FEASIBILITY STUDY ON URGENT WATER RESOURCES … · feasibility study on urgent water resources development and supply for kabul metropolitan area ... annex part 2_2.4 pump calculation

INDEPENDENT BOARD FOR NEW KABUL CITY DEVELOPMENT (DEHSABZ-BARIKAB CITY DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY) THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN

FEASIBILITY STUDY ON URGENT WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPLY FOR

KABUL METROPOLITAN AREA THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN

FINAL REPORT

VOLUME 2: MAIN REPORT (1/2) (PARTS 1 & 2)

MARCH 2013

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)

CTI ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD. YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. GE

JR

13-075

Currency Exchange Rate as of January 2012:

1.00 AFN = 1.552 JPY 1.00 AFN = 0.0202 USD 1.00 USD = 76.81 JPY

Location Map of the Study Area

Location Map of Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project Facilities

COMPOSITION OF REPORT

Volume 1: Summary

Volume 2: Main Report (1/2) (Part 1 & 2) Part 1: Common Context Part 2: Feasibility Study on Panjshir Fan Aquifer

Development Project Appendices:

Appendix A Test of Infiltration Gallery Appendix B Preliminary Design of Contingency Plans for Panjshir Fan Aquifer

Development Project Appendix C Interview Survey on Awareness of Water Users Appendix D Preliminary Study on Renewable Energies Appendix E Draft EIA Report for Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project

Volume 3: Main Report (2/2) (Part 3 & 4) Part 3: Pre-Feasibility Study on Salang Dam Project Part 4: Review of Feasibility Study on Gulbahar Dam

Project

Volume 4: Summary in Dari

Annexes (CD) Part 2: Feasibility Study on Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development

ANNEX PART 2_1 COST BREAKDOWN OF INTAKE FACILITY

ANNEX PART 2_2.1 PUMP CALCULATION SHEET

ANNEX PART 2_2.2 DESIGN CALCULATION OF PUMP FACILITIES

ANNEX PART 2_2.3 SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE DOSAGE CALCULATTION

ANNEX PART 2_2.4 PUMP CALCULATION SHEET (ALONG BAGRAM ROAD)

ANNEX PART 2_2.5 DESIGN CALCULATION OF PUMP FACILITIES (ALONG BAGRAM ROAD)

ANNEX PART 2_2.6 PUMP CALCULATION SHEET (THREE-STEP DEVELOPMENT)

ANNEX PART 2_2.7 DESIGN CALCULATION OF PUMP FACILITIES (THREE-STEP DEVELOPMENT)

ANNEX PART 2_3.1 WAGE (OPERATION & MAINTENANCE COST)

ANNEX PART 2_3.2 COST OF ELECTRIC POWER (OPERATION & MAINTENANCE COST)

ANNEX PART 2_3.3 AMOUNT OF BILLED / DISTRIBUTED WATER (OPERATION & MAINTENANCE COST)

ANNEX PART 2_4 BASIC DATA OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE PANJSHIR FAN

ANNEX PART 2_5 DRAWINGS

ANNEX PART 2_6 COST ANALYSIS BREAK DOWN

Part 3: Pre-Feasibility Study on Salang Dam ANNEX PART 3_1 LITHOLOGY

ANNEX PART 3_2 LANDSLIDE

ANNEX PART 3_3 GEOLOGIC LOG AND DRILLHOLE CORE PHOTO

ANNEX PART 3_4 DATA OF GROUNDWATER LEVEL

ANNEX PART 3_5 LUGEON TEST RESULTS

ANNEX PART 3_6 LABORATORY TEST RESULTS

ANNEX PART 3_7 PHOTO OF DRILLING WORK

ANNEX PART 3_8 GEOLOGIC MAPS

ANNEX PART 3_9 GEOLOGIC PROFILES

Part 4: Review of Feasibility Study on Gulbahar Dam ANNEX PART 4_1 GEOLOGIC LOG AND DRILLHOLE CORE PHOTO

PART 1: COMMON CONTEXT

The Feasibility Study on Urgent Water Resources Development and Supply for

Kabul Metropolitan Area

Table of Contents

Part 1

CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. and

Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd.

Sanyu Consultants Inc.

i

Feasibility Study on Urgent Water Resources Development and Supply for Kabul Metropolitan Area

Final Report

Part 1: Common Context

Table of Contents Study Area Location Map ................................................................................................. i Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Facilities Project Location Map ............................ ii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1-1

1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................................... 1-2 1.3 Study Area .......................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.4 Counterpart Organization ................................................................................................... 1-2 1.5 Steering Committee and Technical Working Group ........................................................... 1-2 1.6 Study Schedule ................................................................................................................... 1-3 1.7 Composition of Final Report .............................................................................................. 1-5

CHAPTER 2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................ 2-1 2.1 Institutional Framework for Water Resources Management .............................................. 2-1

2.1.1 Afghanistan National Development Strategy on Water Sector................................. 2-1 2.1.2 Water Law ................................................................................................................ 2-2 2.1.3 Regional Cooperation ............................................................................................... 2-5

2.2 EIA Procedures ................................................................................................................... 2-7 2.2.1 Environmental Law: Official Gazette No. 912, 25 January 2007 ............................ 2-7 2.2.2 Regulations and Guidelines for EIA ......................................................................... 2-7 2.2.3 Disparity with the JICA Guidelines ........................................................................ 2-10 2.2.4 Roles of Relevant Organizations ............................................................................ 2-10

CHAPTER 3 MASTER PLAN FOR KABUL NEW CITY DEVELOPMENT .................. 3-1 3.1 General Description of KMAMP ....................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Water Resources Development and Water Supply Plan ..................................................... 3-2

