re(uency used in he

neD ime s+o. -e+ivery o channe+ numbers rom '@> o synhesisers is done by hard*are.

$' hopping and @@ hopping canno be used simu+aneous+y. his means ha all t9e 5ector5 undert9e 5ame Base Station Control #!nction A7CFB mu5t u5e t9e 5ame 9opping met9od i any.

)o*ever 5ome 5ector5 may :e 9opping w9ile ot9er5 remain non;9opping. he used combiner

ype may a+so resric he possibi+iy o ui+ising $' hopping. 8Remote &!ned Com,iners%$C& are

used he RF 9opping cannot :e u5ed. his is because he $C is based on uneab+e caviies *hich

canno be reuned dynamica++y according o he used hopping se(uence. T9e minimum c9annel

5pacing w9en RTC i5 u5ed i5 3.. kH?. he oher combiner opion or he a+k ami+y base saions

is he *ide band'ntenna #ilter E!ipment%A'


23/82


he 77 9oppingis a+so possib+e o arrange *ih he Primeies by using properies o $' hopping.

his pseudo:@@ hopping appears ou*ards simi+ar o he pure @@:hopping. Pseudo:@@ hopping is

possib+e *hen *o or more Primeies have been conneced or a mu+i:$5 coniguraion. he

Primeie is ab+e o ransmi he irs ime s+o %$= 0& by using a dieren re(uency han he oher

ime s+os. he pseudo:@@ hopping is rea+ised by ransmiing he $= 0 on he @CC) $5 on one

iDed re(uency and he oher ime s+os by using a re(uency deermined according o he hoppingse(uence. he oher $5s use he )N1 or he $= 0s and )N2 or he $=s 1:6 as described

in ecion 1.2. he number o re(uencies in he pseudo:@@ hopping e(ua+s he number o conneced

Primeies or $=s 1:6 and one +ess or he $= 0. A dummy signa+ is sen on he @CC)

re(uency in he non:acive C) ime s+os.

+!$ 7a5e Station Controller

he @C unciona+iy re+aed o re(uency hopping is imp+emened by so*are. here are no

hard*are dependencies. he re(uency hopping managemen in he @C is (uie simp+e. he main

princip+e is ha he @C is hand+ing +ogica+ channe+s on he ce++s under is conro+. he +ogica+channe+s may hen be assigned on he re(uency hopping physica+ channe+s bu hey are provided by

he base saions. he basic re(uiremen or he @C is o hand+e he addiiona+ parameers %A

A8O and )N& needed o deine a hopping +ogica+ channe+. he parameers are sored in heBSS

Radio 7etwor- Config!ration $ata*ase %@-AA& in he @C mainained by he :peration and

)aintenance%OQ& so*are.

he radio resource managemen doesnE kno* abou re(uency hopping. 8 a++ocaes he +ogica+

channe+s as usua+. he hopping re+aed parameers are aached +aer by he Abisinerace program

b+ock *hich reads he needed hopping re+aed parameers rom he daabase. he parameers

deining a re(uency hopping channe+ are hen aached o Abisand Air inerace signa+ing messages.

8n Abisand Air inerace radio resource managemen signa+ing he re(uency hopping is aecing he

C)ANN


24/82


BSS ?

BTS t0pe "ombiner type B"Fs

;ntennasAcell

(polarisation

diversity used) "ombiner type B"Fs

;ntennasAcell

(polarisation

diversity used)

2nd generation "TC %BB $+'

omni *. 'R+s * *

sectorised 000 'R+s * *

Talk fail0 "TC %BB $+' A$E %BB 9 "$ $+'

omni 1 'R+s * * 0 'R+s * *

sectorised 111 'R+s , * 000 'R+s * *

Prie Site Standard

%BB 9 "$ $+'

sectorised nCy 'R+s *) * *

BSS @ 2nd generation "TC %BB $+'

omni *. 'R+s * *



omni 1 'R+s * * *, 'R+s * /

sectorised 111 'R+s , * *,*,*, 'R+s / /

Prie Site Standard

%BB 9 "$ $+'


BSS 2nd generation "TC %BB $+'

omni *. 'R+s * *



omni *, 'R+s * * *, 'R+s * /

sectorised *,*,*, 'R+s , * *,*,*, 'R+s / /

Prie Site Standard

%BB 9 "$ $+'


1& he amoun o secors is no +imied even each $5 can be a secor o is o*n. aD. 1; $5s per @C' are a++o*ed.

hey can be ree+y divided ino secors o dieren siMes. On+y ru+e is ha nLy mus be +ess han or e(ua+ o 1;.

+!4 Radio Network Fault (anagement

he radio ne*ork coniguraion managemen in he @C deermines he recovery acions in

abnorma+ siuaions in he @ radio ne*ork such as au+s au+ cance+s and iniia+isaions. he

recovery acions are eDecued i errors occur in he unciona+ b+ocks o he @ such as he carrier

uni he rame uni he ranceiver unciona+ b+ocks common o he *ho+e ce++ or he unciona+b+ocks common o he *ho+e @ sie. 8n addiion o his he recovery opions are eDecued i he -:

channe+ o he Abisinerace ai+s or i here are ai+ures deeced by he ca++ conro+ o he @C in he

connecion *ih he radio channe+ a++ocaion procedure. he recovery acions are deermined based

on he ype o he au+y unciona+ b+ock and hey are based on he radio aci+iies conigured o he

au+y b+ock.

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 2/"2


25/82


3.-.1 &he 2nd %eneration Base Station

A 6rame unit 6aultmay be eiher inerna+ or eDerna+. he inerna+ au+ cou+d be caused or

eDamp+e by a '> hard*are ma+uncion and he eDerna+ au+ cou+d happen or eDamp+e because o

a +os =AP-:+ink o he $5. 8n boh cases he recovery procedure is simi+ar. he procedure is as

o++o*s4

1. he @ a+arms he @C or he @C deecs a non:unciona+ =AP-:+ink.

2. he @C c+ears a++ he ca++s ha are a++ocaed o hose Abiscircuis corresponding o he au+y

$5. Ca++s on he oher $5s proceed norma++y.

3. he @C b+ocks he au+y rame uni in order no o a++o* ne* raic or he Abis circuis

corresponding o i.

he ca++s on he oher $5s can proceed norma++y and he hopping parameers can be +e unouched

because a++ he carrier unis are si++ uncioning. he mobi+es on he ce++ can si++ hop over a++ he

re(uencies origina++y a++ocaed o ha ce++.

8n case o a carrier unit 6aultone ranceiver doesnE *ork proper+y. hus one o he re(uencies in

he hopping se(uence canno be ransmied and/or received proper+y. 8n his case he procedure is as

o++o*s4

1. he @ a+arms he @C.

2. he @C b+ocks a++ he $5s o he ce++ or a *hi+e. his causes c+earing o a++ he ongoing ca++s

on ha ce++.

3. he @C ca+cu+aes ne* hopping parameers inc+uding a ne* $;-listin *hich he re(uency o he

au+y C> is removed.

. he @C unb+ocks he $5s ha have uncioning C>s and he ne* hopping parameers are

ranserred o he @.9. he @C a++o*s ne* raic or he uncioning $5s.

3.-.2 &al #amily Base Stations and /rimeSite

8n a case o @@ hopping he procedure is simi+ar o he carrier uni au+ in he 2nd generaion @ as

described in he previous secion.

8 he @ is $' hopping he recovery procedure is simi+ar o he rame uni au+ in he 2nd

generaion @ as described in he previous secion.

+!2 Re5triction5 on t9e #5age o6 FH

3.0.1 $ /ower Control with BB #H

8n @@ ') he @CC) carrier is invo+ved in he hopping se(uence. he @CC) carrier is a+*ays sen in

he do*n+ink direcion *ih he maDimum po*er deined or he ce++. hen he PC is used in he

oher han @CC) carrier here is a big dierence in he sen / received po*er be*een he carriers.

he gain conro+ o some mobi+es canno o++o* so big and sudden changes in he received po*er.

hereore i is recommended o re5trict t9e PC range in "' direction to .;$ d7 wit9 77 FH.

