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FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 1-1
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
FEMA 550, Recommended Residential Construction for
Coastal Areas (December, 2009)
Introduction to Coastal Foundation Design
and Construction for Local Building Officials
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Training Overview: Course Units
Unit 1: Brief on Training Background and Goals
Unit 2: Natural Hazards in a Coastal Environment and Their Affect on Coastal Foundation
Unit 3: Building Codes and Standards and Regulatory Requirements
Unit 4: Using FEMA 550 and General Discussion
1-4
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Unit 1: Introduction and Course Overview
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 1-2
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Powerful winds, high waves, and damaging storm surge
1-6
Natural Hazards in Coastal Areas
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Approximately 18,000 dwelling units were rendered uninhabitable by Hurricane Opal and approximately one-fifth of the 18,000 were destroyed
1-7
Hurricane Opal (1995)
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Over 100 oceanfront homes with shallow foundation systems collapsed caused by the combined effects of erosion and scour.
1-8
Hurricane Fran (1996)
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 1-3
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Both shallow and deep foundations failed
Collapse of a 5-story building on shallow foundation
1-9
Hurricane Ivan (2004)
Pile foundation failure lacked sufficient embedment depth
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Was a 500-year event in some areas
� Compared to flood damages, wind damages were limited
1-10
Hurricane Katrina (2005)
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Destroyed 300,000 single-family homes in Louisiana and Mississippi and nearly all buildings within 1000 feet of the coast.
1-11
Hurricane Katrina (2005)
Destroyed slab foundations (Long Beach, Mississippi)
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 1-4
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Destroyed thousands of homes (nearly 4,000 on Bolivar Peninsula alone) and damaged thousands more
� Affected LA to TX
� Similar to Katrina (more flood damage than wind)
� Scour and erosion muchworse than Katrina
1-12
Hurricane Ike (2008)
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Hurricane Ike (2008)
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Hurricane Ike (2008)
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 1-5
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Hurricane Ike (2008)
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Made landfall in Bringantine, NJ on October 29, 2012
� Affected 24 states including entire east coast from Florida to Maine
� New Jersey and New York were hardest hit
� The National Hurricane Center estimates Sandy caused near $50 bullion of damage in the US1
Hurricane Sandy (2012)
1-16
Image Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1 Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Sandy (AL182012) 22-29 October 2012
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Hurricane Sandy (2012)
1-17
MAT deployed in
4 sub-teams:
• Coastal
• Hospitals and Other Critical Facilities
• High-Rise, Police, Fire, Municipal and Schools
• Historic
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 1-6
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Recovery Advisories
1-18
Sandy MAT Recovery Advisories – Brief, focused advisories to help address key observations in a timely manner1. Improving Connections in Elevated Coastal Residential Buildings
2. Reducing Flood Effects in Critical Facilities
3. Restoring Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Systems in Non-
Substantially Damaged Residential Buildings
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Recovery Advisories
1-19
Sandy MAT Recovery Advisories – Brief, focused advisories to help address key observations in a timely manner4. Reducing Operational Interruptions to Mid- and High-Rise Buildings
During Floods
5. Designing for Flood Levels Above the Base Flood Elevation After
Hurricane Sandy
6. Protecting Building Fuel Supplies from Flood Damage
7. Reducing Flood Risk and Flood Insurance Premiums for Existing
Buildings
http://www.fema.gov/building-science/hurricane-sandy-building-science-activities-resources
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
To avoid failure, all foundations must:
� Support the structure above
� Resist gravity loads, live loads, and wind loads imposed on the structure and on the foundation
� Some must resist snow loads, seismic loads, and retained soil loads
� Be constructed in a fashion where they can perform with little or no maintenance
1-20
Building on Strong and Safe Foundations –Basic Issues for Typical Foundations
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 1-7
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Building on Strong and Safe Foundations – Key Issues for Coastal Foundation
Coastal foundations must also
� Withstand flood loads
� Function after being undermined by scour and erosion
� Resist higher wind loads than other portions of the U.S. (typically)
1-21
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials 1-22
Foundation Failures – Numerous Failure Modes Observed
Erosion and Scour
South side of building was undermined and collapsed into scour hole
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Foundations historically used in inland areas often fail when used in coastal areas
1-23
Foundation Failures
House with a basement foundation in Coastal A or V Zones, Ortley Beach
Piers on discrete footings undermined by scour near Ocean Avenue, Mantoloking, NJ
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
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FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Foundation Failures
1-24
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials 1-25
Foundation Failures
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building OfficialsFEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials 1-26
Foundation Failures – Buoyancy
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 1-9
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Construction in Your Area?
