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A PALEOECOLOGIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE HISTORY OFFEATHERBED BANK, BISCAYNE NATIONAL PARK,
BISCAYNE BAY, FLORIDA
By
Jeffery R. Stone, Thomas M. Cronin, G. Lynn Brewster-Wingard, Scott E. Ishman, Bruce R. Wardlaw, and Charles W. Holmes
United States Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192
Open-File Report 00-191
usesThis report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S.
Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American StratigraphicCode. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only
and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government
2000
11
ABSTRACT
Using multiple-proxy biological indicators, a paleoecological history of
the past 550 years of Featherbed Bank, Biscayne Bay, has been reconstructed
from a short (2.26 m) sediment core. Paleoecological changes in ostracode,
mollusc, and foraminifer assemblages show that core SEI297-FB-1 can be divided
into three distinctly different zones, which together provide evidence for distinct
changes in historical environmental conditions at Featherbed Bank.
Assemblages from fossil biotic communities within zone 1, representing
approximately 1440 to 1550 AD, are characterized by open-marine biota with
relatively limited numbers of epiphytic biota. Molluscan faunal indicators
suggest the sediment was capable of supporting infaunal organisms and that
faunal richness was relatively limited during this time period.
A change in the biotic community occurred around 1550 AD and
continued until the late 1800's distinguishing zone 2. Fossil biotic indicators from
zone 2 show a strong dominance of epiphytic organisms within all of the biotic
communities examined. Foraminifers, molluscs, and ostracodes capable of
subsisting in salinities slightly lower than normal marine begin to flourish in this
time period, and there is a marked decline in infaunal molluscs.
Zone 2 assemblages are replaced around 1900 AD by increased numbers
of organisms that typify open-marine conditions and a return to decreased
epiphytic assemblages, similar to zone 1. Zone 3 assemblages, however, show
some strong dissimilarities from zone 1, including limited infaunal molluscs,
increased abundances of the ostracode Malzella floridana, and a significant
increase in molluscan faunal richness.
Ill
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to thank Gene Shinn, Don Hickey, Chris Reich, and Marci Marot
(USGS, St. Petersburg) for assisting in the collection and processing of Core
SEI297-FB-1. A special thank you goes to Biscayne National Park for providing
permits, which allowed for the collection of this core within the Park as well as
data for modern analogues. We would also like to thank Dade-Metro County
Department of Environmental Management. Nancy Carlin (USGS, Reston),
helped with processing the core, and Jill D' Ambrosio, Ellen Seefelt, and lan
Graham (USGS, Reston) were responsible for picking the ostracodes and
foraminifers used in this study. John McGeehin provided analysis of the 14C
dates, and Sara Schwede assisted in producing an age model. This manuscript
benefited from the thorough reviews provided by Laurel Bybell and Karlyn
Westover (USGS, Reston).
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONEcosystems and Ecosystem History 1 Setting 2 Multiple-proxy Approach 2
METHODSCore Collection 5 Core processing 6 Chronology 6
RESULTSOstracodes 9 Molluscs 11 Foraminifers 14
DISCUSSIONRegional Model for Featherbed Bank 17 Bank Migration Model 19 Suggestions for Future Work 19
CONCLUSIONS 21
REFERENCES 22
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1: The location of Featherbed Bank within Biscayne 4 National Park, Florida. The dot indicates the location where core SEI297-FB-1 was taken in February 1997.
Fig. 2: Description of core SEI297-FB-1 (Modified from Ishman, 5 1997).
Fig. 3: Age Model for core SEI297-FB-1. 7
Fig. 4: Ostracodes (in percent abundance) from Featherbed Bank 10 Core, Biscayne Bay.
Fig. 5: Molluscs (in percent abundance) from Featherbed Bank 12 Core, Biscayne Bay.
Fig. 6: Foraminifers (in percent abundance) from Featherbed 15 Bank Core, Biscayne Bay.
Fig. 7: SEI297-FB-1 key down-core indicators plotted against 18 time.
INTRODUCTION
Ecosystems and Ecosystem History
Coastal marine environments may change in response to both natural and
anthropogenic forces. Natural forces, such as seasonal rainfall variation,
hurricanes, climatic variation, and sea-level fluctuation, can dramatically affect
substrate and water quality for organisms living within an ecosystem. Human
alteration of an environment, such as urbanization, modification of the flow of
water and circulation patterns, dredging of natural channels, and introduction of
additional nutrients, affect the stability and natural variability of an ecosystem.
As a result of tolerances, preferences, and ecological balance, change in the
conditions of an ecosystem will result in a concomitant change in biotic
assemblages. Therefore, using biota as proxies, historical environmental
conditions can be reconstructed from fossil assemblages preserved in short
sediment cores.
In 1994, the Everglades Forever Act was passed to help stem the effects of
anthropogenic influences upon the Florida Everglades, Florida Bay, and Biscayne
Bay. Increasing evidence of changes in the ecosystem attributed to anthropogenic
forces, such as industrial pollution, over-harvesting of fisheries, and alteration of
natural water circulation patterns, sparked an effort to restore the environment
to a more natural condition. However, the impact of natural hydrological and
climatic forces had not been adequately investigated. The 'Ecosystem History of
Biscayne Bay and the Southeast Coast' project of the USGS was designed to help
water management agencies with decisions regarding water and land-use
management in south Florida by producing a model for recognizing human-
induced and natural ecosystem variation using biological proxies. Documenting
and correlating historical trends in the ecosystem's variation with the timing of
man-made, hydrological, and climatic events can be used to help determine what
aspect of the ecosystem has been affected and help distinguish between the
factors influencing environmental change.
Setting
Featherbed Bank is located on the margin between central Biscayne Bay
and southern Biscayne Bay, off the western coast of Sands Key (fig. 1). The Bank
is composed of Holocene sediments that may be greater than 4 meters thick in
areas and may represent more than 5000 years of sediment accumulation
(Wanless & others, 1995). Monthly salinity readings from sites near Featherbed
Bank ranged from 30 to 43.2 ppt between July 1988 and December 1998,
averaging around 35.4 ppt (Metro-Dade Department of Environmental Resources
Management monthly monitoring of Biscayne Bay, unpublished data).
Multiple-proxy Approach
Ostracodes, foraminifers, and molluscs are small calcareous organisms
whose fossil assemblages and shell chemical composition are commonly used in
quantitative paleoclimatic reconstruction in deep-sea, coastal, estuarine, and
lacustrine environments. These organisms are a major part of the benthic
community in Biscayne and Florida Bay, with more than 50 ostracode species, 70
foraminifer species, and over 240 molluscan species (Lyons, 1999). Several
studies in Florida Bay and Biscayne Bay have been published that use these biota
as a proxy to show changes in a variety of environmental conditions (Turney and
Perkins, 1972; Lyons, 1996; Bock & others, 1971; Lidz and Rose, 1989). Analyses
of modern flora and fauna within Biscayne Bay (Ishman & others, 1998; Ishman
and D'Ambrosio, 1997; Ishman, in press) and the surrounding environments
(Brewster-Wingard and Ishman, 1999; Brewster-Wingard & others, 1996;
Brewster-Wingard, Stone, and Holmes, in press) have been used to help calibrate
modern analogues for foraminifer, mollusc, and ostracode assemblages. In the
present study, a multiple-proxy approach was taken to reconstruct the
paleoenvironments in order to provide a preliminary interpretation for the last
500 years of Featherbed Bank's history.
Figure 1. The location of Featherbed Bank within Biscayne National Park, Florida. The dot indicates the location where core SEI297-FB-1 was taken in February 1997.
