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Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting:A statistical overview and exploration of the dynamics of change
A statistical snapshot
note to printer:Outside right page (cover 1)
How widespread is the practice of FGM/C?
Above 80%51% - 80%26% - 50%10% - 25%Less than 10%FGM/C is not concentratedin these countries
Liberia66 Burkina
Faso76
Cameroon1
Central African Republic
24
Chad44
Côte d'Ivoire
38
Djibouti93
Egypt91
Eritrea89
Ethiopia74
Gambia76
Ghana4
Guinea96
Guinea-Bissau
50
Iraq8
Kenya27
Mali89
Mauritania69 Niger
2
Nigeria27
Senegal26
SierraLeone
88
Somalia98
Sudan88
United Republic
of Tanzania15
Togo4
Uganda1
Yemen23
Benin13
FGM/C is concentrated in a swath of countries from the Atlantic Coast to the Horn of Africa, with wide variations in the percentage of girls and women cut, both within and across countriesPercentage of girls and women aged 15 to 49 years who have undergone FGM/C, by country and regions within countries
Notes: This map is stylized and not to scale. It does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. The final boundary between the Republic of the Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. Subnational data for Yemen could not be displayed due to discrepancies between the regional groupings in DHS and those available in the soft-ware used to create the map.Sources: DHS, MICS and SHHS, 1997-2012.
FGM/C prevalence levels among girls do not reflect those who have not yet been cut due to their young agePercentage of girls aged 0 to 14 years who have undergone FGM/C (as reported by their mothers)
Notes: Data for Senegal refer to daughters aged 0 to 9. Data for Egypt have been recalculated for daughters aged 0 to 14.Sources: DHS, MICS and SHHS, 2008-2011.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Togo
Ghana
Uganda
Central African Republic
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Burkina Faso
Nigeria
Egypt
Sudan
Mauritania
Gambia
14
56
54
37
17
13
13
12
1
1
1
0.4
• Levels of FGM/C prevalence vary dramatically among ethnic groups
• Although no causal link can be established, FGM/C appears to be more common in rural areas
• In most countries, FGM/C prevalence is lower among girls in the wealthiest households
• Daughters of uneducated mothers are significantly more likely to have undergone FGM/C
• While the majority of cut girls and women are Muslim, other religious groups also practise FGM/C
Above 80%51% - 80%26% - 50%10% - 25%Less than 10%FGM/C is not concentratedin these countries
Liberia66 Burkina
Faso76
Cameroon1
Central African Republic
24
Chad44
Côte d'Ivoire
38
Djibouti93
Egypt91
Eritrea89
Ethiopia74
Gambia76
Ghana4
Guinea96
Guinea-Bissau
50
Iraq8
Kenya27
Mali89
Mauritania69 Niger
2
Nigeria27
Senegal26
SierraLeone
88
Somalia98
Sudan88
United Republic
of Tanzania15
Togo4
Uganda1
Yemen23
Benin13
note to printer:Inside left page
When and how is FGM/C performed?
Sources: DHS, MICS and SHHS, 1997–2011.
Traditional practitioners perform most cases of FGM/CPercentage distribution of girls who have undergone FGM/C (as reported by their mothers), according to the type of person/practitioner performing the procedure
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Egypt
Sudan
Kenya
Nigeria
Guinea
Djibouti
Iraq
Ghana
Yemen
Chad
Mali
Mauritania
Ethiopia
Sierra Leone
Benin
Eritrea
Central African Republic
United Republic of Tanzania
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Gambia
Guinea-Bissau
Niger
Senegal
Don't know/missingOthersTraditional practitionersHealth personnel
Most girls who have undergone FGM/C have had their genitalia cut, with some flesh removedPercentage distribution of girls who have undergone FGM/C (as reported by their mothers), by type
Sources: DHS and MICS, 1995-2011.
Country
Type of FGM/C
Cut, no flesh removed/nicked
Cut, flesh removed Sewn closed
Type not determined/ not sure/doesn’t know
Benin 2 95 2 1
Burkina Faso N/A N/A 1 N/A
Central African Republic 24 61 6 9
Chad 9 81 8 2
Côte d’Ivoire 7 82 6 5
Djibouti 15 53 30 3
Egypt N/A N/A 2 1
Eritrea 52 6 38 4
Ethiopia N/A N/A 4 N/A
Gambia 0 86 12 1
Ghana 8 68 17 7
Guinea 2 85 10 2
Guinea-Bissau 0 88 10 2
Kenya 3 79 17 1
Mali 16 71 3 11
Mauritania 6 80 N/A 14
Niger 0 63 35 2
Nigeria 16 69 6 9
Senegal N/A N/A 21 N/A
Sierra Leone 1 70 12 17
Somalia 5 25 63 7
United Republic of Tanzania 1 98 2 N/A
In half of the countries with available data, the majority of girls were cut before age 5Percentage distribution of girls who have undergone FGM/C (as reported by their mothers), by age at which cutting occurred
Sources: DHS and MICS, 2000-2010.