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 29/"2


26/82


3.0.2 $ownlin $&

@aseband hopping combined *ih do*n+ink -5 causes prob+ems in he mobi+e saions because in

he si+en phase he dummy rames are sen on he @CC) re(uency causing ma+uncion in he

mobi+e saions.


27/82


/! SE'ECTIN* THE RI*HT HOPPIN* STR&TE*Y

he goa+ in he se+ecion o he hopping sraegy is o maDimise he eeciveness o re(uency

hopping in order o achieve a ma


28/82


'igure :1!. '+o* char or hopping sraegy decision.

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 2"/"2

)in T"* configuration

/ 'R+Acell

or more

, 'R+Acell

BTS generation,nd gen5

/rd gen5 only

Planning tool #upport#

$+ and fractional loading

es&o

Ea#0 planning preferred

over aiu capacit0

es

&o

BB $+ u#ed on the cell#

having ore than 2 T"*#

a ? T"* & cell with "TC

or 12 T"* with A$E

"$ $+ with fre/uenc0

allocation reu#e 1

%7#ingle )A li#t #chee'

a 12 T"* & #ite

%under the #ae BC$'"$ $+ with fre/uenc0

allocation reu#e 3 D >a 12 T"* & cell

Co;iner t0pe &

Aount of antenna#

R'"

;F%

es

&o

)aiu gain fro

( PC re/uired

"$ $+ with fre/uenc0

#haring %no fractional

loading'

a 12 T"* & #ite

%under the #ae BC$'

F712 T"*#ite

configuration#

eses

&o


29/82


$! FRE)#ENCY P'&NNIN* OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN* NET1OR,S

're(uency hopping re(uires some ne* consideraions in he re(uency p+anning process. his is

especia++y imporan i he $' hopping *ih raciona+ +oading is used. he re(uency p+anning o

raciona++y +oaded ne*orks re(uires specia+ aenion o he +oad conro+. On he oher hand he $'hopping a++o*s some ne* p+anning conceps +ike re(uency sharing and he conro+ over re(uency

a++ocaion reuse *hi+e he eecive reuse in he ne*ork remains he same.

'arge TR8 con6iguration5 make :a5e:and 9opping easib+e. 8n order o achieve a proper

re(uency hopping gain a minimum o6 t9ree TR85in a ce++ shou+d be used *ih he baseband

hopping Hun!6I. he benei o he baseband hopping is ha he C)s +ocaed on he @CC) $5

are inc+uded in he re(uency hopping se(uence. he @CC) re(uencies have a high re(uency reuse

in order o guaranee a successu+ signa+ing and a as decoding o he base saion ideniicaion code.

8 is beneicia+ o have his inererence ree @CC) re(uency inc+uded in he hopping se(uence

because i is +ike+y o improve he (ua+iy o recepion on he hopping +ogica+ channe+s.

8n re(uency planningpoin o6vie* he p+anning o a :a5e:and 9oppingne*ork diers +ess han

he p+anning o a $' hopping ne*ork rom he p+anning o a con=entionalnon:hopping ne*ork.

he main dierence is ha he raciona+ +oading is no possib+e *hen he baseband hopping is used.

@ecause o his i is possib+e o use he conveniona+ 6requency planning tool5*hen p+anning he

baseband hopping ne*ork. )o*ever because o he inererence and re(uency diversiy gains

+o*er C/8 raios and hereore sma++er re(uency reuse disances can be a++o*ed in he baseband

hopping ne*ork compared o a non:hopping ne*ork.

$! Network Planning Procedure

he ne*ork p+anning and monioring process 6or a :a5e:and 6requency 9opping network is

basica++y t9e 5ame t9an 6or a non;9opping network. he p+anning o an RF 9opping networkcan

be a little more compleecti=e 5peec9

qualitycan become a more cha++enging ask compared o a non:hopping ne*ork. hen ') is used

he $57ua+ disribuion is no anymore comparab+e o he non:hopping ne*ork.

NP/5 is an inegraed so*are package or he ce++u+ar ne*ork p+anning deve+oped by Nokia. 8provides he basic oo+s or coverage predicion re(uency a++ocaion and inererence ana+ysis. he

propagaion mode+ing is based on digia+ maps presening boh he errain ype inormaion and he

heigh daa o he arge area. Avai+ab+e propagaion mode+s inc+ude Okumura:)aa #uu+:Nyho+m

a+ish:8kegami and a ray:racing mode+. he ray:racing mode+ is speciica++y or microce++

p+anning and i is avai+ab+e in NP/5 version 3.2.

NPS8 =er5ion5 :e6ore =er5ion +!% don-t include any 6requency 9opping 5peci6ic 5upport . Ne*

versions ca++ed NP/5 3.2 and 3.3 have some ne* unciona+iies o make he re(uency p+anning and

he (ua+iy ana+ysis an easier ask see Chaper 9.2.

'igure 9:20. Ne*ork p+anning and monioring process.

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 2!/"2


30/82


Capacit0 PlanningCapacit0 Planning

$re/uenc0 Planning$re/uenc0 Planning Paraeter PlanningParaeter Planning

)onitoring)onitoring

&6+&etdim&D

&6+&etdim&D

&6A+ /5/&6A+ /5/

&D&D

lan%dit"D

lan%dit"D

&$6A,...&$6A,...

$!% Frequency Planning Procedure wit9 NPS8

NP/5 versions beore version 3.2 donE inc+ude any re(uency hopping speciic suppor. )o*ever

since he re(uency hopping doesnE aec he propagaion he co=erage planning phase i5 not

di66erent *hen p+anning re(uency hopping ne*orks compared o non:hopping ne*orks. 8n

coverage +imied ce++s he re(uency hopping increases he ce++ coverage area because o he

re(uency diversiy gain. ince he @CC) ime s+o doesnE hop he increa5ed co=erage areamus

be dimensioned according to t9e per6ormance o6 7CCH time 5lotinsead o hopping C)s see

Chaper 2.1.9.'or his reason he re(uency diversiy gain shou+d be considered as a (ua+iy gain in

he ce++ border area raher han a gain increasing he ce++ service area.

For t9e planning o6 :a5e:and 9opping network5 t9e traditional 6requency allocation and

inter6erence analy5i5 tool5 are al5o 5u66icient! -ue o he re(uency diversiy and inererence

diversiy gains he hopping a++o*s some*ha *orse C/8 raios compared o a non:hopping ne*ork.

his can be aken ino accoun *hen seing parameers or he re(uency a++ocaion oo+ +eading o a

igher re(uency p+an. hen ana+ysing he resu+ing p+an higher inererence +eve+s can be o+eraed.

Frequency 9opping 5peci6ic planning tool 5upport i5 needed w9en RF 9opping wit9 6ractional

loading i5 u5ed!'raciona+ +oading means ha a ce++ is a++ocaed *ih more re(uencies han here are

$5s.

he quality prediction tool in NPS8 +!%esimaes he do*n+ink $57>A= or every piDe+ in he

*ork area. hese va+ues can be disp+ayed in he digia+ map using dieren co+ours or paricu+ar

$57>A= +eve+s. 'rom he map over+ay he areas poenia++y suering rom inererence can be

easi+y ideniied. o make he comparison be*een dieren p+ans easier a saisics *indo* is a+so

imp+emened. his *indo* presens he disribuion o prediced $57>A= va+ues in he *ork area.

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 30/"2


31/82


he predicion is based on he C/8 raio ha is ca+cu+aed by using he ie+d srenghs o he serving

carrier and he inerering carriers. he corresponding Bit Error Ratio%@


32/82


'igure 9:22. $57>A= saisics *indo*.

NPS8 +!+*i++ inc+ude a ne* re(uency a++ocaion oo+ *hich is capab+e o a++ocaing re(uencies

ui+ising +o* re(uency reuse and raciona+ +oading. A+so he A8O anagemen can be aken ino a

use. he A +is +enghs can be deined manua++y in ce++ basis or NP/5 can deine hem

auomaica++y by a cerain crieria. Aer he A +is +engh has been chosen he a++ocaion a+gorihm

ries o produce an opima+ a++ocaion. 8n high inerered areas +onger A +is +enghs can be ried o

average he inererence.