METHODS
Core Collection
Core SEI297-FB-1, a 2.26 m long sediment core (25 °31.31'N, 80 °15.39' W),
was collected in February 1997 using a large (approximately 4 inches in
diameter) piston core. The base of the core did not reach the underlying
limestone bedrock (Ishman, 1997). The core was collected in water 63 cm deep,
using the USGS pontoon barge.
A tripod suspended the core tube
through a moon pool in the
center of the barge. A piston,
placed at the surface-water
interface within the core tube,
was used to maintain a vacuum
that prevented compaction of the
sediments as the core tube was
being inserted into the sediment.
Steel cables attached to the
tripod were used to hoist the
core tube out of the sediment
when the core tube could no
longer penetrate the sediment.
The recovered core tube was
0 n
20 -
40 -
IIILj-j "Zi ~£twjT. J2«t*: Jis^
60 -l^-g^g
80 |ijif
J, 100 -
u S 120 -
140 J
160 -
180 -
200 -
220 -
111MM! * , , ,,L * , __ . ,
&:?^:?S'
IBS-
"ti "r-Ji ~^_M
Ir:^1^:^^::
i^
Core SEI297-FB-1
20-22 cm articulated bivalve.
<P
&
\P LEGEND
tlB-sfLJ Sandy mud
Shells/shell fragments
A __ Sampled for \ ' radiocarbon
analyses
<,
Figure 2. Description of core SEI297-FB-1 (Modified from Ishman, 1997).
then capped to prevent loss of
sediment and to maintain
stability in the upper portion of
the core before processing
(Ishman, 1997). The core
composition is primarily a homogeneous, light-olive-gray, fine sandy mud with
plant debris and shell material (fig. 2).
Core Processing
The core was sampled every 2 centimeters, from the top of the core to the
base, for faunal and geochemical analysis. All samples were washed through a
set of nested 63 Jim and 850 Jim sieves. Sample components from less than 63 Jim
were dried at 50°C and weighed for 210Pb analyses. The fractions of the sample
greater than 63 Jim were dried at 50°C and analyzed for ostracodes, foraminifers,
and molluscs. All identifiable molluscs (ranging between 5 and 184 specimens),
between 97 and 152 ostracode specimens, and 300 foraminifers (when attainable)
were picked from each sample with a fine brush. Samples yielding less than 300
foraminifers were picked in their entirety.
Every other sample from the core was examined. Faunal groups and
species were identified, counted, and standardized by calculating percent
abundance within each sample. Ostracode species were identified using the
taxonomy of Teeter (1975), Keyser (1975,1976,1977), and Garbett and Maddocks
(1978). Cronin & others (in press) reviewed the ecology of ostracode species.
Molluscs were identified primarily using Abbott (1974), Warmke and Abbott
(1961), Perry and Schwengel (1955), and Andrews (1971), and taxonomic
nomenclature was updated following Turgeon et al (1998). Taxonomy of the
benthic foraminiferal species were identified using Loeblich and Tappan (1988).
Faunal slides are housed in the Eastern Earth Surface Processes Team, U.S.
Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Chronology
A provisional age model (fig. 3) for SEI297-FB-1 was developed from 210Pb
(lead) dating for the uppermost 90 cm (Robbins & others, in press), and 14C
(radiocarbon) dating by John McGeehin (USGS, Reston) for the interval from 60
£<J
a,ato
00
50 -
-s 100 -
150
200
100
Years Before Present
200 300 400 500 600
Figure 3. Age model for core SEI297-FB-1.
8
to 222 cm (table 1). Using the 210Pb ages and lower three radiocarbon dates (101,
141, and 221 cm) as tie-points (fig. 2), a preliminary age model was obtained with
a second order polynomial line yielding the following depth age relationship:
Age = 0.004(depth2) + 1.581 (depth) - 5.312 (r2 = 0.944)
Ages for each faunal sample were computed using this equation and are
given in Tables 2-4.
One can obtain a slightly different age model by using the original age
estimates from the 210Pb analyses for the upper 87 cm and a separate age-depth
equation for the interval 65-225 cm. This interval can be dated by fitting a line to
the oldest 210Pb age of 88 years at 65 cm and lowermost three radiocarbon dates.
Ages in this latter model are 20-60 years older in the interval from ~65 to 190 cm;
thus it is important to keep in mind the age uncertainty.
RESULTS
Ostracodes
Core SEI297-FB-1 can be divided into three informal faunal zones based
on changes in the relative frequencies of various environmentally sensitive
ostracode taxa (fig. 4, table 2). The lowermost zone (zone 1) from 226-175 cm is
dominated by the species of the genera Neonesidea and Paranesidea (lumped into
the family Bairdiidae), Radimella and Hermanites (plotted together), Neocaudites
and Actinocythereis. These species typically live exclusively in waters of normal
marine salinity on carbonate platforms in tropical and transitional subtropical
regions. The age of this zone is estimated to be about 1450-1600 AD (400-550 yr
BP).
The second zone (zone 2) occurs from 175 to 65 cm and is characterized by
common Loxoconcha matagordensis (20-50 %) and Xestoleberis spp. (20-40 %).
Loxochoncha. matagordensis is an epiphytal species that lives along Atlantic and
Gulf of Mexico coasts of North America on Thalassia, Zostera (in mid-latitudes),
and other marine seagrasses (Cronin & others, in press). Many species of
Xestoleberis inhabit various types of marine algae in tropical and subtropical
regions. In addition to their preference for sub-aquatic vegetation habitats, L.
matagordensis and several species of Xestoleberis thrive in environments of
reduced salinity, such as those found in coastal bays and lagoons. Therefore, the
dominance of epiphytal euryhaline ostracode species in this zone suggests a
period of both abundant seagrass and marine algal habitats and also fluctuating
salinity between about 20-35 ppt. The age of this zone is estimated to be about
1600-1850 AD (150-400 yr BP).
The third zone (zone 3) occurs in the interval from 65 cm to the top of the
core and represents the period from 1850 to 1997. The ostracode assemblages
consist mostly of carbonate platform species as were found in zone 1, and in
addition, 10% or more of Malzella floridana. This latter species is a dominant form
10
CmcuD
Figure 4. Ostracodes (in percent abundance) from Featherbed Bank Core, Biscayne Bay.
50
100
150
200
50
100
150
200
50
100
150
200
0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 Bairdiids Rathmella/ Neocaudites Actinocythereis
Hermanites
200
50
100
150
200
0 100 0 100 0 100 L. matagordensis Xestoleberis spp. M.floridana
11
in Florida Bay in regions that experience periodic hypersalinity. While its
presence in Biscayne Bay during the last 150 years does not necessarily indicate
hypersalinity, it does distinguish the assemblages of zone 3 from zone 1.
Epiphytal species also decrease significantly in the transition from zone 2 to zone
1.
Molluscs
Examination of the molluscan fauna in Core SEI297-FB-1 resulted in the
identification of 96 faunal groups. The dominant species include Bittiolum varium,
Turbo castaneuSf Eulithidium sp., Tegula fasciata, and Vermicularia spirata. The
assemblages and the molluscan faunal richness and abundance throughout the
core indicate open-bay to open-marine conditions. On the basis of the molluscan
assemblages, the salinity never dropped below 20 ppt, and was probably greater
than 25 ppt throughout the time of deposition at this site. There are no molluscan
indicators of proximity to land at this site.
The lower portion of Core SEI297-FB-1, from 226 to 175 cm (zone 1), is
characterized by the presence of infaunal pelecypods (Pitar sp., Parastarte
triquetra, Gouldia sp., Nucula proximo), perhaps indicating softer sediment
available for habitation. Epiphytic and epibenthic gastropods (Eulithidium sp.,
Cerithium spp., Tegula fasciata, Vermicularia spirata, Modulus modulus, and Turbo
castaneus) are also present in the lower portion of the core (fig. 5, table 3).
