Features of work in the Features of work in the pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical industry and the main factors preventing the main factors preventing the negative impact of the the negative impact of the

working environmentworking environment

Industry refers to the production - where conditions strictly regulated production technology.One of the essential features of working conditions in enterprises is that in the absence of significant severity and intensity of labor there are many hazards that affect the health of workers.

Hazardous and harmful production factors (Excerpt from the State

Standard 12.0.003 - 74)This standard all dangerous and

harmful production factors were divided into 4 groups:

• physical• chemical,• biological,• physiological.

The physical hazards include:•moving vehicles, machinery, unprotected moving

parts production equipment, workpiece materials, items being moved, other mechanical factors;

•heating or cooling climate work area, high levels of infrared radiation (hot shops metallurgy, boiler, etc.)., hot water or steam;

•high or low barometric pressure and its abrupt change;

•high levels of noise, vibration, infrared - and ultramehanichnyh fluctuations in air or solid surfaces;

Group of chemical hazardous and harmful factors include:

•the nature of the body: annoying zahalnotoksychni, sensitizing, carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic;

•for pathways in the body: through the respiratory tract, through the digestive system, the skin (chemical burns);

•tropism for the following: pnevmotropni, neurotropic, hepatotropic, hematotropni, nefrotropni, dermotropni, polytropic;

•the degree of toxicity: very toxic (MPC-air - 0,1 mg/m3), toxic (MAC 0.1 - 1.0 mg/m3) serednotoksychni (MAC 1.0 - 10.0 mg/m3), low toxicity (MPC - 10,0 mg/m3).

Group of biologically dangerous and harmful production factors including biological objects, whose impact on workers causing disease, poisoning, trauma:

•zoonotic bacterial, viral, fungal infections (anthrax, foot and mouth disease, mad cow disease, tularemia), invasion, allergic diseases (from animal, vegetable dust), and others;

•plant, animal poisons (eg zmiyelovy), and others;•- Industrial biological objects: antibiotics, protein-

vitamin concentrates, growth stimulants, bioactive agents and others.

Group psychophysiological industrial hazards include:

•physical overload: static (hold large loads), dynamic (lifting and moving large loads and its intensity), physical inactivity, forced posture, strain specific organs;

•nervous and mental overload: mental stress, strain attention analyzers, very intense change in production processes, information, monotony of work, psycho-emotional overload (eg relationship "boss - subordinate").

Hazardous substances and their dangersIn industrial air work area can contaminate harmful substances

that result from the manufacturing process or are contained in the raw materials and semi-products and waste.

These substances into the air as dust, gases or vapors and act negatively on the human body. Depending on their toxicity and

the concentration in the air can cause chronic poisoning or occupational diseases.

Toxic effect of harmful substances are divided into:blood poisons, interacting with hemoglobin and inhibit its ability to join oxygen (carbon monoxide.)nerve poisons that cause excitement of the nervous system, its depletion, destruction of nerve tissue (drugs, caffeine, etc..)irritant poisons that infect the upper respiratory tract and lungs (ammonia, etc..)those burns and irritate the skin and mucous membranes (acids, alkalis);

liver poisons, which are accompanied by changes in tissue inflammation and liver (alcohol, dichloroethane,);

allergens that change the reactive power of the body (alkaloids and other substances);

carcinogens that cause malignant tumors (3,4-benzopyrene, coal tar);

mutagens that affect the genetic apparatus of cells (mercury compounds, etc.).

Hygienic regulation of hazardous substancesSanitary rules establish the maximum allowable

concentration (MAC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area of industrial premises, beyond which is

unacceptable.Maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of harmful

substances in the air of the working area is such concentration, whose influence on people when it

regulated the daily duration does not result in decreased performance or illness during the work and in the next

period of his life, and does not adversely affect the health of offspring.

За ступенем дії на організм людини шкідливі речовини поділяються на чотири класи небезпеки:1 - надзвичайно небезпечні;2 - високонебезпечні;3 - помірно небезпечні;4 - малонебезпечні.