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 32/"2


33/82


A+so he ne*ork simu+aor o NP/5 3.3 inc+udes a suppor or ').

'igure 9:23. 're(uency a++ocaion procedure.

$!+ Frequency Reu5e on Frequency Hopping Network

ince he re(uency band is a+*ays +imied he re(uencies have o be reused in he ne*ork. As he

reuse disance becomes sma++er here are more re(uencies avai+ab+e or each ce++. @ecause each

$5 in a ce++ re(uires a uni(ue re(uency he capaciy poenia+ o a ce++ is increased as here aremore re(uencies avai+ab+e or each ce++. )o*ever *hen he reuse disance becomes sma++ enough

a++ he re(uencies avai+ab+e or he ce++ canno be ui+ised because o oo severe inererence in he

ce++ border areas. 'or a conveniona+ non:hopping ne*ork his is he pracica+ re(uency reuse +imi.

he @@ hopping ne*ork has his same +imi bu because o re(uency hopping gain some*ha

+o*er reuse disances are a++o*ed beore he (ua+iy reaches he minimum accepab+e +imi.

he advanage o $' hopping is ha he re(uency reuse disance can be se as +o* as *aned. his

can be done because a $' hopping ce++ can use more re(uencies han here are $5s insa++ed. his

means ha he used re(uencies are on+y raciona++y +oaded as presened in ecion 9..3. 'or a

raciona++y +oaded $' hopping ne*ork *o reuse igures have o be deined. hese are e66ecti=e

reu5eand 6requency allocation reu5e. hey are presened in he o++o*ing secions.

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 33/"2

Capacit0e#tiation5cell ;a#i#

Capacit0e#tiation5

cell ;a#i#

Planningconceptdeci#ion

Planningconceptdeci#ion

E#tiation ofneeded nu;erof fre/uencie#

E#tiation ofneeded nu;erof fre/uencie#

Coverage dataCoverage data

Neigh;our cellea#ureent# with

GPA tool

Neigh;our cellea#ureent# with

GPA tool

InterferenceCali;ration Tool

InterferenceCali;ration Tool

Interference atrigeneration

Interference atrigeneration

Autoatic interferergeneration for I,

Autoatic interferergeneration for I,

$re/uenc0re/uireent#

$re/uenc0

re/uireent#

$re/uenc0Allocation

$re/uenc0Allocation

Spectruand +con#traint#

Spectruand +con#traint#

NPS&* 3.3

Planning of otherparaeter#

Planning of otherparaeter#

)C & C(

& N(

Hualit0 Anal0#i#

AutoaticParaeter tuning

Hualit0 Anal0#i#

AutoaticParaeter tuning

Net(i &

NPS&*


34/82


).3.1 Effective Re!se

he eecive reuse is essenia++y he same as he conveniona+ re(uency reuse disance. 8 is

ca+cu+aed as

R7

7eff

fres,:,

,R1ave

= % 9.1 &

*here4

ReffG eecive reuse

7fres,:,G oa+ number o used re(uencies

7,RaveG average number o $5s in a ce++

ince he eecive reuse akes he acua+ number o re(uencies ogeher *ih he number o $5s

ino accoun i can be a+so used as a capaciy indeD provided ha he $5s can be +oaded a +eas ohe hard b+ocking +imi as presened in ecion 9..2.he sma++er he eecive reuse he higher he

capaciy in erms o he number o C)s provided by one re(uency in he ne*ork.

).3.2 #re!ency (llocation Re!se 4R# #H only5

're(uency a++ocaion reuse indicaes ho* c+ose+y he re(uencies are acua++y reused in a ne*ork.

hus i indicaes he severiy o a *ors case C/8 in he ce++ border. 8 is ca+cu+aed as

#'R7

7

fres,:,

fres )'

=/

% 9.2 &

*here4

#'R G re(uency a++ocaion reuse

7fres,:,G oa+ number o used re(uencies

7fres4)'G average number o re(uencies in $;-lists

8 he ne*ork doesnE ui+ise raciona+ +oading he re(uency a++ocaion reuse is he same as he

eecive reuse.


35/82


$re/uenc0 Allocation "eu#e 7 Total : of

fre/uencie# & : of fre/uencie# in )A

Effective "eu#e 7 Total : of fre/uencie#er of T"*# per cell

$re/uenc0 Allocation "eu#e Effective "eu#e

Total : of fre/# 7 36

8 T"*# & cell

16 fre/uencie# & cell

3 21

1 12 2

33

1&3

$A" 7 36&16 7 3

Eff.reu#e 7 36&8 7@.>

Eaple


36/82



37/82


B""H 6""H 6""H '"H '"H'"H'"H

'"H '"H '"H '"H '"H'"H'"H

'"H '"H '"H '"H '"H'"H'"H

'"H '"H '"H '"H '"H'"H'"H

T"*-1

T"*-2

T"*-3

T"*-8

f1

f25f35f8

f35f85f2

f85f25f3

'"H

'"H

'"H

'"H

Active #lot# Ept0 #lot#

@> J 2> J

oad on the BCC+ T"*not con#idered5 #incethe BCC+ fre/uencie#are planned #eparatel0

'igure 9:29. )ard b+ocking +oad o 69 on $' hopping $5s.

he average busy hour C) +oad as deined in


38/82


B""HT"*-1

T"*-2

T"*-3

T"*-8

f1

f25 f35 f85 f>5 f?

f25 f35 f85 f>5 f?

f25 f35 f85 f>5 f?

Active #lot# Ept0 #lot# $rac. load 7 3&> 7 6.?

'igure 9:2;. 'raciona+ +oad o 0.;.

8n a so b+ocking +imied ne*ork he raciona+ +oad is used o une he re(uency +oad do*n o a

desired +eve+ *hich is deermined by he used re(uency a++ocaion reuse.

$!$ Trunking E66ect and E66ecti=e Reu5e

'or Poisson disribued ca++ aemps i is characerisic ha he hard b+ocking +oad providing he

same b+ocking probabi+iy increases as he number o raic channe+s increases as presened in 'igure

9 :26. his is ca++ed runking eec. 'or a hard b+ocking +imied ne*ork his is a rea+ gain since he

ne*ork is ab+e o serve more raic *ih he same grade o service and he same eecive reuse.

)o*ever or a so b+ocking +imied ne*ork ui+ising raciona+ +oading he runking eec doesnEprovide any gain. As he hard b+ocking +oad increases he raciona+ +oad mus be decreased in order

o keep he re(uency +oad and hus he co++ision probabi+iy accepab+e. -ecreasing he raciona+

+oad is done by adding more re(uencies han $5s o he ce++s. his has a direc eec on he

eecive reuse. he eecive reuse can be re*rien as

R7

7

7

7

7

7

#'R

0eff

fres,:,

,R1

fres,:,

fres )'

fres )'

,R1 frac

= = =/

/

. % 9.6 &


39/82


.5. =

*.5. =

,.5. =

/.5. =

0.5. =

7.5. =

1.5. =

.5. =

2.5. =

8.5. =

*..5. =

* 0 -*.

*/

*1

*8

,,

,7

,2

/*

/0

/-

0.

0/

01

08

7,

77

72

1*

10

1-

-.

-/

-1

-8

2,

27

22

8*

80

8-

*..

Nu;er of TC+K#

TC+occupanc0atthehard;lockingliit

Hard bloc>ing prob5 7=

Hard bloc>ing prob5 ,=

Hard bloc>ing prob5 *=

'igure 9:26. Average busy hour C) occupancy a he hard b+ocking +imi.

7

1

2

8

*.

**

*,

, / 0 7 1 2 8 *. ** *,

T"*K#&cell

effectivereu#e

F;R * (,= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load 37= (trialed))F;R * (*= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load 37= (trialed))F;R /517 (,= Bloc>ing3 F req5load /.= (trialed))F;R /517 (*= Bloc>ing3 F req5load /.= (trialed))F;R / (,= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (simulated))F;R / (*= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (simulated))

'igure 9:2". 8ncrease o re(uired eecive reuse on a so b+ocking +imied ne*ork due o

he beer runking eiciency on bigger ce++ coniguraions.