Consider
� 32' x 32', two-story house (10' story height), situated away from the shoreline
� Elevated 8' above grade on 25 square timber piles (spaced 8' apart), driven into medium dense sand
� Subjected to 130-mph winds (3-second gust) wind speed and a 4' stillwater depth with storm surge and broken waves passing under the elevated house
� What do you think?
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Construction in Your Area?
Shaded Areas indicate failure
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
What will this training course present?
� Provide background on FEMA 550
� Discuss the natural hazards unique to coastal areas
� Discuss how those hazards affect foundations
� Discuss FEMA 550 and how best to use its guidance
1-29
Overview
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
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FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Present design features and the materials and methods that improve the performance of foundations in coastal areas.
� Provide guidance for incorporating flood and high-wind mitigation best practices into the process of designing and constructing foundations.
� Familiarize the attendees with building code requirements.
1-30
Goals
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Training Course Materials
� FEMA 550: Recommended
Residential Construction for the
Gulf Coast
� Student manual
� Training course evaluation form
1-31
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Introductions
� Your name
� Type of work
� Geographical area
� Course expectations
1-32
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
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FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Questions?
1-33
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 2-1
Unit 2: Natural Hazards in a Coastal
Environment
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� High winds
� Floods
� Breaking waves
� Flood-borne debris
� Erosion and scour
Unit Topics
2-2
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� High winds can create extreme
forces on a structure.
� Winds can cause a structure to
rack (distort), slide or overturn
or lift off its foundation.
� While not foundation related, high winds can also create
breaches in a building’s
envelope and allow water to
enter.
� Hurricanes are the basis for
design wind speeds in many
coastal areas.
High Winds
2-3
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 2-2
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Design Wind Pressure
Design Wind Pressure
2-4
Wind Velocity Pressure
and
Pressure Coefficients
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Design Wind Loads
Design Wind Loads
2-5
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� ASCE/SEI 7-05 Minimum Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures
� ASCE 7-05 Referenced by Model Building Codes
� Wind Speed are 3-second
gust wind speeds for
Exposure Category C at 33 feet above ground
� 90 mph inland
� Up to 150 mph (+/-)
along coast
Basic Wind Speed Map
2-6
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 2-3
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Corresponds to the 3-second gust speed measured at 33 feet
(10 meters) above ground, which is the maximum 3-second gust
measured under Exposure Category C conditions (i.e., airport open terrain)
� Corresponds to a 50-year (inland) and approximately 100-year
(in coastal hurricane-prone areas) return period
2-7
Basic Wind Speed
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� While designers use 3-second gust speeds, hurricanes are classified
according to Saffir-Simpson Scale (1-minute sustained). Older codes used a “fastest mile” wind speed
� For same wind intensity, the three wind speeds differ with averaging
period
Wind Speed – Averaging Period
2-8
Strength1-Minute Sustained Wind
Speed (mph) *
Fastest Mile
Wind Speed (mph)*Gust Wind Speed (mph)*
Category 1 74 - 95 75 - 99 89 - 116
Category 2 96 - 110 100 - 117 117- 134
Category 3 111 - 130 118 - 140 135 - 159
Category 4 131 - 155 141 - 169 160 - 189
Category 5 > 155 > 169 > 189
* Wind speed over open water
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Reflects the characteristics (roughness) of ground surface
irregularities
� For the same event, wind speeds across open flat areas are
greater than speeds across obstructed areas
Wind Exposure Categories
2-9
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 2-4
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Exposure A
Heavily built-up city centers with tall
buildings (ASCE 7-05, C6.5.6).
Since the ASCE 7-02 edition, Exposure
A was deleted because the variability of
the wind (caused by local channeling and wake buffeting effect) is too great in
areas in close proximity to tall buildings.
2-10
Method 3 – Wind Tunnel Procedure
(ASCE 7-05, Chapter 6.6) is
required
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Exposure B
Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or
other terrain with numerous, closely spaced obstructions having the size
of single-family homes or larger.
ASCE 7-05, Chapter 6
2-11
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Exposure C
Open terrain with scattered obstructions
having heights generally less than 30 feet (9.1 meters). This category includes flat,
open country, grasslands, and all water
surfaces in hurricane-prone regions.
ASCE 7-05, Chapter 6
2-12
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 2-5
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Exposure D
Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces
outside hurricane-prone regions. This category includes smooth mud flats, salt flats, and
unbroken ice.