Don't know/missing
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Nigeria
Mali
Eritrea
Ghana
Mauritania
Senegal
Ethiopia
Niger
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
United Republic of Tanzania
Benin
Sierra Leone
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Djibouti
Chad
Togo
Egypt
Somalia
Kenya
Central African Republic
15+ years10-14 years5-9 years 0-4 years
• In Egypt, doctors, as opposed to other health personnel, undertake most FGM/C procedures
• Most cases of FGM/C are performed at home using a blade or razor
• More than one in five daughters have undergone the most invasive form of FGM/C (involving the sewing of genitalia) in Somalia, Eritrea, Niger, Djibouti and Senegal
• The type of FGM/C performed is often linked to ethnicity
note to printer:inside middle page
What are the prevailing attitudes towards FGM/C?
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mali
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Gambia
Egypt
Eritrea
Liberia
Sudan
Yemen
Mauritania
Chad
Djibouti
Guinea-Bissau
Ethiopia
Nigeria
Côte d'Ivoire
Senegal
Central African Republic
Kenya
Burkina Faso
Uganda
Cameroon
United Republic of Tanzania
Iraq
Niger
Togo
Ghana
Benin
Say it depends/are not sureThink FGM/C should stopThink FGM/C should continue
In most countries where FGM/C is practised, the majority of women and menthink it should endPercentage distribution of girls and women aged 15 to 49 years and percentage distribution of boys and men aged 15 to 49 (or 59, see note) years who have heard about FGM/C, by their attitudes about whether the practice should continue
Notes: The category of girls and women and boys and men who are unsure or responded that ‘it depends’ also includes those for whom data are missing. In Liberia, only cut girls and women were asked about their attitudes towards FGM/C; since girls and women from practising com-munities are more likely to support the practice, the level of support in this country as captured by the 2007 DHS is higher than would be anticipated had all girls and women been asked their opinion. Data from Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Sierra Leone, Sudan and the United Republic of Tanzania refer to boys and men aged 15 to 49. Data from all other countries refer to boys and men aged 15 to 59. Data presented in these charts cannot be directly compared for all countries since data sources for girls and women are more recent than those for boys and men for some countries.Sources for girls and women: DHS, MICS and SHHS, 1997-2011.Sources for boys and men: DHS, MICS and SHHS, 1995-2010.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mauritania
Mali
Egypt
Guinea
Eritrea
Sierra Leone
Chad
Sudan
Nigeria
Côte d'Ivoire
Senegal
Burkina Faso
United Republic of Tanzania
Cameroon
Niger
Benin
Say it depends/are not sureThink FGM/C should stopThink FGM/C should continue
• Among girls and women, as well as boys and men, the most commonly reported benefit of FGM/C is gaining social acceptance
• Large percentages of women and men are unaware of what the opposite sex thinks about FGM/C
• In 4 out of 14 countries, more than 50 per cent of girls and women regard FGM/C as a religious requirement
• Girls and women who have been cut are more likely to favour maintaining the practice
• Many girls and women who have undergone FGM/C want the practice to end
Notes: Data for Egypt have been recalculated for girls aged 0 to 14. Data for Senegal refer to girls aged 0 to 9. Data for Uganda are not presented since they are based on less than 25 unweighted cas-es. Data for daughters whose mothers think FGM/C should continue for Ghana and Togo were based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Sources: DHS, MICS and SHHS, 2008-2011.