Microbial contaminationThe risk of contamination may be due to the following factors: uncontrolled release of

aerosols or microorganisms in the management process, the presence of residues of raw materials and products for equipment, support staff (your skin, hair, etc..) And his clothes; penetration in

the industrial zone of insects and animals.

According to these industrial hazards by the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Welfare and the Ministry of labor from 02.02.1995 № 23/36/9 was approved "list of occupational diseases and instructions for its use."

Professionally disease known the occurrence of which is associated with certain employment and the impact on the body specific adverse conditions, the so-called harmful factors.

There are acute and chronic occupational diseases and poisoning.

Acute occupational disease (intoxication) occurs suddenly, after a single (within no more than one work shift) the impact of relatively high concentrations of chemicals that are in the breathing zone of workers or dose levels or other hazards.

Chronic occupational disease resulting from prolonged exposure to low (but not exceeding the MCL, GDR, HDD) concentration levels, doses of harmful industrial and occupational factors.

Preventive measures hygienic standardization

In order to optimize the working conditions of staff and production of a given quality is hygienic

normalization of each production factor.Also developed hygienic requirements of the

process, process equipment, facilities, clothing and personal hygiene of staff in the manufacture

ARRANGEMENTSUntil arrangements are timely preventive

examinations and repair of equipment, devices and systems that are a source of dust and gas emission, noise and vibration and so on. Of great importance

is also reducing to a minimum the number of workers who work in hazardous conditions, and

the length of stay at the technological equipment.

Planning activitiesProper planning space-planning and layout of production facilities necessary to ensure the

efficient operation of ventilation systems which are designed to remove excess heat, dust and toxic gas

emission.

Technological measuresTechnological measures to combat noise at work concerning the

improvement of technical equipment, use shumopogloshchajushchie building materials (foam, felt, wood-

fiber boards, etc.).Abatement of industrial premises should go primarily towards improving the processes of obtaining cosmetic products and

equipment. Is needed measures such as replacement of hazardous substances into less harmful to the recipe, replacing open-closed

process, transfer process from high to low pressure, the mechanization process, thermal insulation assemblies, machining

internal surfaces of protections that prevent the absorption of toxic substances, etc.

Sanitary MeasuresAlong with the improvement of the process and equipment of

great importance in controlling occupational hazards has industrial ventilation. For removal of harmful substances directly from the

place of their formation is feasible local ventilation device according to your working equipment and the nature of the

operations. Yes, nutch filters should be equipped with an umbrella down shutters, sampling valves should be in shelters such as hoods. Over hatches reactors and other equipment that periodically opens, exhaust system arranged in the form of movable Umbrella with soft

sleeve.

Personal precautionsIn some cases when it is impossible to reduce noise to

acceptable values recommended the use of personal protective equipment (antiphons).

When sampling, opening hatches devices, unloading components and other operations can be significant emissions of harmful substances, so the performance of such operations should use personal protective equipment (respirators, gauze bandages, etc.).

Preventive measuresTherapeutic and preventive measures for health care workers include preliminary and periodic medical examinations. Also important is the

observance of the established regime of work and rest, the organization of nutrition, exercise.

REQUIREMENTS FOR STAFF  Every employee should clearly know their rights,

powers and duties, and clearly understand their individual responsibility to be reflected in production instructions. Every employee must know and strictly

follow the rules of good manufacturing practice in the performance of their duties. All employees at the

entry level position must pass a detailed briefing on the principles and rules of NOP (GMP), including the rules of personal hygiene, then in the course of business should regularly improve skills and pass

their respective professions comprehensive training.

The company should be written detailed instructions governing the observance of sanitary norms and rules and provide characteristics of each manufacturing site. They should contain sanitary regulations, health regulations and rules relating to clothing and personal protective equipment personnel.