ASCE 7-05, Chapter 6
2-13
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Exposure Effects
2-14
The higher we are above the friction effects of the ground, the
greater the wind pressure effects are.
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
He
igh
t a
bo
ve
gro
un
d l
eve
l, z
(f
t)
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient, Kz
Exposure C
Exposure D
Exposure B
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Shape of topographic feature and maximum speed-up effect
Topographic Effects
2-15
Source: Davenport, A.G., Georgiou, P.M., and Surry, D. A Hurricane Wind Risk Study for the Eastern Caribbean, Jamaica and Belize with Special Consideration to the Influence of Topography. (London, Ontario, Canada: Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory, The University of Western Ontario, 1985).
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
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FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Wind Damage
2-16
Blow-off of cantilevered platform
(estimated wind speed: 120 mph)
Blow-off caused panels to
progressively fail (estimated
wind speed: 130 mph)
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Flooding is the most common natural hazard in the United States.
� Hurricanes and tropical storms are primary causes of flood inundation.
� In addition to inundation, flooding can have a variety of impacts on coastal buildings and their foundations.
2-17
Flood Hazards in Coastal Areas
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Flood Damages
2-18
Buoyancy and moving floodwaters forced home off of its foundation
Open foundation damaged by flood-borne debris
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
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FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Effects
� Storm surge/inundation
� Wave effects
� Flood-borne debris
� Erosion and scour
Important Factors
� Flood zone
� Stillwater depth
� Flood-borne debris sources
� Site soils and topography
� Obstructions
Coastal Flooding Effects and Important Factors
2-19
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Delineation is determined by wave height
Flood Zones in Coastal Areas
2-20
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Stillwater Depth controls the height of a depth limited wave
Stillwater Depth and Wave Height
2-21
Stillwater Flood Elevation
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
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FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Building Damage vs. Flood Depth
2-22
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Open foundations are required in V Zones and recommended in
Coastal A Zones
�Allow floodwater to flow through foundations
�Area below home can
only be used for
parking and storage
�“Breakaway” walls
required below BFE
Open Foundations
2-23
Lowest horizontal member
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Closed Foundations
� Closed foundations are prohibited in V Zones
� Are allowed (by NFIP) in all A Zones
� Are not recommended in Coastal A Zones due to the disastrous effect even small waves can have on them
2-24
Finished Floor
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 2-9
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Breaking Waves
2-25
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Wave Effects
2-26
Erosion and some non-
structural damage
Erosion and breakaway
wall damage
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Flood-borne Debris
2-27
Pier pilings carried over 2 miles by the storm surge and waves
of Hurricane Opal (Pensacola Beach, Florida)
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 2-10
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Flood-borne Debris Effects
Home turned into flood-borne debris after being dislodged from
foundation (Ortley Beach, NJ)
2-28
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Scour and Erosion
� Erosion is lowering of ground surface due to moving waters � Long Term
� Storm Induced (Short Term)
� Scour is localized loss of soil when moving floodwaters meet obstructions
� Both affect foundation performance
� Erosion affects flood loads
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Scour and Erosion
2-30
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 2-11
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Scour and Erosion
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials 2-32
Scour and Erosion Damage
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Scour and Erosion Damage
Failure of foundation walls undermined by scour
House undermined by bluff erosion Photograph by Lesley Ewing. Courtesy of
California Coastal Commission
2-33
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 2-12
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Long-Term Erosion
2-34
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Wind
� Make homes and foundations strong enough to resist wind
loads
� Construct with strong materials fastened with adequate
connections
Flood
� Elevate homes to avoid floods
� Construct foundations strong enough to resist loads and deep
(and strong) enough to resist scour and erosion
Coastal Construction Recommendations
2-35
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials 2-36
Best Practices Implemented
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 2-13
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Questions?
2-37
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 3-1
Unit 3: Building Codes and Standards and Regulatory Requirements
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Performance design codes and standards specifically describe
the end result to be attained
Architects and Engineers develop designs to achieve the
required level of performance
� Prescriptive design codes and standards describe one method
of achieving the end results specified by performance codes and standards
Developed by consensus process
Used by builders – often without direct input from design
professionals
3-2
Building Codes and Standards
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
We know how to design foundations and what loads the
foundations need to resist.
Performance Codes and Standards
3-3
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 3-2
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Most residential construction is built to prescriptive designs. IRC,
SSTD-10, WFCM, AISI Standard and are widely adopted
documents that contain prescriptive wind-resistant designs. ICC-600 issued in 2008.
However, the flood provisions in model codes and standards are
still in their infancy.