Bittiolum varium, a dominant epiphytic species in the upper portion of the core, is
nearly absent from zone 1. Average molluscan faunal richness1 is 13 and average
abundance is 23 in the lower portion of the core; these numbers do not fluctuate
significantly in this portion of the core, suggesting a relatively stable ecosystem.
The molluscan fauna indicate near normal marine salinities for zone 1. Samples
between 190 and 175 cm mark a transition from zone 1 to zone 2.
1 Faunal richness is a measure of the number of faunal groups present in a given sample. In some cases, the fauna are grouped into genera and occasionally broader categories (e.g. marginellids), so this is not "species" richness in the usual sense.
13
The middle portion of the core, from 175-65 cm (zone 2), is dominated by
the presence of Bittiolum varium; Turbo castaneus also is relatively abundant.
Burrowing pelecypods are sparse in zone 2 and almost completely absent from
118-90 cm, indicating the substrate may not have been suitable for habitation;
this corresponds to an increase in organisms that live on hard substrates and/or
sub-aquatic vegetation. Average molluscan faunal richness in the middle portion
of the core is 12, nearly the same as the lower portion, but abundance is highly
variable compared to zone 1, averaging 39 individuals per sample. The
molluscan fauna indicate the salinity in this portion of the core may have been
reduced periodically (perhaps as low as 25 ppt) compared to zone 1; the presence
of several species that require near normal marine salinities, however, discounts
sustained periods of lower salinities. Samples between 90 and 65 cm mark a
transition from zone 2 to zone 3, sharing characteristics of both.
The upper portion of the core, from 65 to 0 cm (zone 3), is marked by a
decline in the dominance of Bittiolum varium, and a dramatic increase in faunal
richness to an average of 25 faunal groups per sample. Cerithium spp., Tegula
fasciata, Vermicularia spirata, Modulus modulus, rissoinids, Nucula proxima, and
Transenella sp. increase in numbers in the upper portion of the core. This portion
of the core contains a distinct assemblage very similar to the western margin of
Florida Bay. The assemblage is dominated by Turbo castaneus and Tegula fasciata
with minor percentages of Brachidontes exustus, Pteria longisquamosa, Cerithium
muscarum, Chione cancellata, and other species more common in eastern and
central Florida Bay. The assemblage requires relatively stable, near-normal
marine salinities (Brewster-Wingard, Stone, and Holmes, in press). This evidence
is supported by the presence of Halimeda in the upper 80cm of the core. Halimeda
is a green algae common in normal marine conditions and found along the
western margin of Florida Bay. Faunal abundance, which fluctuates dramatically
in zone 3, ranging from 7 to 184 individuals per sample (averaging 74),
distinguishes this assemblage from the molluscan assemblage in zone 1.
14
Foraminifers
The foraminiferal analyses resulted in the identification of 41 species
(table 4). The assemblages are dominated by miliolid forms, with calcareous
hyaline taxa common, and agglutinated taxa rare. The dominant species include
Quinqueloculina bosciana, Q. poeyana, Q. polygona, Q. seminula, Q. tenagos,
Triloculina trigonula, Miliolinella circularis, Elphidium delicatulum, Archaias
angulatus, Articulina mucronata, Rosalina floridana, and R. globularis. Other
subsidiary species include the rotaliids Ammonia parkinsoniana tepida, A.
parkinsoniana typica, and Florilus auriculus, and the textulariid Clavulina tricarinata
(Fig. 6).
Ishman (in press) recognized four benthic foraminiferal assemblages from
surficial sediment samples collected in Biscayne Bay. The foraminiferal faunas
from Core SE1297-FB-1 represent a mixture of the open-bay grass assemblage
and the open-bay coarse sediment assemblage, indicating open-bay normal
circulation throughout the deposition of this core.
From the core bottom to 175 cm (zone 1), an open-bay seagrass form
Elphidium delicatulum dominates to the near exclusion of other members of the
seagrass assemblage. Within this interval, a variety of open-bay coarse sediment
forms of the genera Quinqueloculina (Q. tenagos, Q. poeyana, Q. polygonfi) and
Triloculina (T. triacarinata) and Rosalina (R. floridana) are present to common,
suggesting a patchy seagrass-bare substrate environment.
From 175 cm to 65 cm (zone 2), Elphidium delicatulum still dominates, but
other representatives of the seagrass assemblage, such as Quinqueloculina
bosciana, Articulina mucronata, and Miliammina circularis, are present to common,
and forms of the open-bay coarse sediment assemblage are still present but less
abundant, indicating an environment with fairly healthy seagrass and sparse,
patchy bare sediment. Samples between 100 and 65 cm mark a transition from
zone 2 to zone 3 assemblages. Foraminifer assemblages, commonly found in
minor relative percentages in salinities that range as low as 30 ppt, are present
16
within zone 2, suggesting that salinity conditions may have been slightly
reduced when compared with zone 1.
From 65 cm to the top of the core (zone 3), the open-bay coarse sediment
foraminiferal assemblage attains dominance. There is an increased abundance of
most members of the open-bay coarse sediment assemblage in zone 3 and
Elphidium delicatulum is greatly reduced, only dominating in a few horizons;
other forms of the seagrass indicators remain unchanged or show only a modest
increase in abundance. This suggests a bare sediment environment with patchy
seagrass gradually replacing the lush sub-aquatic vegetation from zone 2 in the
upper part of the core.
17
DISCUSSION
Regional Model for Featherbed Bank
The results of faunal analyses in this study have produced a model for
Core SEI297-FB-1 that divides the fossil assemblages into three informal faunal
zones. Although preliminary in nature, the results suggest distinct
environmental changes have characterized deposition at Featherbed Bank over
the past 5 centuries (fig. 7).
The data from zone 1 (base to 175 cm) indicate that during the 15th and
16th centuries Featherbed Bank had an open-marine carbonate environment. The
substrate during this period was patchy sub-aquatic vegetation, with a strong
infaunal presence. Key biotic indicators suggest that salinity within zone 1
remained relatively stable and near to normal marine throughout deposition.
Zone 2 (175 - 65 cm) deposited during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries,
had a thriving bottom community living on seagrasses (probably abundant
Thalassia) and marine algae. The presence of some taxa capable of tolerating
lowered salinities in zone 2 indicate that this period may have experienced a
wetter regional climate and/or experienced greater influx of freshwater.
However, relatively high abundances of biotic indicators, which require near
normal marine salinities within zone 2, limits the potential that salinity
conditions were lowered for a sustained period.
Zone 3 (65 - 0 cm) represents the last 150 years of Biscayne Bay history
when open-marine species re-colonized and sub-aquatic vegetation decreased.
For the first time, the ostracode Malzella floridana became common, indicating
possible episodes of hypersalinity and a molluscan assemblage similar to the
western margin of Florida Bay appeared. The dramatic change in molluscan
faunal richness and abundance in the upper portion of the core is striking (fig. 7).
It is possible that this is a taphonomic effect, but preservation quality of
Figure 7. SEI297-FB-1 Key Down-core Indicators Plotted Against Time.
COO>coN
o> C O N
IN
Ostracodes2000
Epiphytic BiotaMolluscs
2000 TForaminifers
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Abundance
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Abundance
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Abundance
CO
so N
so N
§N
Open Marine Benthic Biota Inf aunal Molluscs
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
Ostracodes Foraminifers
1400
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
Molluscan Faunal Richness
2000
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Abundance
14000 20 40 60 80 100
% Abundance
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Abundance
0 50
Faunal Groups
19
molluscan fossil shells is generally the same throughout the core; for example,
the lowest portion of the core contains very delicate specimens that are well
preserved, and color patterns are still present. These observations indicate that
the variation in faunal richness and abundance is real and not a taphonomic bias.