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40/82


$!3 Frequency &llocation Strategie5

hen preparing or a re(uency a++ocaion some decisions have o be made concerning he *aned

6requency allocation reu5e and t9e corre5ponding 6requency load. A+so i mus be decided

*heher o use a separae re(uency band or he @CC) carriers or use a common band or boh he@CC) and he norma+ C) $5s.

).*.1 BCCH (llocation

he @CC) carriers are specia+ in a sense ha he ransmission o he do*n+ink direcion is consan

and a+*ays acive on hem. here are *o basic approaches in he @CC) a++ocaion. he @CC)

re(uencies may be a++ocaed rom a 5eparate dedicated 6requency :andor he re(uencies or he

@CC) $5s and he C) $5s %$5s no carrying he @CC)& may be a++ocaed rom one

common :and.

@oh approaches have been simu+aed or re(uency hopping ne*ork in HBro!6I. 8n his simu+aion

he used re(uency band *as 26 re(uencies corresponding o 9. )M. 'or t9e dedicated :and

5trategy12 re(uencies *ere dedicaed o he @CC) $5s and he remaining 19 re(uencies *ere

used as C) re(uencies *hich *ere a++ocaed by using a s+o* 'daptive Channel 'llocation%ACA&

a+gorihm presened in HA+m!;I. 8n he common :and ca5e he @CC) re(uencies *ere irs

a++ocaed by using a reuse o 26. he ACA a+gorihm *as hen used o se+ec he C) re(uencies or

each ce++. he @CC) re(uencies *ere no changed during his procedure. 8n boh cases hree

dieren $5 coniguraions *ere simu+aed. he ce++s had 3 or 9 C) $5s depending on he

case. 8n every case he average reuse is he same in boh sraegies so he resu+s are easi+y

comparab+e.

8n he simu+aion he signa+ po*ers *ere averaged over a period o 0." seconds. -uring his period

a++ he re(uencies in he hopping se(uence have been used severa+ imes. hus he as ading can be

assumed o have been removed by averaging. he s+o* ading *as assumed o be consan over he

averaging period. @oh he co:channe+ and he adFacen channe+ inererence *ere considered. he

simu+aed hopping mode *as random @@ hopping. 're(uency diversiy eec *as no considered.

he used inererence +imied ne*ork consised o 10" ce++s in hree secorised coniguraion having

a radius o 1 km. he mobi+es *ere random+y generaed and saic. Po*er conro+ and -5 *ere

used in he boh direcions.

he sysem perormance *as measured by deermining he 10 percen C!m!lative $istri*!tion

#!nction%C-'& va+ue o he C/8 raio. he +oad measure *as deined as he number o served usersper ce++ using he ime s+o one.

he up+ink perormance as a uncion o served raic is presened in 'igure 9 :2!. 8 can be seen

ha he common band sraegy perorms beer. he improvemen is 1:2 d@. he more uniorm reuse

provided by he common band sraegy is more eecive because he coninuous ransmission on he

@CC) $5s is on+y emp+oyed in do*n+ink direcion. he @CC) reuse o 12 orces he reuse on he

C) $5s o be very igh. his is unnecessary in up+ink direcion since he +oad is abou he same

on he @CC) and C) $5s. T9e common :and 5trategy i5 :etter w9en t9e uplink i5

con5idered. )o*ever t9e uplink i5 not u5ually t9e limiting linkin inererence +imied ne*orks

since anenna diversiy is norma++y ui+ised a base saions.

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1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 0/"2


41/82


he do*n+ink perormance on he C) $5s as a uncion o served raic is presened in 'igure 9

:30. 'or a downlink direction t9e dedicated :and5 5trategy i5 5uperior . he improvemen is on

he order o 1:9 d@ depending on he raic +oad. he degradaion o he C/8 raio is (uie s+o* as he

raic +oad increases in common bands case. his indicaes ha he @CC) ransmiers are he main

inererence source. 8 *as a+so sho*n in addiiona+ simu+aions ha he perormance gain6romt9e

power control and t9e "T8 in t9e common :and 5y5tem5 were 5maller han in correspondingdedicaed band sysems. his happens because he @CC) re(uencies *hich are he dominaing

inererence source canno ui+ise he PC or he -5.

he do*n+ink perormance on he @CC) $5s as a uncion o served raic is presened in 'igure

9 :31.he do*n+ink perormance on he @CC) $5s is imporan because he ca++ iniia+isaion

a+*ays sars on he @CC) re(uency and he @CC) re(uencies have o be c+ean enough o

guaranee successu+ decoding o he ce++ ideniicaion or handover purposes. he common band

sraegy perorms c+ear+y beer *hen he +oad is sma++. As he +oad increases on he inerering C)

$5s he perormance degrades rapid+y. he dedicaed bands sraegy provides a very sab+e

behavior as he raic +oad doesnE have any eec on he perormance. 8n he dedicaed band case

he C/8 o he @CC) re(uencies in he do*n+ink direcion is eDc+usive+y deermined by he usedre(uency reuse on he @CC) $5s. 7ecau5e o6 t9e 5ta:le and ea5ily predicta:le :e9a=ior on t9e

7CCH 6requencie5 in t9e downlink direction@ t9e dedicated :and5 5trategy i5 pre6era:le.

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1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 1/"2


42/82


'igure 9:2!. >= C/8 a he 10 +eve+.

'igure 9:30. -= C/8 a he 10 +eve+.

'igure 9:31. -= C/8 a he 10 +eve+ on he @CC) re(uency.

i++ one no common used mehod is o use separae bu no coninuous band or he @CC)

re(uencies. 'or eDamp+e every h

re(uency is a++ocaed or @CC). hus adFacen channe+inererence is avoided be*een @CC) re(uencies. On he oher hand C) band causes adFacen

channe+ inererence or he @CC) re(uencies and vice versa bu he inererence migh no be oo

signiican.

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1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 2/"2


43/82


'igure 9:32. -ieren @CC) a++ocaion sraegies.

).*.2 Selecting the Effective Re!se 4BB #H5

ih @@ hopping he raciona+ +oading canno be ui+ised and he num:er o6 9opping 6requencie5

i5 alway5 t9e 5ame a5 t9e num:er o6 TR85 in a cell eDcep or C)s on he Mero ime s+os *hicha+*ays have one hopping re(uency +ess han he oher C)s. hus in a @@ hopping ne*ork he

re(uency a++ocaion reuse a+*ays e(ua+s he eecive reuse in he ne*ork.

ince re(uency and inererence diversiy gains signiican+y depend on he number o hopping

re(uencies i is recommended o have a lea5t t9ree 9opping 6requencie5 a5 a minimum

con6iguration. 8 he ce++ $5 coniguraions are sma++er han ha @@ ') is no recommended o be

used. 8n ha case $' ') or 8>O migh oer a beer so+uion o increase he capaciy.

@eore making he acua+ re(uency p+an by using he re(uency a++ocaion oo+ +ike NP/5 an

esimaion o he minimum eecive reuse migh be needed or eDamp+e in endering phase. he

o++o*ing 'igure 9 :33gives an esimaion o an app+icab+e reuse compared o he siuaion beore

imp+emening @@ '). 'or eDamp+e i *e have in he non:hopping ne*ork reuse 19 aer

imp+emening @@ ') *ih $5 average coniguraion per ce++ *e end up o reuse !. he bigger is

he $5 coniguraion he sma++er reuse *e can use since he reuse is dependen on he number o

hopping re(uencies %G$5s *ih @@ ')&.

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 3/"2

B""H '"H

B""H '"H

B""H '"H

edicated band

"ommon band

edicated mi@ed band


44/82


$9& %ffective Reuses with different 'R+ configurations in BB

FH case

.

,

0

1

2

*.

*,

*0

*1*2

,.

/ 1 8 *, *7 *2

!riginal reuse

&ew

reuse

&o FH

/ 'R+

0 'R+

7 'R+

1 'R+

'igure 9:33.