0102030405060708090
100
Daughters whose mothers think FGM/C should stopDaughters whose mothers think FGM/C should continue
23
615
10 925
24
1
3531
43
11
54
1715
5964
54
75
41
87
Central A
frican Republic
Sierra Leone
EgyptGhana
TogoSudan
Burkina Faso
Senegal
Nigeria
Gambia
Mauritania
Many girls who are cut are daughters of women who oppose the practiceAmong daughters of cut girls and women, the percentage of girls aged 0 to 14 years who have undergone FGM/C (as reported by their mothers),
by mothers’ attitudes about whether the practice should continue
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mali
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Gambia
Egypt
Eritrea
Liberia
Sudan
Yemen
Mauritania
Chad
Djibouti
Guinea-Bissau
Ethiopia
Nigeria
Côte d'Ivoire
Senegal
Central African Republic
Kenya
Burkina Faso
Uganda
Cameroon
United Republic of Tanzania
Iraq
Niger
Togo
Ghana
Benin
Say it depends/are not sureThink FGM/C should stopThink FGM/C should continueGirls and Women Boys and Men
note to printer:Inside right page
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Girls aged 15 to 19 years
Women aged 45 to 49 years
Cameroon
Uganda
Togo
Ghana
Niger
Iraq
United Republic of Tanzania
Benin
Kenya
Central African Republic
Nigeria
Yemen
Senegal
Côte d'Ivoire
Chad
Liberia
Guinea-Bissau
Burkina Faso
Ethiopia
Mauritania
Egypt
Sudan
Mali
Guinea
Djibouti
Somalia
Sierra Leone
Gambia
Eritrea
9997
9490
10089
8988
8984
75
81
66
62
58
5048
44
47
85
41
4028
2924
38
34
2519
19
18
15
16
22
8
7
105
32
6
7
2
1
21
20.4
49
89
8096
7977
9578
9681
In most of the 29 countries, FGM/C is less common among adolescent girls thanmiddle-aged women Percentage of girls aged 15 to 19 years and women aged 45 to 49 years who have undergone FGM/C
• The practice is becoming less common in more than half of the 29 countries. The decline is particularly striking in some moderately low to very low prevalence countries
• In a few countries, new data on girls under 15 years of age seem to confirm an important trend towards the elimination of the practice in recent years
• Overall support for the practice is declining, even in countries where FGM/C is almost universal, such as Egypt and Sudan
• The percentage of girls and women who reportedly want FGM/C to continue has remained constant in countries including Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal and the United Republic of Tanzania
• In Egypt, the percentage of girls cut by health personnel has increased dramatically. An increasing trend towards the medicalization of FGM/C is also observed in Kenya
• Overall, little change is seen in the type of FGM/C performed across generations
• Age at cutting has remained fairly stable in most countries. Where change has occurred, the most common trend is towards younger ages
Is the practice of FGM/C changing?
Notes: Confidence intervals for Sierra Leone could not be calculated since the prevalence among girls aged 15 to 19 has been adjusted. Confidence intervals for Yemen could not be calculated since access to the dataset is restricted. Sources: DHS and MICS, 1997-2011.
Implications for programming
• Take into account differences among population groups within and across national borders
• Seek change in individual attitudes about FGM/C, but also address expectations surrounding the practice within the larger social group
• Find ways to make hidden attitudes favouring the abandonment of the practice more visible
• Increase engagement by boys and men in ending FGM/C and empower girls
• Increase exposure to groups that do not practise FGM/C
• Promote abandonment of FGM/C along with improved status and opportunities for girls, rather than advocating for milder forms of the practice
FGM/C: A human rights violation
Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) refers to “all
procedures involving partial or total removal of the female
external genitalia or other injury to the female genital
organs for non-medical reasons.”[i] FGM/C is a violation
of girls’ and women’s human rights and is condemned by
many international treaties and conventions, as well as
by national legislation in many countries. Yet, where it is
practised, FGM/C is performed in line with tradition and
social norms to ensure that girls are socially accepted and
marriageable, and to uphold their status and honour and
that of the entire family. UNICEF works with governments
and civil society partners towards the elimination of
FGM/C in countries where it is still practised.
[i] World Health Organization, Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation: An interagency statement, WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF, UNIFEM, OHCHR, UNHCR, UNECA, UNESCO, UNDP, UNAIDS, WHO, Geneva, 2008, p. 4.
Cover photos:Top: Fatima, who underwent FGM/C at the age of 1, sits on a bed in her home in the village of
Karensa, in Amibara district, Afar region, Ethiopia.
© UNICEF/NYHQ2009-2260/Holt
Bottom: Photographs of girls who were not subjected to FGM/C adorn the walls of the Rohi-Weddu
Pastoral Women Development Organization office in the town of Awash Sabat Kilo, in Amibara
district, Afar region, Ethiopia. The girls were spared the procedure because of Rohi-Weddu’s activities
in the region, which include advocacy, training and the promotion of community dialogue. These
kinds of holistic, human rights-based programmes are helping to change attitudes about harmful
practices, with girls who are most affected playing an active role.
© UNICEF/NYHQ2009-2256/Holt
Contact: UNICEF
Statistics and Monitoring SectionDivision of Policy and Strategy
3 United Nations PlazaNew York, NY 10017, USA
Tel: +1 (212) 326-7000Email: [email protected]
note to printer:outsie middle page (back cover)