The increase in molluscs may be related to the variability in substrate
heterogeneity, to fluctuating salinities, or to some other factor such as
productivity or increased nutrients.
Bank Migration Model
While distinct, the changes within core SEI297-FB-1 are dominated by
assemblages that primarily indicate different substrates. Variation in the fossil
biotic communities throughout the core indicate limited variation in salinity
conditions, possibly ranging as low as 25 ppt in zone 2; biological proxy
indicators suggest that salinity conditions at Featherbed Bank remained stable
and near normal marine throughout most of the deposition of the core.
The transition from infaunal and coarse-sediment dwelling biota (zone 1)
to prominent epiphytic communities (zone 2) to variable substrates and
potentially increased salinity fluctuations (zone 3) is consistent with a model for
bank migration; the transition from zone 1 to zone 3 may be explained by
gradual shallowing of the environment of deposition, with lush sub-aquatic
vegetation (zone 2) representing the side of a migrating bank. Without further
investigation, it would be difficult to determine if the changes seen in core
SEI297-FB-1 are the result of local bank migration or if they represent regional
changes within central Biscayne Bay over the past 5 centuries.
Suggestions for Future Work
To date, short cores, like the core analyzed in this paper, have been taken
from six different regions of Biscayne Bay for the USGS 'Ecosystem History of
Biscayne Bay and the Southeast Coast' project (Ishman, 1997). Faunal analyses of
20
the cores from Manatee Bay and Featherbed Bank have now been completed, and
modern analog data exist that allow a more accurate interpretation of historical
trends in faunal assemblages. Results from this study suggest that environmental
trends within Biscayne Bay show three distinct faunal zones, representing a shift
in environmental conditions at Featherbed Bank. To understand whether these
changes are a result of bay-wide changes or simply a local phenomenon
produced by the migration of Featherbed Bank, additional cores must be
analyzed from other regions within Biscayne Bay.
21
CONCLUSIONS
Ostracode, molluscan, and foraminiferal biological proxy indicators
demonstrate that Featherbed Bank experienced three distinct environments.
From approximately 1440-1550AD (zone 1), biotic assemblages show that open-
bay, relatively stable marine, carbonate deposition dominated the environment.
Patchy to limited sub-aquatic vegetation was present. Between 1550 and 1850 AD
(zone 2), this environment gave way to open-bay conditions with lush sub-
aquatic vegetation with only limited bare substrate. Salinity conditions may have
reached as low as 25 ppt within this zone, but probably not for sustained periods.
Between 1850 and 1997 AD (zone 3), biotic assemblages, representing open-bay
deposition with patchy sub-aquatic vegetation and increasing bare substrate, re-
colonize the environment. However, assemblages after 1850 display distinct
differences from those in zone 1, suggesting modest changes in salinity regimes
and substrate. There is no evidence for proximity to land or sustained periods of
lowered salinity throughout core SEI297-FB-1. Although distinct, the changes in
biotic assemblages down-core are dominantly substrate-controlled and may
represent either bay-wide or local variations in the biological communities at
Featherbed Bank.
22
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Andrews, J., 1971, Shells and shores of Texas: Austin, TX, University of Texas, 365 p.
Bock, W. D., Lynts, G.W., Smith, S., Wright, R., Hay, W.W., and Jones, J.I., 1971, A symposium of Recent south Florida Foraminfera: Miami Geological Society Memoir 1, Miami Geological Society Publication, Miami, Florida.
Brewster-Wingard, G.L., Ishman, S.E., Edwards, L.E., and Willard, D.A., 1996, Preliminary report on the distribution of modern fauna and flora at selected sites in north-central and north-eastern Florida Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-0732, 36 p.
Brewster-Wingard, G.L., and Ishman, S.E., 1999, Historical trends in salinity and substrate in Central Florida Bay: A paleoecological reconstruction using modern analogue data: Estuaries v. 22, p. 369-383.
Brewster-Wingard, G.L., Stone, J.R., and Holmes, C.W., in press, Molluscan faunal distribution in Florida Bay, past and present: An integration of down-core and modern data, in Wardlaw, B.R., (ed.), Ecosystem history of South Florida: Bulletins of American Paleontology.
Cronin, T.M., Holmes, C.W., Wingard, G.L., Ishman, S.E., Dowsett, H., Keyser,D., and Waibel, N., in press, Historical trends in epiphytal ostracodes from Florida Bay: implications for seagrass and macro-benthic algal variability. in Wardlaw, B.R., (ed.), Ecosystem history of South Florida: Bulletins of American Paleontology.
Garbett, E.C., and Maddocks, R.F., 1978, Zoogeography of Holocene cytheracean ostracodes in the bays of Texas: Journal of Paleontology v. 53, p. 841-919.
Ishman, S.E., and D'Ambrosio, J., 1997, Modern benthic foraminifer distributions in Biscayne Bay: Analogues for historical reconstructions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-0034, 20 p.
Ishman, S.E, 1997, Ecosystem history of south Florida: Biscayne Bay sedimentcore descriptions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-0437,15 p.
23
Ishman, S.E., Cronin, T.M., Brewster-Wingard, G.L., Willard, D.A., and Verardo, D.J., 1998, A record of ecosystem change, Manatee Bay, Barnes Sound, Florida: Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, v. 26, p. 125-138.
Ishman, S.E., in press, Ecological controls on benthic foraminifer distributions in Biscayne Bay, Florida, in Wardlaw, B.R., (ed.), Ecosystem history of South Florida: Bulletins of American Paleontology.
Keyser, D., 1975, Ostracoden aus den Mangrovegebieten von Sudwest-Florida: Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg: NF 18/19, p. 255-290.
Keyser, D., 1976, Zur kenntnis der brackigen mangrovebewachsenenWeichboden Sudwest-Floridas unter besonderer Berucksichtigung ihrer Ostracodenfauna: Ph. D. Dissertation, Hamburg University, 142 p.
Keyser, D., 1977, Brackwasser-Cytheracea aus Sud-Florida: Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg: NF 20, p. 43-85.
Lidz, B.H., and Rose, P.R., 1989, Diagnostic foraminiferal assemblages of Florida Bay, and adjacent shallow water: a comparison: Bulletin of Marine Science v. 44, p. 399-418.
Loeblich, A.R., and Tappan, H., 1988, Foraminiferal genera and theirclassification, v. 1,2: New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc., 970 p.
Lyons, W.G., 1996, An assessment of mollusks as indicators of environmental change in Florida Bay: in Programs and Abstracts, Florida Bay Science Conference, 1996, Gainesville, Florida, p. 52-54.
Lyons, W.G., 1999, Responses of benthic fauna to salinity shifts in Florida Bay: evidence from a more robust sample of the molluscan community: in Program and Abstracts, Florida Bay and Adjacent Marine Systems Science Conference, November 1999, Key Largo, Florida, p 47-50.
Perry, L. M. and Schwengel, J.S., 1955, Marine shells of the western coast of Florida: Ithaca, NY, Paleontological Research Institution, 318 p.
Robbins, J.A., Holmes, C.W., Halley, R.B., Bothner, M., Shinn, E.A., Graney, J., Keller, G., tenBrinck, M., and Rudnick, D, in press, Time constraints characterizing predeposition integration of 137Ce and Pb fluxes to sediments in Florida Bay: Geochemica et Cosmochemica.