Prescriptive Codes and Standards
3-4
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
IRC Limitations
Section 301.2.1.1 of the IRC precludes the use of the IRC
for areas where the basic wind speed:
“…equals or exceeds 100 miles per hour (45 m/s) in
hurricane prone regions, or 110 miles per hour (49 m/s)
elsewhere….”
IRC Section 202 defines Hurricane Prone Regions as
areas along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico where the
basic wind speed is greater than 90 mph (and Hawaii,
Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands, and American Samoa)
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials 3-6
Flood-Resistant Design
ASCE Standards Foundation design
examples,
foundation types and construction,
referenced fact
sheets, cost
estimating, etc.Basic Principles of Flood-Resistant
Foundation Design and Construction
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 3-3
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Design wind speed
� Base Flood Elevation (BFE) or Design Flood Elevation (DFE)
at the site
� Flood zones at the site
� Building layout
� Topographic elevation of
existing building site
Information can be obtained from
� NFIP
� FIS
� FIRMs or DFIRMs
� ABFEs and Flood Recovery Maps
� Local building official or
floodplain manager
Site Information
3-7
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Much of the impetus for flood-resistant design
has come through the work of the National Flood Insurance
Program (NFIP).
� NFIP was established by Congress in 1968.
� The NFIP provides the basis for the minimum requirements
included in model building codes and standards for the design and construction methods utilized to resist flood damage.
NFIP
3-8
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA)
� Base Flood Elevation (BFE)
� Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs)
� Advisory Base Flood Elevations (ABFEs) and Flood Recovery Maps
Identification of Flood Hazard Areas
3-9
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 3-4
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� The FIS contains information regarding
flooding in a community and is
developed in conjunction with the FIRM.
� The FIS, also known as a flood elevation
study, frequently contains a community's
flood history and discusses the
engineering methods used to develop
the FIRMs.
� The FIS also contains flood profiles for
studied flood sources and can be used
to determine the BFE for some areas.
Flood Insurance Study (FIS)
3-10
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Online:
� The FEMA Map Service Center:
http://www.fema.gov/hazard/map/fis.shtm
(or Google search for “FEMA MSC" and "FIS”)
� FIS tutorial: http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/fhm/ot_fisr.shtm(or Google search for “FEMA," "FIS," and "tutorial")
� In person:
� Local floodplain manager
� Local planning, engineering, or public works department
Finding and Using a FIS
3-11
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� FIRMs are used to
determine flood insurance
rates and premiums.
� Information shown on FIRMs
affects the design and
construction requirements
for new structures,
improvement and repairs of existing structures, and
additions to existing
structures.
Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs)
3-12
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 3-5
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
For newly constructed, substantially damaged, and substantially
improved buildings
� Use open foundation
� Elevate the lowest horizontal member supporting the elevated
floor above the BFE
� Use flood-resistant materials below the BFE
3-13
NFIP Requirements in Coastal Areas
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
NFIP Elevation Requirements
V Zone requirements
A Zone requirements
3-14
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Recommended Practices in Coastal Areas
3-15
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 3-6
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials 3-16
Best Practices – V Zone Construction in Coastal A Zones
Coastal A Zone requirements
(same as V Zone requirements)
Note: FEMA Procedure Memo
50 (Dec 08): Requires Coastal
studies to delineate LiMWA (18” wave) for informational purposes
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
FreeboardFor most foundations, adding each foot of freeboard at the time of construction adds 0.25% to 1.0% of the at-BFE construction cost
For a V Zone example (DR = 7%, UL = 30 years), the study found it is worth spending up to:
� 3% additional to add 1 ft
� 5% additional to add 2 ft
� 7% additional to add 3 ft
� 8% additional to add 4 ft
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Flood Insurance Savings
In V zones, flood insurance
premium savings will pay
for freeboard costs in < 5 years
In A zones, it may take
~ 5-15 years to recover
freeboard costs through
premium savings
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 3-7
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� After a flood event, ABFEs and Flood Recovery Maps are
occasionally developed
� ABFEs incorporating post-storm conditions may be higher than
the BFEs. Special Flood Hazard Areas may extend farther
inland than existing FIRMs.
� ABFEs and Flood Recovery Maps are interim guidance recommended until new studies and mapping can be
completed.
ABFEs and Flood Recovery Maps
3-19
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials 3-20
Questions?