At admission to work personnel must undergo a medical examination. All personnel directly engaged in the production, including those working temporarily, should undergo regular medical examinations. Personnel performing visual inspection should pass regular checkups with a doctor-ophthalmologist. The company should be written detailed instructions governing the observance of sanitary norms and rules and provide characteristics of each manufacturing site. They should contain sanitary regulations, health regulations and rules relating to clothing and personal protective equipment personnel.

At admission to work personnel must undergo a medical examination. All personnel directly engaged in the production, including those working temporarily, should undergo regular medical examinations. Personnel performing visual inspection should pass regular checkups with a doctor-ophthalmologist.

Benefits and compensation for difficult and hazardous working conditions

Benefits and compensation system complements the full range of measures to protect labor, to ensure safe and healthy working conditions at the plant. This system includes additional leave, shorter working hours and

working days, reduced pensions, preventive nutrition, certain additions to wages. Additional holiday from 6 to 36 days helps relieve body fatigue due to intense mental and physical labor, the recovery of disturbed functions

and eliminate adverse physiological changes in the human body.

Privileged pensions guaranteed to workers who work in hazardous conditions, hot shops and employed in jobs with difficult working conditions. It provides pension before retirement age and larger size.

Electric current as a risk factorElectrical occurring at the hit man under stress by touching items with different electrical potentials, or potential differs from ground potential, resulting in the formation of an electric arc between the electrical elements directly. It was established that at a voltage of 42 V electrical current that passes through the human body is safe. Voltage above 50 V is thermal and electrolytic effect.Most damage is caused by failure of safety when working with electrical appliances in the home and in the workplace.

There are three types of electrical accident: local, general and mixed. The local electrical accident are electrical burns, electric signs, metallization skin elektrooftalmiya and mechanical damage associated with an electric current or electric arc.General Electric injury or electric shocks is a violation of the vital organs of the human body or as a result of disturbance of the living tissues of the electric current, which is accompanied by involuntary spasmodic contraction of the muscles.

Depending on the consequences of defeat are four of electric shock:I - convulsive muscle contractions without loss of consciousness; II-convulsive muscle contractions with loss of consciousness without disturbances of respiration and circulation;III - unconsciousness with cardiac or respiratory or cardiac activity and breathing together;IV - clinical death, that the lack of breathing and blood circulation.Clinical death is a state of transition from life to death. In a state of clinical death, circulation and breathing are absent, the body is not supplied oxygen. Signs of clinical death: lack of pulse and respiration, the skin pale bluish, pupils dilated eyes sharp and responsive to stimules.

Help with electric shockWhen providing first aid must be guided by the

following principles:1.the accuracy and appropriateness;2. speed;3. reasoning, determination, peace.

Symptoms of electric shock.In places the input and output current (most often on the hands and feet) are observed heavy elektroopiky until charring. In milder cases, the so-called current label - circular spots of 1 to 5.6 cm in diameter, dark bluish inside and on the periphery. Unlike thermal burns, hair is not burnt. Especially dangerous current flow through the heart, brain, because it can cause cardiac arrest and breathing. In general, for any electrical impression is the heart. In severe cases there is rapid weak pulse, low blood pressure, asthma, victim pale, scared.

Emergency.  First victim released from contact with electric (if not done before). Turns off the power supply,

and if this is not possible, reject ragged wire dielectric object (a wooden stick dry). If

someone who assists, dressed in rubber boots and rubber gloves, you can pull the victim from

electrical wires.

When you stop breathing conduct CPR, administered cardiovascular drugs (0.1% solution of adrenaline - 1 mL, 10% solution of caffeine - 1 ml subcutaneously), means to stimulate breathing (1% solution lobeline - 1 ml intravenously or slow internally the muscle), then placing a sterile bandage on the wound elektroopikovu

Artificial respiration continued oxygen-air mixture or pure oxygen through a mask, intravenously administered 40% glucose solution with 0.5 ml of 0.006% solution corglycon. Artificial respiration does not stop for a long time. When cardiac arrest - chest, 0.1% epinephrine solution - 1 ml and 10 ml of 10% calcium chloride solution.

Thank you for attention !