24
Stuvier, M, and Reimer, P.J., 1993, Extended (super 14) C data based and revised CALIB 3.0 (super 14) C age calibration program: Radiocarbon, v. 35, p. 215-230.
Teeter, J.W., 1975, Distribution of Holocene marine Ostracoda from Belize, in, Wantland, K.F., and Pusey, C., Ill, eds., Belize shelf-carbonate sediments, clastic sediments, and ecology: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology No. 2, p. 400-498.
Turgeon, D.D., Quinn, J.F., Jr., Bogan, A.E., Coan, E.V., Hochberg, F.G., Lyons, W.G., Mikkelsen, P.M., Neves, R.J., Roper, C.F.E., Rosenberg, G., Roth, B., Scheltema, A., Thompson, F.G., Vecchione, M., and Williams, J.D., 1998, Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: mollusks, 2nd Edition. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 26, Bethesda, Maryland, 526 p.
Turney, W.J. and Perkins, B.F., 1972, Molluscan Distribution in Florida Bay: Sedimenta III, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 37p.
Wanless, H.R., Cottrell, D.J., Tagett, M.G., Tedesco, L.P., and Warzeski, E.R., Jr., 1995, Origin and growth of carbonate banks in south Florida. In Monty, C.V., Boscence, D.W.J., Bridges, P.H., and Pratt, B.R., (eds.), Carbonate Mud-Mounds. Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists, v. 23, p. 439-473.
Warmke, G.L., and Abbott, R.T., 1961, Carribean Seashells: Narberth, PA, Livingston Publishing Co. 348 p.
Table 1. Age model foi core SEI297-FB-1 samples
Depth (cm)0-22-44-66-88-1010-1212-1414-1616-1818-2020-2222-2424-2626-2828-3030-3232-3434-3636-3838-4040-4242-4444-4646-4848-5050-5252-5454-5656-5858-6060-6262-6464-6860-62 100-102 140-142 220-222
Methodlead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210lead-210**radiocarbon* radiocarbon** radiocarbon** radiocarbon**
Age#1.665.048.49
12.0015.5719.2022.8626.5530.2433.9037.5241.0644.4747.7150.7553.5456.0558.2560.1561.7463.0564.1365.0565.8566.6467.4968.5169.8171.5273.8376.9981.4087.77
295 286 359 505
2 Sigma Range
350-0 yrBP 342-0 yrBP 503-303 yr BP 567-363 yr BP
Uncorrected C-14 Age
570 555 695 810
+/-
55 55 55 55
*not used in age-depth model
**used to derive age model for interval 65-225 cmage = 0.004 (depth*depth) + (1.581*depth) - 5.312^Radiocarbon ages are calibrated using program in Stuvier and Reimer (1993)
7 a
Table 2: Ostracode Percent Abundance Data for SEI297-FB-1
Depth (cm)0-2
12-1416-1820-2224-2628-3032-3436-3840-4244-4648-5052-5456-5860-6264-6668-7072-7476-7880-8284-8688-9092-9496-98100-102104-106108-110112-114132-134136-138140-142144-146148-150152-154156-158160-162164-166168-170172-174176-178180-182184-186188-190192-194196-198200-202204-206208-210212-214216-218220-222224-226
Years (B.P.)0.00
15.9222.7229.6536.7143.9051.2258.6666.2373.9381.7689.7297.80
106.01114.35122.82131.42140.14148.99157.97167.08176.32185.68195.17204.79214.54224.42275.72286.36297.13308.03319.06330.22341.50350.05364.45376.12387.92399.84411.89424.07436.38448.82461.38474.07486.89499.84512.92526.12539.45552.91
Age Model Year199719811974196719601953194619381931192319151907189918911883187418661857184818391830182118111802179217821773172117111700168916781667165516471633162116091597158515731561154815361523151014971484147114581444
P. setipunctata
0.000.000.000.850.000.000.000.000.791.560.720.000.890.810.875.361.600.000.000.000.000.820.000.000.001.740.000.741.520.000.001.020.000.811.851.650.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Loxoconclia
8.656.367.50
13.684.859.28
15.3817.3916.6710.1614.4914.048.93
15.3228.7040.1813.6020.7213.5127.0531.6221.3121.9328.0327.0316.5242.3141.1825.7626.87.23.7331.6327.5225.0030.5648.7625.0031.3441.5129.6921.9717.698.53
11.724.858.065.922.821.458.407.32
Malzella
4.8111.82
7.508.557.77
15.468.653.487.94
13.287.977.898.049.686.091.797.203.604.500.000.004.925.260.762.702.612.310.743.033.730.001.021.834.842.782.485.002.993.770.003.035.445.432.764.851.615.267.042.173.364.88
Xestoleberis
0.0010.005.00
15.3814.56
7.2210.5813.04
7.948.598.705.268.934.84
10.4319.6416.0016.2219.8220.4914.5331.9721.9316.6717.1221.749.23
23.5343.1844.7834.759.18
23.8520.9728.7013.2220.838.%
13.2120.3119.7012.93
6.2012.41
9.7125.8115.13
9.152.170.844.88
Bairdiids
63.4625.4533.3324.7921.3615.4621.1516.5214.2919.5324.6433.3325.00
8.0619.138.93
27.2031.5327.0315.5735.0422.9516.6721.2120.72
6.9618.4618.38
6.063.73
11.0242.8613.7612.90
6.4819.8310.0014.1816.0423.4422.7331.2931.0124.8334.9532.2633.5540.8555.0742.8642.28
Puriana
0.000.000.000.850.974.123.854.354.762.341.450.882.680.812.610.890.000.900.002.460.000.000.880.001.800.000.770.000.002.241.690.000.920.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Jug/Hermanites/Radimella
14.4225.4521.6717.0919.4219.5917.3115.6523.0219.5312.3213.1617.8633.8710.437.14
11.206.318.11
13.115.98
12.3014.91
7.587.21
28.706.152.947.586.729.323.069.17
20.9712.04
7.4428.3323.1312.2614.0620.4520.4129.4632.4127.1818.5531.5825.3528.9935.2926.83
Neocaudites/Caudites
3.855.45
11.675.98
11.6510.314.814.355.563.136.525.265.369.684.350.898.002.704.500.000.001.640.880.000.003.480.770.000.760.751.690.003.671.610.931.651.671.490.000.000.000.006.201.385.830.812.636.341.455.044.07
Actinocythereis
0.000.912.500.852.913.091.923.483.976.252.905.26
10.714.840.002.684.800.000.900.820.850.820.882.273.600.870.001.470.000.002.543.060.920.810.002.481.676.72
10.3810.948.337.486.20
10.345.832.423.954.235.071.682.44
£o4.81
14.5510.8311.9716.5015.4616.3521.7415.0815.6320.2914.9111.6112.1017.3912.5010.4018.0221.6220.4911.973.28
16.6723.4819.8217.3920.0011.0312.1211.1915.258.16
18.3512.1016.67
2.487.50
11.192.831.563.794.766.984.146.80
10.481.974.233.622.527.32
Total Picked
10411012011710397
10411512612813811411212411511212511111112211712211413211111513013613213411898
109124108121120134106128132147129145103124152142138119123
Page 1
Table 3: Molluscan (Bivalve) Percent Abundance Data for SEI297-FB-1
Depth (cm)0-24-68-1012-U16-1820-2224-2628-3032-3436-3840-4244-4648-5052-5456-5860-6264-6668-7072-7476-7880-8284-8688-9092-9496-98100-102104-106108-110112-114116-118120-122124-126128-130132-134136-138140-142144-146148-150152-154156-158160-162164-166168-170172-174176-178180-182184-186188-190192-194196-198200-202204-206208-210212-214216-218220-222224-226
Years (B.P.)0.002.699.24
15.9222.7229.6536.7143.9051.2258.6666.2373.9381.7689.7297.80
106.01114.35122.82131.42140.14148.99157.97167.08176.32185.68195.17204.79214.54224.4223442244.55254.81265.20275.72286.36297.13308.03319.06330.22341.50350.05364.45376.12387.92399.84411.89424.07436.38448.82461.38474.07486.89499.84512.92526.12539.45552.91
Age Model Year199719941988198119741967196019531946193819311923191519071899189118831874186618571848183918301821181118021792178217731763175217421732172117111700168916781667165516471633162116091597158515731561154815361523151014971484147114581444
Arcopsis adamsi
0.002.781.720.000.000.000.760.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000001.690.000.00ono0.000.000.000.000.882.630.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.00
Brachidontes exustus
0.000.000.000.000.950.540.000.991.331.851.414350.000.000.004.170.00ono1.121.110.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00ono0.000.000.000.000.002.782.560000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.00
Cardiuni
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00ono0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.002.500.000.000.000.000000.000.000.00
Chione cancellata
0.750.000.004.001.900.000.762.972.670.002.820.002.536.255.884.170.000000.560.00000000ono0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.005.260.00ono0.000.000.004.550.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.007.410.000.000.000.000.000000.000.007.69
Chione granulata ?