45/82


46/82


8mporan is a+so o ensure ha he eecive reuse is no oo +o* o ensure a good (ua+iy. he

o++o*ing ab+e conains an eDamp+e o choosing he righ '.A. reuse scheme o give he bes

capaciy gain. As can be seen he bes capaciy is go *ih he '.A. reuses 2:9. T9e minimum

e66ecti=e reu5e and ma


47/82


)o*ever here are some re(uiremens ha have o be u+i++ed. 'irs o a++ he basic re(uiremen is

ha he cell5 at one 5ite 9a=e to :e controlled :y t9e 5ame 7CF so ha hey are rame

synchronised. ih he curren Nokia e(uipmen his re(uiremen +imis t9e ma


48/82


%N&'X N() * 1 2 3 + , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1

MA%T1) 1 4 8 10 15 20

T&MA * 1 2 3 + , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1

MA% 1 , 1 1 2 3 1 2 * 2 3 + , 1 , 2 +

T&MA-4RAM' -5

'CT(R MA-%T HN MA%( TRX * 1 2 3 + , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1

1 1 3 1 bcch frequency 1...* 2 4 20 4 4 8 10 4 8 1 8 10 15 20 4 20 8 15

1 3 8 1 8 8 10 15 8 10 4 10 15 20 1 8 1 10 20

2 1 3 1 bcch frequency 2 ...

2 2 10 4 10 10 15 20 10 15 8 15 20 1 4 10 4 15 1


3 2 15 8 15 15 20 1 15 20 10 20 1 4 8 15 8 20 4

+ 3 20 10 20 20 1 4 20 1 15 1 4 8 10 20 10 1 8

, + 1 15 1 1 4 8 1 4 20 4 8 10 15 1 15 4 10

'igure 9:3;.


49/82


he resu+ing cumu+aive densiy uncions o -= '


50/82


).*.) #re!ency Sharing in the Single +(:list Scheme 4R# #H only5

're(uency sharing can a+so be used o rea+ise he usage o on+y one (&;li5t in t9ene*orks ui+ising

5ectori5ed :a5e 5tation con6iguration5. 8n he sing+e A:+is scheme a++ he ce++s use he same se o

re(uencies. 8 he ce++s in one sie use he same A:+iss *ihou he re(uency sharing unciona+iy

occasiona+ co:channe+ co++isions *i++ happen be*een he ce++s o one sie. hen re(uency sharing isused i can be ensured ha no unnecessary co: or adFacen channe+ co++isions *i++ occur provided ha

he ce++s on he same sie use he same )N.

hen he sing+e A:+is scheme is emp+oyed a continuou5 6requency :and i5 u5ually allocatedo

he ce++s. 8n order o avoid inrace++ adFacen channe+ inererence he (&IO5tep59ould :e 5et to at

lea5t %. Preerab+y even bigger sep shou+d be used especia++y i up+ink po*er conro+ is no in use.

@ecause inererence be*een he ce++s o he same sie is much +ess +ike+y o occur han inrace++

inererence a 5maller c9annel 5eparation can :e u5ed :etween t9e cell5 o6 t9e 5ame 5ite .

Conse(uen+y he number o needed re(uencies is reduced. hen his possibi+iy is aken ino

accoun he


51/82


%N&'X N() * 1 2 3 + , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1

MA%T1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

T&MA * 1 2 3 + , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1

MA% * 2 2 2 11 + * / 0 3 12 / / 1* /

T&MA-4RAM' -5

'CT(R MA-%T HN MA%( TRX * 1 2 3 + , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1

1 1 2 1 bcch frequency 1...* 2 1 3 7 3 3 12 5 1 9 10 4 13 9 9 11 7 9

+ 3 5 7 11 7 7 1 9 5 13 14 8 2 13 13 15 11 13


2 7 9 13 9 9 3 11 7 15 1 10 4 15 15 2 13 15


/ 2 9 11 15 11 11 5 13 9 2 3 12 6 2 2 4 15 2

12 3 13 15 4 15 15 9 2 13 6 7 1 10 6 6 8 4 6

1 + 2 4 8 4 4 13 6 2 10 11 5 14 10 10 12 8 10

'igure 9:1.


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3! R&"IO NET1OR, P&R&(ETERS

he @ radio ne*ork parameers re+aed o re(uency hopping are presened in ab+e 6.

ab+e 6. ') re+aed @ radio ne*ork parameers.

ObFec Parameer -escripionA 're(uency A:+is. >sed *ih $' ') @ maD. ;3 re(uencies per +is.

@CC) re(uency mus no be inc+uded in he +is.

A 8deniicaion o A:+is A:+is ideniicaion number in a @C %1 : 12"&.

A ype o A:+is 're(uency band o he A:+is %,!00 ,1"00 ,1!00&.

@ @ is hopping %)OP& he hopping mode o he @ %@@ $' or N&.

@ )opping se(uence

number 1 %)N1&

)opping se(uence number o he hopping group 1. 8n @@ ') or

he 0 ime s+os eDcep he @CC) ime s+o and in $' ') a++ heime s+os o hopping $5s %0 : ;3&.

@ )opping se(uence

number 2 %)N2&

)opping se(uence number o he hopping group 2. 'or he ime

s+os 1:6. @@ ') on+y %0 : ;3&.@ A8O ose -eines he A8O or he irs $5 in he ce++ %0 : ;2&. A++o*s he

sharing o he same A:+is be*een mu+ip+e secors o one @

*ihou inrasie co++isions. ecors mus be under he same @C'.$e+evan in $' ') on+y.

@ A8O sep -eines he sep siMe ha is used *hen he A8O is ca+cu+aed or

he $5s in he ce++. $e+evan in $' ') on+y. %Avai+ab+e in 7SS0&

@ 8deniicaion o A:+is A:+is id number ideniying he A:+is ha is a++ocaed o ha@. $e+evan in $' ') on+y.

$5 're(uency %'$


53/82


ma@5 1/ frequencies5!bect classE $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist ($;)G6$ referenceE G6$ .05.2 *.575,5*,3G6$ .75., 15,5,!ptionE -ReleaseE before 60$odificationE Dhen B'6 is loc>ed3 if used in a RF hopping B'6

RestrictionE B""H frequency must not be included in the list5$$: nameE frequency$$: rangeE *55*,0 and 8755*.,/ (G6$) 7*,55227 ("6) 7*,552*. ("6*8)$$: defaultE -$$: commandE %B%3%B'3%B9&$6 G#9 nameE Frequencies&$6 G#9 rangeE *55*,0 and 8755*.,/ (G6$) 7*,55227 ("6) 7*,552*. ("6*8)&$6 G#9 dialog nameE $;: arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE frequency

&$6 B rangeE .55*.,/&$6 B mappingE *E*

)A-li#t I(escriptionE 9dentification of a $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist in a B6"5!bect classE $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist ($;)G6$ referenceE G6$ .05.2 *.575,5*,3G6$ .75., 15,5,!ptionE -ReleaseE before 60$odificationE Read onlyRestrictionE -$$: nameE 9dentification of mobile allocation frequency list$$: rangeE *55*,2

$$: defaultE -$$: commandE %B%3%BR3%B'3%B93%?;&$6 G#9 nameE $;: 9&$6 G#9 rangeE *55*,2&$6 G#9 dialog nameE $;: arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE obectinstance&$6 B rangeE 6tring up to *. characters&$6 B mappingE *E*

T0pe of )A-li#tescriptionE Frequency band of the list5 'he band is either G6$3 "6 or

"6*8 band5!bect classE $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist ($;)

G6$ referenceE G6$ .05.2 *.575,5*,3G6$ .75., 15,5,!ptionE -ReleaseE before 60$odificationE Read onlyRestrictionE -$$: nameE type of the mobile allocation frequency list$$: rangeE G6$3 "63 "6*8$$: defaultE -$$: commandE %B%3%B9&$6 G#9 nameE Frequency Band in #se&$6 G#9 rangeE G6$3 "6 *2..3 "6 *8..&$6 G#9 dialog nameE $;: arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE freqbandinuse

&$6 B rangeE .55/&$6 B mappingE G6$ (.)3 "6 *2.. (*)3 "6 *8.. (,)