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 4-1
Unit 4: Using FEMA 550
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Five Chapters
� Nine Appendices
FEMA 550 was developed to assemble information needed to
design residential building
foundations in coastal areas
4-2
Organization of FEMA 550
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� High Winds
� Storm Surge
� Flood Effects
� Hydrostatic forces
� Hydrodynamic forces
� Waves
� Flood-borne debris
� Erosion and scour
4-3
Chapter 1. Types of Hazards
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
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FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Foundation design criteria
� Foundation design in coastal areas
� Open and closed foundations in Special Flood Hazard Areas
(SFHAs)
� Introduction to foundation design and construction
4-4
Chapter 2. Foundations
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Wind loads
� Flood loads (DFE, stillwater depth, wave height, flood velocity)
� Hydrostatic loads
� Wave loads
� Hydrodynamic loads
� Debris impact loads
� Flood load combinations
4-5
Chapter 3. Foundation Design Loads
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Critical factors affecting foundation
design
� Wind
� Elevation
� Construction materials (e.g.,
masonry, concrete, field
preservative treatment for wood)
� Foundation design loads
� Erosion and scour
� Recommended foundation types
for coastal areas
4-6
Chapter 4. Overview of Recommended Foundation Types and Construction
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 4-3
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Foundation design types
� Foundation design considerations
� Cost estimating
� How to use this manual
� Design examples
4-7
Chapter 5. Foundation Selection
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
A. Foundation Designs
B. Mississippi Pattern Book Design
C. Assumptions Used in Design
D. Foundation Analysis and Design Examples
E. Cost Estimating
F. Referenced Fact Sheets from FEMA 499
G. FEMA Publications and Additional References
H. Glossary
I. Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms
4-8
Appendices
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Determine
� Basic wind speed (3-second gust)
� Required foundation height above grade
� Flood zone
� Soil capacity
4-9
Using FEMA 550 - Critical Factors Affecting Foundation Design
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 4-4
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Confirm appropriateness of selected foundation
� Flood zone and freeboard
� Foundation height
� Wind speed
� “Deep” or “shallow”
Foundation Selection
4-10
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials 4-11
Recommended Foundation Types by Zone
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� FEMA 550 designs have been developed to support homes
with a range of dimensions, weights, and roof pitches.
Building Size and Shape
4-12
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 4-5
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Loads from Worst Case Module Used to Design Foundations
6-13
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� FEMA 550 foundations are based on a rectangular module
� Modules can be assembled into different building footprints
� Similar approach to IRC, SSTD-10 and ICC-600
Modular Approach
4-14
“L” shaped “T” shaped “Z” shaped
Note: There are several ways to assemble modules.
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Deep foundations
� Driven braced timber pile
� Steel pipe pile with grade beam
� Driven timber pile with grade beam
� Driven timber pile with grade & elevated concrete beam (2009)
Shallow foundations
� Grade beam foundation (2 types)
� Masonry crawl space foundation
� Masonry backfilled stem chain wall foundation
4-15
Deep and Shallow Foundations
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 4-6
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials 4-16
Deep Foundation –Steel Pipe Pile with Grade Beam
� Up to 15 feet above grade
� Good for V, Coastal A, and A Zones
6 Bay Plan 9 Bay Plan
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Shallow Foundation – Grade Beam
� Up to 10 feet above ground
(15 feet with integral slab)
� Good for A Zones (and Coastal A where scour and erosion is limited)
6 Bay Plan 9 Bay Plan
4-17
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Securing Beam to Foundation
4-18
Foundation – Connection Details (FEMA 550)
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 4-7
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Value Engineering (FEMA 550)
4-19
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� FEMA 550 specifies minimum 1,500 psf (Appendix C).
� This applies only to shallow foundations.
� Assumed capacities of deep foundation piles are shown in Appendix A.
� For deep foundations, the number of piles will need to be adjusted based on what is achievable on the site.
FEMA 550 and Weak Soils
4-20
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
� Will contain designs for narrower homes
� Will contain designs for elevated reinforced concrete beams
� Allows homes constructed to ICC 600 and the IRC to be secured to the FEMA 550 foundation using prescriptive designs contained
in standards and codes
� Provides more efficient designs (reduced column sizes)
� Provides additional designs for the perimeter beams
FEMA 550 – Second Edition
5-21
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 4-8
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
FEMA 550 – Upcoming Changes
3-Bay Design for Narrow Homes
Elevated Concrete Beam Design� Smaller columns� Conventional
connections (ICC 600)
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Foundation – Connection Details
From ICC-600
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
FEMA 550 – Moving Forward
Pre-Stressed Pile Solution-Under Consideration
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
(ICC ABM 2013) 4-9
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials
Wrap-Up
5-25
� Q/A
FEMA 550 Training for Local Building Officials 5-26
Thank you!