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000000.000.000000.000000.560.00000000ono0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00ono0.000.000.000.000.000.000000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.00
Sb&.
56
3.762.780.000.000.950.541.52ow0.002.782.824351 778.330.000000.000004.491.11000000ono0.000.002.630.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000000004.557.140.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.00
Codakia orbicularis
0.000.006.90
12.000.952.170.000994.000.000.000.000000.000.000000.000000.561.11000onoono0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000000000.000.000.000.000.003.700.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.00
Codakia orbiculata
5.265.565.170.003.813.260.76OW1.333.700.000.000002.080.000000.000002.254.44000onoono0.000.000.000.000.000.00
10.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000000000.000.000.000.000.000.002.500.000.000.000.000000.000.000.00
Cumingia tellinoides
0.750.000.000.000.951.090.76OW0.001.851.410.000000.000.000000.000000.561.110000000000.000.000.000.880.000.000.000.000.00
12.000000.000.000.004.550.005.560000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.00
s <§,ioc1
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.00ow0.000.000.000.000000.000.000000.000000.000.00000onoono0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.00ono0000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.00
Glycymeris pectinata ?
3.760.000.000.000.000.000.00ow0.000.000.000.000000.000.000000.000000.560.000000000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.00
Gottldia sp.
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000000.000.000000.000000.000.000000.00ono0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.00ono0000.000.000.000.003.030.000.007.690.00
22.228.0073?
16.000.000.00
Laevicardium sp.
0.750.000.004.000.950.001.520002.670.000.000.000000.000.000000.000000.560.000000.00ono0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00ono0.000.000.004.550.000.000004.260.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.006.670.00
Laevicardium spp.
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000000.000.000000.000000.000.000000.00ono0.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.960.000.00ono0.000.000.000.000.002.780000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.00
11. itiG,
.3
3
1.500.000.004.001.900.541520002.670.930.000.000000.000.000000.000000.560.000000.000000.000.000.001.770.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.006.250.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.00
Linga amiantus
0.000.001.720.000.000.000.00ono0.000.000.000.000000.000.000000.000000.000.00ono0.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.00
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Table 3: Molluscan (Gastropod) Percent Abundance Data for SEI297-FB-1
Depth (cm)0-24-68-10
12-1416-1820-2224-2628-3032-3436-3840-4244-4648-5052-5456-5860-6264-6668-7072-7476-7880-8284-8688-9092-9496-98100-102104-106108-110112-114116-118120-122124-126128-130132-134136-138140-142144-146148-150152-154156-158160-162164-166168-170172-174176-178180-182184-186188-190192-194196-198200-202204-206208-210212-214216-218220-222224-226
Years (B.P.;0.002.699.24
15.9222.7229.6536.7143.9051.2258.6666.2373.9381.7689.7297.80
106.01114.35122.82131.42140.14148.99157.97167.08176.32185.68195.17204.79214.54224.42234.42244.55254.81265.20275.72286.36297.13308.03319.06330.22341.50350.05364.45376.12387.92399.84411.89424.07436.38448.82461.38474.07486.89499.84512.92526.12539.45552.91
Age Model Yea199719941988198119741967196019531946193819311923191519071899189118831874186618571848183918301821181118021792178217731763175217421732172117111700168916781667165516471633162116091597158515731561154815361523151014971484147114581444
Acmaea leucopleura ?
0.750.000.000.000.000.541.521.980.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.562.220.000.000.003.450.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.001.280.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.500.000.000.000.007.320.000.000.00
Acmaea pustulata
0.000.001.720.004.761630.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000,000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Acteocina canaliculata
0.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.001.270.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
8-fv..
-S
1"C0.000.000.000.000.000540.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Amaea retifera
0.000.003.454.000.950.000.000.000.000.001.410.001.270.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Anachis avara
0.000.000.000.000.950.540.001.980.000.001.410.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.690.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Astraea phoebia
1.500.001.720.000.001091.520.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.500.000.000.000.000.004.000.000.00
Bittiolum varium
2.265.561.724.000.959.78
18.1810.8928.0020.3715.4917.3924.0514.5811.7625.00
0.0014.297.306.67
52.3889.4748.3920.698.70
25.0023.8942.11
0.0020.0067.6552.6344.0017.0711.110.006.25
22.7311.4327.7852.5657.4536.3614.295.26
10.009.097.410.000.000.000.000.002.440.006.670.00
Bulla striata
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
11.110.000.000.000.000.00
Caecum comucopiae
0.755.561.720.000.950.540.006.930.000.000.000.001.270.000.000.000.000.000.563.331.190.000.000.004.35
11.8410.620.000.000.004.900.000.000.000.000.006.259.095.710.000.000.000.007.140.000.000.003.700.000.000.000.000.002.440.000.000.00
Caecum pulchellum
1.500.000.000.000.950.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.004.550.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Calliostoma sp.
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.860.000.000.000.000.005.260.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Cerithidea spp.
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.004.88
11.110.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Cerithiopsis greeni
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.760.000.001.852.824.352.530.000.000.000.000.001.120.000.000.000.000.00
13.041.326.190.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.782.560.004.553.570.000.000.007.415.000.009.090.000.000.000.000.000.00
Table 3: Molluscan (Gastropod) Percent Abundance Data for SEI297-FB-1
Depth (cm)0-24-68-1012-1416-1820-2224-2628-3032-3436-3840-4244-4648-5052-5456-5860-6264-6668-7072-7476-7880-8284-8688-9092-9496-98100-102104-106108-110112-114116-118120-122124-126128-130132-134136-138140-142144-146148-150152-154156-158160-162164-166168-170172-174176-178180-182184-186188-190192-194196-198200-202204-206208-210212-214216-218220-222224-226
Years (B.P.)0.002.699.24
15.9222.7229.6536.7143.9051.2258.6666.2373.9381.7689.7297.80
106.01114.35122.82131.42140.14148.99157.97167.08176.32185.68195.17204.79214.54224.42234.42244.55254.81265.20275.72286.36297.13308.03319.06330.22341.50350.05364.45376.12387.92399.84411.89424.07436.38448.82461.38474.07486.89499.84512.92526.12539.45552.91
Age Model Yea199719941988198119741967196019531946193819311923191519071899189118831874186618571848183918301821181118021792178217731763175217421732172117111700168916781667165516471633162116091597158515731561154815361523151014971484147114581444
Cerithium muscarum
2.260.000.000.001.900.007.580.001.331.851.410.001.274.17
23.530.000.000.002.810.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.440.000.000.004.550.000.005.130.000.003.570.000.003.030.000.000.000.00
11.114.000.000.000.000.00
Cerithium sp.