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 93/"2


54/82


3!% 7TS 'e=el FH Related Parameter5

BTS hopping odeescriptionE 'he hopping mode of the B'65 RF and BB hopping cannot be

active simultaneously at the same site (B"F)5!bect classE B'6G6$ referenceE G6$ .05.2 *.575,57!ptionE -ReleaseE before 60$odificationE B'6 site types %,*AF*, and %07AF07E

when B'6 is loc>ed B'6 site type %/0AF/0E when B"F and B'6 are loc>edRestrictionE B'6 site type %,*AF*, does not support RF hopping5$$: nameE B'6 hopping mode (H!)$$: rangeE BB baseband hopping is used RF radio frequency hopping is used

& hopping is not used$$: defaultE -$$: commandE %?"3%?%3%?!&$6 G#9 nameE Hopping $ode&$6 G#9 rangeE &on-hopping3 Baseband3 RF&$6 G#9 dialog nameE B'6 arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE hoppingmode&$6 B rangeE .55,&$6 B mappingE &on-hopping (.)3 Baseband (*)3 RF (,)

+opping #e/uence nu;er 1escriptionE H6&* is used in the frequency hopping sequence generation

algorithm and it is located in the Frequency Hopping 6ystem

* (time slots . e@cept B""H time slot)5!bect classE B'6G6$ referenceE G6$ .05.2 *.575,573G6$ .75., 15,5,!ptionE -ReleaseE before 60$odificationE Dhen B'6 is loc>edRestrictionE "hec> that either cyclic or random hopping is used in the

whole site (,ndgen B'6)5 arameter is only used with BB and RF hopping56ee parameter B'6 hopping mode5

$$: nameE hopping sequence number * (H6&*)$$: rangeE . cyclic hopping *551/ random hopping$$: defaultE .

$$: commandE %?"3%?%3%?!&$6 G#9 nameE H6&-*&$6 G#9 rangeE .551/&$6 G#9 dialog nameE B'6 arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE hsn&$6 B rangeE .551/&$6 B mappingE *E*

+opping #e/uence nu;er 2escriptionE H6&, is used in the frequency hopping sequence generation

algorithm and it is located in the Frequency Hopping 6ystem, (time slots *-)5

!bect classE B'6G6$ referenceE G6$ .05.2 *.575,573G6$ .75., 15,5,!ptionE -

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 9/"2


55/82


ReleaseE before 60$odificationE Dhen B'6 is loc>edRestrictionE "hec> that either cyclic or random hopping is used in the

whole site (,ndgen B'6)5 arameter is used only with BB hopping5 6eeparameter B'6 hopping mode5

$$: nameE hopping sequence number , (H6&,)

$$: rangeE . cyclic hopping *551/ random hopping$$: defaultE .$$: commandE %?"3%?%3%?!&$6 G#9 nameE H6&-,&$6 G#9 rangeE .551/&$6 G#9 dialog nameE B'6 arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE hsn&$6 B rangeE .551/&$6 B mappingE *E*

)AI off#etescriptionE 'he parameter sets the $;9! offset which is the lowest $;9!

in the cell5 Dith $;9! offset it is possible to use the same$; frequency list for two or more sectors of the sitewithout collisions5

!bect classE B'6G6$ referenceE &o ref5!ptionE -ReleaseE 61$odificationE 'he parameter can be modified only when the B'6 is

loc>ed or not RF hopping5RestrictionE -$$: nameE $;9! offset ($!)$$: rangeE .551,$$: defaultE .

$$: commandE %?;3%?!3%F!&$6 G#9 nameE $;9! !ffset&$6 G#9 rangeE .551,&$6 G#9 dialog nameE B'6 arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE maiooffset&$6 B rangeE .551,&$6 B mappingE *E*

)AI #tepescriptionE 'he parameter sets the $;9! step5!bect classE B'6G6$ ReferenceE &o ref5!ptionE -

ReleaseE 6$odificationE !n-:ineRestrictionE -$$: nameE $;9! step ($6)$$: rangeE *551,$$: defaultE *$$: commandE %?;3%?!3%F!&$6 G#9 nameE $;9! 6tep&$6 G#9 rangeE *551,&$6 G#9 dialog nameE B'6 arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE maiostep&$6 B rangeE .551,&$6 B mappingE *E*

&oteE !'9!&;: (Fle@ible $;9! management)

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 99/"2


56/82


)A-li#t u#ed ;0 BTSescriptionE 'he parameter defines the mobile allocation frequency list

to which the B'6 will be attached5 Relevant when RF hoppingis used5 6ee chapter $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist5

!bect classE B'6G6$ referenceE &o ref5

!ptionE -ReleaseE before 60$odificationE 9f B'6 is RF hopping3 then B'6 must be loc>edRestrictionE -$$: nameE mobile allocation frequency list ($;:)$$: rangeE .55*,2 (the value . detaches the B'6 from any

mobile allocation frequency list)$$: defaultE &o $;-list attached$$: commandE %?;3%?!&$6 G#9 nameE #sed $obile ;llocation&$6 G#9 rangeE &ot ;ssignedI ;ssigned 9(*55*,2)&$6 G#9 dialog nameE B'6 arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE usedmobilealloclistid

&$6 B rangeE .55*,2&$6 B mappingE ;ssigned 9 (*55*,2)3 &ot ;ssigned (.)

3!+ Power Control

ab+e ".


57/82


G",P E*PANATIN H3 NA)E "ANGE ,NIT Setting

General %nable B'6 pow er control pow er"trl%nabled es A &o es

$in time interval betw een "Js pow er"ontrol9nterval . 555 /* sec *

ow er increase step siKe pow er9ncr6tepsiKe ,30 or 1 dB ,

ow er decrease step siKe pow erRed6tepsiKe , or 0 dB ,

B6 t@ ma@ pw r preattenuation rf$a@ow erReduction . 555 *, dB .

optional ave #: signal quality (B%R)4 .5, = pw recr:imitBand. . 555 /2 dB /2

ave #: signal quality (B%R) .5, = - .50 = pw recr:imitBand* . 555 /2 dB ,.

ave #: signal quality (B%R) L .50 = pw recr:imitBand, . 555 /2 dB 2

pw recr?ualFactor . A * *

optional $6 ow er optimisation after H! msw r!pt:ev -**. 555 -0A & dBm -8

B'6 pow er range $a@ attenuation bs'@w r$in . 555 /. dB /.

$in attenuation bs'@w r$a@ . 555 /. dB .

;veraging w indow s pc;veraging:ev: * 555 /, 6;""H *

w eighting * 555 / *

pc;veraging:ev#: * 555 /, 6;""H *


pc;veraging?ual: * 555 /, 6;""H *


pc;veraging?ual#: * 555 /, 6;""H *


'hresholds pc:ow er'hresholds:ev: -**. 555 -0 dBm -*.*

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc:ow er'hresholds:ev#: -**. 555 -0 dBm -*.*

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc:ow er'hresholds?ual: . 555 0

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc:ow er'hresholds?ual#: . 555 0

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc#pper'hresholds:ev: -**. 555 -0 dBm -0

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc#pper'hresholds:ev#: -**. 555 -0 dBm -0

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc#pper'hresholds?ual: . 555 *

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc#pper'hresholds?ual#: . 555 *

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 96/"2


58/82


3!/ Hando=er

ab+e !.


59/82


p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

3!$ "T8

*.).1 8plin $&

he saus o he up+ink -5 can be deined in misce++aneous 7TS parameter5in 7SC. he mode

o he or using he disconinuous ransmission %-5& can be se+eced in -5 parameer as

o++o*ing4

. : may use -5

: sha++ use -5

% : sha++ no use -5.

he de6aultor he parameer is meaning ha he mobi+e have o use -5. On+y a e* operaors

in he *or+d use he va+ue 0 *here he deau+ seing o he mobi+e chooses he up+ink -5 mode.

*.).2 $ownlin $&

he saus o he do*n+ink -5 can be deined in 7TS parameter5 o(SC. his "T8 parameter

can receive one o he o++o*ing va+ues4

ON -o*n+ink -5 enab+ed by C

OFF -o*n+ink -5 disab+ed by C.

he curren de6aultva+ue or he parameer is OFF! 8 he acivaion o he do*n+ink -5 doesnE

cause any specia+ harm or he uncioning o he ne*ork he usage o he -5 uncion is

recommendab+e.

