Fertilization Sperm reaches secondary oocyte and the acrosome
helps the sperm to penetrate oocyte cell membrane _
Slide 2
Fertilization Once sperm within oocyte nucleus of the sperm
head swells forms _ Female meiosis completes only after the sperm
enters the egg. Nuclei unite, chromosomes mingle. Zygote is oocyte
and sperm, has 46 chromosomes.
Slide 3
Morula Travel time to uterus: solid ball of about 16 cells
called the _____________________. Remains ________________________
in the uterine cavity for three days.
Slide 4
Blastocyst Structure becomes _ Implants in the uterus by _
Slide 5
Organization Blastocysts organizes into gives rise to the _
Outer cells become embryonic portion of _ Embryo until _ Fetus
until _
Slide 6
Placenta Placenta develops attaches the embryo to uterine wall
exchanges _ wastes between maternal blood and embryonic blood.
Placenta also _
Slide 7
Hormone changes In non pregnant female, the corpus luteum
degenerates uterine lining sloughs off In pregnant female, need to
_
Slide 8
HCG HCG: human chorionic gonadotropin. prevents _ HCG and some
of the embryonic cells continues to _ inhibits _
Slide 9
HCG HCG secretion is high for ____________________________ and
then declines. Corpus luteum ________________________________, but
is most important in the first few months before the _
Slide 10
More hormones Placental lactogen stimulates
__________________________________ and prepares the mammary glands
for milk secretion. hormone from _ Inhibits the
________________________________ in the myometrium,
___________________________________ until birth.
______________________________________ of the symphysis pubis and
SI joints aids passage of fetus through birth canal.
Slide 11
More hormones Increased secretion of
_______________________________ and of parathyroid hormone
Aldosterone from adrenal cortex promotes renal _ . PTH helps to
maintain high concentrations of calcium.
Slide 12
Parturition Pregnancy continues for about
____________________________ and ends with ______________________
or birth.
Slide 13
Hormonal changes with birth no longer preventing uterine
contractions __________________________ stimulate
______________________ to contract.
Slide 14
Labor Contractions start at the
________________________________ and travel downward, forcing the
contents toward the cervix. Labor contractions force the fetal head
against the cervix elicits a reflex _
Slide 15
Dilation of cervix Dilation of cervix stimulates increased
release of oxytocin more contractions.
Slide 16
Involution After the birth, the _ expelled by the remaining
uterine contractions, stimulated by _
Slide 17
Involution For _________________________ the uterus undergoes _
which is the _ For several weeks will pass a _ then a _ until the
______________________________ and returns to a non-pregnant
state.
Slide 18
Mammary glands Mammary glands: ______________________________
specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy. composed
irregularly shaped lobes Each lobe contains
_______________________________________ that leads to the nipple
and opens to the outside.
Slide 19
More hormones (breast) During pregnancy, placental estrogen and
progesterone stimulate mammary development. Estrogen:
Progesterone
Slide 20
More hormones (breast) Prolactin, released in _________________
and present throughout pregnancy. Prolactin causes _
Slide 21
Milk production and secretion The
_____________________________________. No longer will inhibit
prolactin. Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands to secrete large
quantities of milk not until two or three days following birth
Until then, there is _
Slide 22
Milk ejection Milk must be _ When the breast is _ release of _
causes the muscles to contract and eject the milk.
Slide 23
Milk production Prolactin is released as long as milk is
removed from the breasts. If milk not removed regularly, prolactin
is inhibited
Slide 24
Birth Control: the ______________________________ of the number
of offspring produced and _ Contraception: method designed to
_____________________________ of an egg following intercourse or
_
Slide 25
Withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation
Natural family planning. Requires _ More effective when coupled
with _ Wake up in the morning, without getting out of bed, take
temperature. Body temp rises degree following ovulation. Dips just
a bit before
Slide 26
Cervical mucus Cervical mucus will become When the mucus is
stretchy, it _____________________ through which the sperm can
travel to reach the egg
Slide 27
Mechanical barriers Condom _ Female condom: inserted into the
vagina. Blocks semen from reaching the cervix.
__________________________: Cup shaped structure with a flexible
ring forming the rim. inserted into the vaginal canal and _ Prevent
entry of sperm into cervix. Must be properly fitted. Best used with
a _
Slide 28
Mechanical barriers ________________________: smaller than
diaphragm. Inserted before intercourse. Have been made from _
Slide 29
Chemical barriers Includes _ Will create an environment that is
unfavorable for sperm cells. Have ______________________________.
Most effective when coupled with the barrier methods.
Slide 30
Contraceptives Oral contraceptives: contains _ Disrupts the
gonadotropin secretion and ________________________________________
that would normally trigger ovulation interfere with _ May cause
nausea, water retention, increased pigmentation of skin, breast
tenderness. Also liver damage, and some controversy surrounding
breast cancer.
Slide 31
IUD Intrauterine devices: physician places IUD within _ IUD may
be expelled, produce pain, excessive bleeding. May _
Slide 32
Vaginal Ring releases a continuous _ The ring is inserted into
the vagina _ A new ring is used with each cycle.
Slide 33
Vaginal Ring Disadvantages increased _ vaginal _ cannot use a
diaphragm or cervical cap for a backup method of birth control
Slide 34
Patches place a thin plastic _________________________________
of the buttocks, stomach, upper outer arm, or upper torso once a
week for _ releases combined hormones that protect against
pregnancy for one month
Slide 35
Patches Disadvantages ______________________ at the site of
application for wearers of contact lenses, a change in vision or
the inability to wear the lenses may not be as effective for women
who weigh more than 198 pounds
Slide 36
Surgical methods Physician removes a small
_______________________________ near the epididymis and _ May
result in pain for a week or so. Sperm cannot leave the epididymis,
and are therefore _ Tubal ligation:
__________________________________________ so that sperm cells
cannot reach an egg cell.