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.009.860.000.000.005.880.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Cerithium spp.
0.000.006.90
20.001.907.610.009.901.333.700.000.006.332.080.000.00
14.2914.290.560.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
20.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.860.000.000.000.000.005.260.000.007.412.507.699.090.008.000.004.000.007.69
Cerodrillia sp.
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.990.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.690.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Columbella sp. \
0.750.000.000.000.000.000.760.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Conidae juvenile
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.560.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.860.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Crassispira leucocyma
0.000.000.000.001.901.630.760.992.670.000.008.700.000.000.000.000.00
14.290.001.111.190.000.000.004.350.000.000.000.000.001.960.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Crassispira sp.
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.320.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.440.000.000.000.005.712.781.280.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.007.69
1.3
1
U2.260.000.000.000.000.542.270.002.670.002.820.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.562.220.000.000.000.004.351.320.880.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.004.550.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.004.000.000.00
Cyclostremiscus sp.
0.750.000.000.000.000.540.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
&g15
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.880.000.00
10.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Epitonium sp.
0.000.003.454.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Eulimidae
0.000.000.000.002.862.720.000.990.000.000.000.000.002.080.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.320.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.500.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Eulithidium sp.
18.0530.5610.348.007.629.24
12.125.944.006.484.234.358.862.080.008.330.000.00
10.118.894.760.00
19.3520.6917.397.89
12.392.630.00
20.000.005.260.00
14.630.000.00
12.500.002.86
20.833.858.51
18.1810.7115.7916.676.063.70
12.507.699.090.004.009.764.000.00
15.38
Fastiolaria sp.
0.750.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.220.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
exto _g
i£0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.320.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Latirus ?
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.111.190.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.861.390.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.004.000.000.000.000.00
Lithopoma americanum
0.000.000.000.000.000.540.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.007.690.000.000.000.000.006.670.00
Mar
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88
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88
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Table 4: F
oraminifer P
ercent Abundance D
ata for SEI297-FB-1
Depth (cm
)0-24-68-1012-1416-1820-2224-2628-3032-3436-3840-4244-4648-5052-5456-5860-6264-6668-7072-7476-7880-8284-8688-9092-9496-98100-102104-106108-110112-114
Years (B
.P.)0.002.699.24
15.9222.7229.6536.7143.9051.2258.6666.2373.9381.7689.7297.80
106.01114.35122.82131.42140.14148.99157.97167.08176.32185.68195.17204.79214.54224.42
Age M
odel Yeai
19971994198819811974196719601953194619381931192319151907189918911883187418661857184818391830182118111802179217821773
Ammonia parkinsoniana tepida
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.290.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Ammonia parkinsoniana typica
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.280.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.320.000.000.000.000.000.00
Archaias angulatus
32.694.881.954.93
10.2610.149.011.441.345.29
10.0310.3616.8616.7119.05
2.650.640.007.375.160.330.281.280.001.850.700.680.000.00
1
6.475.494.559.284.973.774.942.872.101.392.271.123.434.383.170.333.533.404.81
10.6013.2913.305.13
15.056.178.367.887.345.39
K3.510.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
aS1sx a
.K.510.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Buccella hannaii
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Cibicides sp.
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
.21D0.650.301.302.321.660.871.740.290.572.510.001.123.713.292.910.330.000.000.320.570.000.001.281.000.622.441.030.000.00
Cydogyra involvens
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Elphidium advenum
0.000.000.000.290.000.000.000.860.380.840.001.401.140.000.261.660.%0.001.280.291.000.000.000.670.930.701.031.402.40
Elphidium delicatulum
3.5613.72
1.953.193.973.485.81
18.6810.8814.4829.7715.694.570.003.70
42.3835.5837.9625.6411.1722.928.035.45
11.0413.275.23
21.5824.1338.92
Elphidium discoidale
0.002.130.000.000.660.290.870.290.000.280.000.560.290.270.260.001.920.001.601.151.000.000.641.340.000.000.002.800.60
Elphidium excavatum
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Elphidium mexicanum
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Elphidium sp.
0.000.300.000.870.000.290.000.000.000.000.320.000.860.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Florilus auriculus
0.000.001.622.030.000.871.451.440.000.840.971.960.860.000.260.002.560.310.%0.000.001.391.284.681.852.090.680.705.39
Fursenkoina sp.
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Hanzawaia concentrica
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.330.000.000.000.000.00
Table 4: F
oraminifer P
ercent Abundance D
ata for SEI297-FB-1
Depth (cm
)116-118120-122124-126128-130132-134136-138140-142144-146148-150152-154156-158160-162164-166168-170172-174176-178180-182184-186188-190192-194196-198200-202204-206208-210212-214216-218220-222224-226
Years (B
.P.)234.42244.55254.81265.20275.72286.36297.13308.03319.06330.22341.50350.05364.45376.12387.92399.84411.89424.07436.38448.82461.38474.07486.89499.84512.92526.12539.45552.91
Age M
odel Yeai
1763175217421732172117111700168916781667165516471633162116091597158515731561154815361523151014971484147114581444
Ammonia parkinsoniana tepida
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Ammonia parkinsoniana typica
0.000.000.000.002.579.204.880.320.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.850.302.570.000.000.300.291.720.560.000.90
Archaias angulatus
0.000.310.330.615.154.603.660.630.350.001.210.310.000.000.000.000.310.571.812.571.460.000.302.620.571.940.961.36
Articulina mucronata
0.000.001.993.345.510.000.000.328.360.631.210.310.000.000.330.000.000.000.300.000.000.000.000.000.000.560.323.17
5<3
S"o CQ
0.800.932.990.610.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
15.7316.514.530.001.934.093.182.110.580.000.000.320.00
1 t §"o CQ
0.000.001.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.003.151.220.850.900.960.881.270.600.290.000.000.320.00
Buccella hannaii
0.003.433.325.780.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Cibiddes sp.
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.310.000.000.000.000.000.000.290.000.000.000.00
Clavulina tricarinata
0.000.000.000.000.740.002.440.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.290.570.280.961.36
Cyclogyra involvens
0.000.310.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Elphidium advenum
0.000.000.001.220.009.204.270.630.350.000.000.001.320.650.000.001.221.981.519.974.974.144.224.654.588.060.000.00
Elphidium delicatulum
54.1838.0139.5320.3631.6231.0340.2454.2921.2533.0218.1330.7254.2851.4662.4666.4363.3063.1726.2036.3356.7362.4271.9944.7745.2724.7237.9013.12
Elphidium discoidale
0.400.000.330.610.00
10.926.100.630.000.000.300.000.990.651.662.100.614.257.23
15.436.146.058.13
18.3115.1919.4417.206.79
Elphidium excavatum
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.550.000.000.000.000.000.00
Elphidium mexicanum
0.000.000.330.301.474.020.610.630.350.310.000.310.000.000.000.000.610.280.300.000.580.000.900.000.000.000.000.00
Elphidium sp.
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Florilus auriculus
4.781.250.000.610.371.725.495.712.794.402.723.450.994.537.974.554.283.970.900.002.921.913.010.872.291.670.000.90
Fursenkoina sp.