)ere is one eDamp+e o @ parameers in C inc+uding -5 uncion4

-5 220 -52D0:=A@ 1!!0:11:1 1042"49;

@A< $ANC


60/82


0! OPTI(IS&TION

0! Tool5 6or Network (onitoring

he o++o*ing oo+s or eDamp+e can be used or monioring he (ua+iy and he raic o he ne*ork4

Cell "octorversion 1.1".1 or +aer in N/2000. he oo+ eDracs daa in eD orma rom he

daabase.

N"1can be used or 7ua+iy / raic monioring. 8 uses he daabase o N/2000.

TI(/ TO(monioring can be used or indoor / oudoor drive ess

A specia+ -= 'A= can be o+eraed *hen ') is used. -rop ca++ rae doesnE neiher

corre+ae direc+y o he (ua+iy since *ih ') he drop ca++ rae ends o say +o* evenhough he

subFecive speech (ua+iy *ere no anymore accepab+e.

Ne* (ua+iy measures are under deve+opmen and in esing phase o measure he subFecive speech

(ua+iy more accurae+y. 8n he o++o*ing ab+e he norma+ 7SS and NSS le=el ,PI5are presened.

T9e5e ,PI5 are more in6ormational t9an Nokia-5 o66icial =alue5D

ih ') he crieria or he cumu+aive uplink and downlink quality di5tri:utioncou+d be he

o++o*ing4

ab+e 10. BP8s or he up+ink and he do*n+ink $57>A= disribuion.

@ re+aed indicaors hor erm crieria =ong erm crieria

>p+ink (ua+iy disribuion 0U9 !9 0U9 !"

-o*n+ink (ua+iy disribuion 0U9 !9 0U9 !"

ab+e 11. @ and N re+aed BP8s.

Version -ae Page

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61/82


BSS Related Short criteria

Longcriteria

'"H ;vailability N=O3 ,0h 87 88C6""H 6uccess Ratio N=O3 87 8

'"H 6uccess Ratio N=O3 87 8

"all 6etup 6uccess Rate N=O3 8. 87

6""H Bloc>ing N=O3 cell .57 .5,

'"H "all Bloc>ing N=O3 cell 7 ,

'"H H! Bloc>ing N=O3 cell 'B 'B;ccess Grant Bloc>ing N=O3 cell . .

'"H rop Ratio N=O3 7 /

"umulative #: ?uality distribution3 .P 03 87 .P 03 82

"umulative : ?uality distribution3 .P 03 87 .P 03 82

;verage 9nterference Band3 'B 'BB6" "ontrolled !utgoing H! 6uccess N=O3 8/ 8

$6" "ontrolled !utgoing H! 6uccess N=O 3 8. 87

9ntra "ell H! 6uccess N=O3 81 88

Ratio of B'6s %@ceeding 7= Bloc>ing in BH N=O3

6$6 6uccess Rate3 87 82C&ote3 obects which are :oc>ed by #ser are counted as non available and will reduce the availability value5

NSS Related Short criteria

Longcriteria

9ntra $6" H! 6uccess Ratio 8* 819nter $6" H! 6uccess Ratio 27 80

aging 6uccess Ratio 'B 'B

'echnically 6uccessful "alls 'B 'B

$6" "GR ;vailability N=O *.. *..6'& "GR ;vailability *.. *..

;-if "GR ;vailability N=O *.. *..

Q$6 "GR ;vailability N=O *.. *..

$6" "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 * .5*

6'& "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 * .5*

;-if "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 BH * .5*

Q$6 "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 * .5*9ntra Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Home 6ubscriber 8 88

9ntra Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Roaming 6ubscriber 8 88

9nter Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Home 6ubscriber 81 829nter Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Roaming 6ubscriber 8. 87

eriodic :# 6uccess Ratio 8 88

Home 6ubscriber :# 6uccess ratio when visiting:$&

'B 'B

Home 6ubscriber :# 6uccess ratio when comingfrom different :$&

'B 'B

General Criteria&umber of alarms per &etwor> %lement3 e@c5 %>i

&umber of transmission alarms per %>i

"ustomer complaints of &D 4 *A*...

"ustomer complaints of 4 *A*...

0!+ R8)#&' in FH Network5

Frequency 9opping cau5e5 some c9ange5 in t9e R8)#&' di5tri:ution. A+so here are some

dierences in a *ay he $57>A= disribuion shou+d be inerpreed.

T9e #rame Eras!re Ratio%'


62/82


he FERis a measure o ho* successu++y he speech rame *as received aer he error correcion

process and i is hus a beer indicaion o he subFecive speech (ua+iy compared o he $57>A=

*hich gives an esimae o he +ink (ua+iy in erms o @A= doesnE indicae ho* he

bi errors *ere disribued in a speech rame. he bi error disribuion aecs he abi+iy o he

channe+ decoding o correc he errors.

he o++o*ing ab+e gives an idea o he corre+aion be*een $57>A= and '


63/82


6ubective quality3 laboratory tests

6teady qualityAF%R value (fast mobile or frequency hopping)

R+qual F%R

. - 0 good . - 0= good

7 slightly degraded 0 - *7= slightly degraded

1 degraded *7 - /7= degraded

useless L/7= useless

T9e relation o6 downlink FER and R8)#&'*as measured during a ') ria+. he re+aion is

c+ear+y dieren in he hopping case compared o he non:hopping case. he disribuions o 'A= c+ass are presened in 'igure 6 :3 and 'igure 6 :.One c+ear observaion can be

made in he non:hopping case here are signiican amoun o samp+es indicaing deerioraed (ua+iy

%'A= c+ass 9 *hi+e in he hopping case he signiican (ua+iy deerioraion

%'A= c+ass ;. hus i may be conc+uded ha in he re(uency hopping

ne*orks signiican (ua+iy deerioraion sars a $57>A= c+ass ; *hi+e in non:hopping ne*orkhis happens a $57>A= c+ass 9.

Version -ae Page

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64/82


his dierence is a conse(uence o inererence and re(uency diversiies ha aec he re(uency

hopping ne*ork. @ecause o hese eecs he inererence or +o* signa+ srengh end o occur

random+y *hi+e in a non:hopping ne*ork i is probab+e ha inererence or +o* ie+d srengh *i++

aec severa+ consecuive burss making i harder or he error correcion o acua++y correc errors.

he successu+ error correcion +eads o +ess erased rames and hus improves he '


65/82


.-* *-77-*.

*.-

*7*7-

*..

?.

?*

?,

?/

?0

?7

?1

?

.5.. =

*.5.. =

,.5.. =

/.5.. =

0.5.. =

7.5.. =

1.5.. =

.5.. =

2.5.. =

8.5.. =

*..5.. =

$E" J

"*H,A

( $E" & "*H,A %ave 3.? hopping carrier# & cell'

'igure 6:. easured re+aion o 'A= in re(uency hopping case.

his improvemen o 'A= va+ues may be a++o*ed in a re(uency

hopping ne*ork. $57>A= hresho+ds are used in he handover and po*er conro+ decisions.@ecause o he improvemen in he re+aive recepion perormance on he $57>A= c+asses :; he

$57>A= hresho+ds aecing handover and po*er conro+ decisions shou+d be se higher in a

ne*ork using re(uency hopping ne*ork. In a 6requency 9opping network R8)#&' cla55e5 .;$

are indicating good quality!

ypica++y he share o he R8)#&' cla55e5 3 and 0 may increa5ea6ter FH i5 5witc9ed on even i

no oher changes have been made. his may seem o be surprising since i is eDpeced ha re(uency

hopping improves he ne*ork (ua+iy. )o*ever in mos cases he (ua+iy is acua++y improved bu

he improvemen is more visib+e in he ca++ success raio. he improved o+erance agains inererence

and +o* ie+d srengh in ') ne*ork means ha i is +ess +ike+y ha he decoding o ACC) rames

ai+s causing incremen in he radio +ink imeou couner. hus it i5 le55 likely t9at a call i5 dropped:ecau5e o6 t9e radio link timeout. 8nsead he ca++s generaing high $57>A= samp+es end o say

on. his may +ead o increase in he share o $57>A= ;:6. )o*ever a he same ime he ca++

success rae is signiican+y improved.

8n he 'igure 6 :9 here are presened some ria+ resu+s o a -= $57>A= disribuion *ih

dieren re(uency a++ocaion reuse paerns. As can be seen rom he igures he igher he reuse

becomes he +ess samp+es a++ in (ua+iy c+ass 0 and more samp+es a++ in (ua+iy c+asses 1:;. hereEs

bigger dierence in do*n+ink han in up+ink direcion.

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" ;9/"2


66/82


'igure 6:9. -= $57>A= disribuion o a ria+ *ih dieren re(uency a++ocaion reuse

paerns %no ') 1/1 1/3 iDed 1/3 heurisic a++ocaion&

'igure 6:;. >= $57>A= disribuion o a ria+ *ih dieren re(uency a++ocaion reuse

paerns %no ') 1/1 1/3 iDed 1/3 heurisic a++ocaion&

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" ;;/"2

( "*H,A (i#tri;ution

.5..

*.5..

,.5..

/.5..

0.5..

7.5..

1.5..

-.5..

2.5..

8.5..

*..5..

q . q * q , q / q 0 q 7 q 1 q -

Hualit0 Cla##e #

Percentage%J' &o FH

*A/ pure

*A/ heuristic

*A*

, "*H,A (i#tri;ution

.5..

*.5..

,.5..

/.5..

0.5..

7.5..

1.5..

.5..

2.5..

8.5..

*..5..

q . q * q , q / q 0 q 7 q 1 q

Hualit0 Cla##e#

Percentage%J' &o FH

*A/ pure

*A/ heuristic

*A*


67/82


're(uency hopping orces each ca++ o use a++ he re(uencies in he hopping se(uence. 8 some o

hose re(uencies are more inerered han ohers i may happen ha aer ') is s*iched on he

(ua+iy o he ca++s suers. 19en FH i5 not u5ed@ t9e call5 tend to :e allocated to t9e TR85 u5ing

inter6erence 6ree carrier5 %he $5 and he ime s+o are se+eced based on he >= id+e channe+

inererence measuremen&. A= canno be measured anymore. he(ua+iy is averaged over he hopping se(uence.

0!/ Idle C9annel Inter6erence (ea5urement

hen a ne* ca++ is esab+ished or a handover is perormed he @C se+ecs he $5 and he ime

s+o or he raic channe+ based on he id+e channe+ inererence measuremens. T9e 6requency

9opping 9a5 a 5igni6icant e66ect on t9e idle c9annel inter6erence mea5urement re5ult5!

hen he re(uency hopping is used he re(uency o a hopping +ogica+ channe+ is changed abou

216 imes in a second. he re(uency o he id+e ime s+os changes according o he same se(uence.

Ina case o he random 9opping his means ha he mea5ured idle c9annel inter6erence i5 likely

to :e t9e 5ame 6or all t9e TR85 t9at u5e t9e 5ame (&;li5t . 8 he inererence is averaged over

more han one ACC) rame he averaging eec is even sronger. )o*ever norma++y he

inererers are mobi+es +ocaed in inerering ce++s. 8n his case here are probab+y di66erence5 inhe

mea5ured idle c9annel inter6erence5 :etween di66erent time 5lot5 in t9e cell . his happens

because he inerering mobi+es are on+y ransmiing during he ime s+o ha has been a++ocaed o

hem. his is i++usraed in'igure 6 :6.

8 he cyclic 9oppingse(uence is used here migh occur di66erence5onhe mea5ured idle c9annel

inter6erence le=el5 :etween t9e TR85on he same ime s+o as eDp+ained in he o++o*ing secion.

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" ;6/"2


68/82


0 1 2 3 9 ; 6

$.=

Pah +oss o he

inerered @.

$5 1

$5 2

$5 3

f15 f25 f3

f15 f25 f3

Inter6ering

mo:ile5 u5ing

t9e 5ame

6requencie5F

imes+o W

0 1 2 3 9 ; 6

Pah +oss o he

inerered @.

$5 1

$5 2

$5 3

f15 f25 f3

f15 f25 f3

Inter6ering

mo:ile5 u5ing

t9e 5ame

6requencie5F

imes+o W

:ow

High

9dle channelinterference level

'igure 6:6. 8d+e channe+ inererence in a case o he random $' hopping.

0!$ Cyclic and Random Hopping Sequence5

8 he cyclichopping mode is used he inererence caused by a mobi+e is no necessari+y spreadeven+y on a++ he hopping $5s as can be seen in 'igure 6 :". 8 he randomhopping se(uences

are used inererence is a+*ays even+y spread on a++ he $5s using he same A:+is as presened in

'igure 6 :!.he disribuion o inererence presened in his secion is he same or boh uplink

and downlinkdirecions.

*

interference

'R+ *

'R+ ,

'R+ /

'R+ 0

'R+ 7

'R+ 1

'$; frames

Ba#e #tation

)o;ile

0

**

*7

*2

1 frequencies

/ frequencies

0

**

*7

*2

*

**

*7

*2

*

0

**

*7

*2

*

0

*7

*2

*

0

**

*2

*

0

**

*7

*

0

**

*7

*2

0

**

*7

*2

*

**

*7

*2

*

0

**

*7

*2

*

0

*7

*2

*

0

**

*2

*

0

**

*7

*

0

**

*7

*2

0

**

*7

*2

*

**

*7

*2

*

0

**

*7

*2

*

0

*7

*2

*

0

**

*2

*

0

**

*7

* 2 *7 * 2 *7 * 2 *7 * 2 *7 * 2 *7 * 2 *7

'igure 6:".


69/82


7 , * 0 * 1 * 0 / 0 , 7 7 0 / 0 * , * 1 / , , 1

/ 7 * * , * 0 , 1 / / 0 * , / / * 1 , , 7 / 7 7

'R+ *

'R+ ,

'R+ /

'R+ 0

'R+ 7

'R+ 1

'$; frames

Ba#e #tation

)o;ile

*1 / , 7 , * , 7 0 7 / 1 1 7 0 7 , / , * 0 / /

0 ,* 0 / 1 / , / 1 7 1 0 * * 1 7 1 / 0 / , 7 0

7 7 /, 7 0 * 0 / 0 * 1 * 7 , , * 1 * 0 7 0 / 1

* 1 1 0/ 1 7 , 7 0 7 , * , 1 / / , * , 7 1 7 0

7 , * * 70 * 1 / 1 7 1 / , / * 0 0 / , / 1 * 1

1 frequencies

1 frequencies

interference

'igure 6:!. 8nererence disribuion *hen random hopping se(uences are used.

he dra*back o he cyc+ic hopping is ha he inererence coming rom one inererer may aec

on+y some o he $5s as seen in 'igure 6 :". his +imis he number o inererers and

compromises he inererence diversiy. 'or his reason it i5 recommended t9at cyclic 9opping

5equence5 are not u5ed in t9e area5 w9ere t9e network i5 inter6erence limited.

'igure 6:90. ,uide o choose be*een cyc+ic and random hopping se(uences.

Version -ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" ;!/"2

C0clicA= bu is si++ gives an indicaion o he overa++ (ua+iy o

he re(uency p+an and he +ocaions o he probab+e inererence areas.

4!+ Planning Ca5e + RF FH wit9 Frequency S9aring

he ne*ork in his case is he same as in he irs p+anning case. he re(uency sharing arrangemen

makes i possib+e o use ') *ih suicien number re(uencies in he hopping se(uence even *ih

sma++ $5 coniguraions *ihou need o ui+ise raciona+ +oading ha re(uires specia+ p+anning oo+

suppor. ince his is $' hopping do*n+ink po*er conro+ can a+so be u++y ui+ised.

-.3.1 #re!ency /lanning

8n his scheme all t9e 5ector5 o6 t9e 5ame 5ite u5e a common (&;li5t! Fractional loading i5 not

utili5ed since i is usua++y possib+e o ge a suicien number o re(uencies in he hopping se(uence

even *ihou i. he benei is ha he re(u

Documents

FH Planning Guide