1.200.311.660.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.310.850.000.000.580.%0.000.000.290.000.320.00
Hanzawaia concentrica
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.310.000.000.000.000.000.700.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Table 4: Foram
inifer Percent A
bundance Data for SEI297-FB
-1
Depth (cm
)0-24-68-1012-1416-1820-2224-2628-3032-3436-3840-4244-4648-5052-5456-5860-6264-6668-7072-7476-7880-8284-8688-9092-9496-98100-102104-106108-110112-114
Years (B
.P.)0.002.699.24
15.9222.7229.6536.7143.9051.2258.6666.2373.9381.7689.7297.80
106.01114.35122.82131.42140.14148.99157.97167.08176.32185.68195.17204.79214.54224.42
Age M
odel Yeai
19971994198819811974196719601953194619381931192319151907189918911883187418661857184818391830182118111802179217821773
.88a!0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.008.330.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.400.003.59
Miliammina drcularis
0.650.912.60
10.432.984.642.910.861.723.340.001.123.71
10.687.940.660.%1.231.927.164.98
21.3314.109.36
11.4219.864.110.700.60
Miliammina labiosa
4.532.745.842.030.660.000.580.861.343.341.620.000.574.666.611.320.640.313.213.723.653.320.961.340.933.484.114.200.00
Nodobacularia sp.
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.320.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Peneroplis proteus
0.970.000.000.000.330.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.270.000.000.320.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
e-13.241.220.970.874.970.580.000.000.000.001.290.000.290.000.000.660.000.000.000.001.330.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Quinqueloculina agglutinata
11.003.660.971.164.645.228.431.444.398.084.859.529.438.227.416.622.240.932.883.721.660.830.002.343.094.535.481.750.60
Quinqueloculina bosdana
0.326.10
18.1814.4914.2416.819.30
12.647.253.349.711.122.291.922.384.309.299.88
10.905.736.98
15.7919.8710.704.32
11.508.560.002.99
Quinqueloculina poeyana
2.916.103.252.030.004.353.785.173.825.571.621.682.004.115.290.007.05
10.192.882.295.984.713.854.354.014.883.425.945.99
Quinqueloculina polygona
0.0010.0614.29
7.549.279.574.947.188.21
12.816.158.129.439.326.886.299.628.338.97
16.6212.%9.42
16.679.70
10.495.57
14.3818.538.38
Quinqueloculina seminula
0.000.002.922.900.002.030.001.152.671.954.530.840.570.820.260.000.007.100.005.440.005.546.093.013.405.231.031.757.78
Quinqueloculina tenagos
17.487.625.527.256.292.619.300.002.864.182.277.005.148.227.415.301.920.002.884.878.972.228.335.027.109.768.226.643.59
Rosalina floridana
3.2421.0420.7812.4615.5617.3918.6026.44
8.7814.2111.3320.7315.4311.5113.4915.899.621.85
13.1411.175.324.711.925.029.885.575.829.445.39
Rosalina globularis
0.320.004.553.480.663.193.202.593.633.623.563.645.433.011.323.313.214.014.493.440.006.095.455.02
11.425.922.402.805.99
1
0.320.000.000.001.990.000.000.000.000.000.320.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
£1 ft.0.000.001.302.905.%1.742.033.740.760.560.650.841.710.821.060.000.321.540.000.571.330.831.281.342.160.701.030.000.60
1
'S.
0.000.002.921.740.992.322.330.571.530.280.000.280.860.000.260.000.320.620.960.000.000.000.000.000.310.000.000.000.00
oculina rotunda
£0.000.001.950.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.310.000.000.000.550.000.000.001.390.002.100.00
oculina striatula
£0.000.300.000.290.000.000.000.000.383.340.001.120.000.000.000.661.600.930.640.572.331.110.000.001.230.352.050.000.00
oculina tricarinata
£5.83
11.590.005.517.284.066.108.62
35.316.136.156.725.144.666.614.306.412.473.854.585.980.004.497.693.401.391.716.990.00
oculina variolata
£5.830.911.300.582.654.932.912.591.341.952.274.202.572.742.383.311.280.311.280.860.000.281.281.002.160.002.402.801.80
vulina oviedoina
£0.000.911.301.450.000.871.740.290.761.670.000.563.434.381.060.000.000.000.000.290.000.280.320.000.000.350.000.000.00
Vfi
Table 4: Foram
inifer Percent Abundance D
ata for SEI297-FB-1
Depth (cm
)116-118120-122124-126128-130132-134136-138140-142144-146148-150152-154156-158160-162164-166168-170172-174176-178180-182184-186188-190192-194196-198200-202204-206208-210212-214216-218220-222224-226
Years (B
.P.)234.42244.55254.81265.20275.72286.36297.13308.03319.06330.22341.50350.05364.45376.12387.92399.84411.89424.07436.38448.82461.38474.07486.89499.84512.92526.12539.45552.91
Age M
odel Yeai
1763175217421732172117111700168916781667165516471633162116091597158515731561154815361523151014971484147114581444
Haynessina germanica
0.000.000.000.001.105.75
12.200.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Miliammina drcularis
0.804.673.324.261.840.000.000.006.622.201.810.940.990.320.000.000.000.000.300.000.000.000.001.162.010.280.642.71
Miliammina labiosa
0.400.620.003.650.000.000.000.004.181.265.142.194.280.000.000.000.000.000.900.000.000.000.001.451.150.560.002.26
Nodobacularia sp.
0.000.000.000.610.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Peneroplis proteus
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.350.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
8-i0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.350.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
1,3
a S
0.001.561.005.473.681.150.001.279.761.893.932.191.320.000.330.350.001.421.811.610.000.320.000.001.431.943.182.26
Quinqueloculina bosdana
17.9312.1511.30
8.213.310.001.835.71
11.5018.243.934.080.000.973.321.400.000.280.900.320.880.000.000.000.001.392.231.81
Quinqueloculina poeyana
3.1923.9917.289.420.002.873.054.764.889.127.55
10.0315.4624.60
7.310.701.222.276.631.293.801.272.114.654.581.676.374.98
Quinqueloculina polygona
1.590.931.00
15.8113.973.451.835.40
10.805.97
16.9215.9910.860.002.660.700.311.98
13.252.570.581.911.202.624.874.724.149.95
Quinqueloculina seminula
2.395.611.990.910.000.000.615.080.005.033.635.330.000.970.330.000.310.003.610.640.001.270.902.032.580.280.644.07
Quinqueloculina tenagos
1.590.002.667.606.990.000.000.636.272.836.955.643.952.272.990.000.000.288.130.641.170.001.813.202.295.006.059.50
Rosalina floridana
1.200.000.000.004.043.451.222.541.051.897.856.581.324.852.330.001.531.133.313.223.225.730.002.032.879.442.55
17.65
Rosalina globularis
5.981.878.311.522.214.604.276.672.795.974.534.080.666.474.983.507.655.673.312.577.022.870.002.332.582.221.913.62
'C
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Spiroloculina antillarum
0.000.000.000.610.000.000.000.320.700.000.000.310.000.320.330.000.000570.000.000.000.320.000.000.000.000.000.00
Spirosigmoilina
0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.570.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.290.000.000.000.00
Triloculina rotunda
0.000.000.000.302.570.570.000.322.090.312.720.000.001.290.000.000.000.280.000.640.290.320.000.000.000.560.320.00
Triloculina striatula
0.800.620.000.001.100.570.000.000.001.576.340.002.300.000.000.700.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.26
Triloculina tricarinata
2.793.121.338.21
10.666.906.713.813.482.835.146.580.990.002.990.000.314.53
15.0616.084.393.502.416.104.58
13.0612.748.14
Triloculina variolata
0.000.000.000.000.740.000.000.321.740.630.000.940.330.650.000.000.000.282.710.640.290.000.001.160.571.670.961.81
Valvulina oviedoina
0.000.310.330.000.370.000.610.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.600.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.36