3.2.1 Projection of Population and Water Demand for KNC ............................................ 3-2 3.2.2 Potential Water Sources for Urban Water Supply in KMA ...................................... 3-2 3.2.3 Water Resources Development Scenario .................................................................. 3-4 3.2.4 Water Supply Plan .................................................................................................... 3-6

3.3 Progress of Related Project ................................................................................................ 3-8 3.3.1 JICA Projects ............................................................................................................ 3-8 3.3.2 Other Related Projects ............................................................................................ 3-10

CHAPTER 4 REVIEW OF WATER DEMAND PROJECTION ......................................... 4-1 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 4-1 4.2 Population Projection ......................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2.1 Population Planed by Master Plan ............................................................................ 4-1 4.2.2 Current Plan of DCDA for New City Development ................................................. 4-1 4.2.3 Service Population Plan for Water Supply ............................................................... 4-2

4.3 Water Demand Projection ................................................................................................... 4-3 4.3.1 Average Unit Water Supply Planned by Master Plan ............................................... 4-3 4.3.2 Industrial Water Demand Planned by Master Plan ................................................... 4-4 4.3.3 Water Allocation and Demand Plan for New City .................................................... 4-4 4.3.4 Water Allocation and Demand Plan for Existing Kabul City ................................... 4-5 4.3.5 Summary of Average Water Demand to be Developed ............................................ 4-6 4.3.6 Average Water Demand by Area to be Applied for Facilities Design ...................... 4-6

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CHAPTER 5 REVIEW OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PLAN .................. 5-1 5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 Estimation of Unit Cost per Cubic Meter of Supply Water Volume ................................... 5-1

5.2.1 Cost Allocation for Salang and Gulbahar Dam Projects ........................................... 5-1 5.2.2 Initial Investment and Operation and Maintenance Costs for Three Projects .......... 5-2 5.2.3 Unit Cost per Cubic Meter of Supply Water Volume ............................................... 5-3

5.3 Environmental and Social Considerations ..................................................................... 5-3 5.4 Review of Water Resources Development Scenario ........................................................... 5-6

5.4.1 Comparison of Three Projects .................................................................................. 5-6 5.4.2 Prioritization of Three Projects ................................................................................. 5-8

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................. 6-1 6.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 6-1

6.2.1 Measures to be taken by the Afghan Side for the Implementation of Phase-1 ......... 6-1 6.2.2 Recommendation on the Dam Projects ..................................................................... 6-3



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List of Tables

Table ‎1.5.1 Members of the Steering Committee and the Technical Working Group ................. 1-3 Table ‎1.8.1 Contents of Draft Final Report ................................................................................. 1-5 Table ‎2.1.1 High Priority Programs of the Water Sector ............................................................. 2-1 Table ‎2.1.2 Responsibility of Government Institutions ............................................................... 2-2 Table ‎2.2.1 Screening Criteria for EIA ........................................................................................ 2-9 Table ‎2.2.2 EIA System in Afghanistan Compared with the Requirements of

JICA Guidelines ...................................................................................................... 2-10 Table ‎2.2.3 Roles of Relevant Organizations in the EIA Process .............................................. 2-10 Table ‎3.2.1 Projection of Water Demand for Kabul New City .................................................... 3-2 Table ‎3.2.2 Potential Water Resources Development Sites for the New City ............................. 3-3 Table ‎3.3.1 Related JICA Projects ............................................................................................... 3-8 Table ‎3.3.2 Outline Design of Major Facilities ........................................................................... 3-9 Table ‎3.3.3 Salient Features of Shah-Wa-Arus Multipurpose Dam Project .............................. 3-11 Table ‎4.2.1 Population Planned by KMAMP .............................................................................. 4-1 Table ‎4.2.2 Current Plan of DCDA for Population Development ............................................... 4-1 Table ‎4.2.3 Water Resources Development Plan by KMAMP .................................................... 4-2 Table ‎4.2.4 Plan of Service Population for Water Supply ........................................................... 4-2 Table ‎4.3.1 Summary of Water Unit Supply Planned in KMAMP .............................................. 4-3 Table ‎4.3.2 Industrial Water Demand Planed in KMAMP ......................................................... 4-4 Table ‎4.3.3 Revised Industrial Water Demand Plan .................................................................... 4-4 Table ‎4.3.4 Allocation Plan for Domestic Customers ................................................................. 4-5 Table ‎4.3.5 Water Demand Plan for New City (Average) ........................................................... 4-5 Table ‎4.3.6 Water Demand Plan for Existing Kabul City (Average) ........................................... 4-5 Table ‎4.3.7 Summary of Water Demand Plan (Average) ............................................................. 4-6 Table ‎4.3.8 Average Water Demand Plan by Area ....................................................................... 4-7 Table ‎5.1.1 Three Projects and Their Study Levels ..................................................................... 5-1 Table ‎5.2.1 Cost Allocation ......................................................................................................... 5-2 Table ‎5.2.2 Initial Investment Costs and O&M Costs for Three Projects ................................... 5-2 Table ‎5.2.3 Unit Costs of Three Projects ..................................................................................... 5-3 Table ‎5.2.4 Major Environmental and Social Impacts by Three Water Resources Development

Projects...................................................................................................................... 5-5 Table ‎5.2.5 Water Intake Volume of Three Projects .................................................................... 5-6 Table ‎5.4.1 Features of Three Water Resources Development Projects ...................................... 5-8

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List of Figures

Figure 1.6.1 Study Schedule .......................................................................................................... 1-4 Figure 2.1.1 Sub-River Basins in Afghanistan .............................................................................. 2-4 Figure 2.1.2 Proposed Framework for Water Resources Management ......................................... 2-5 Figure 2.1.3 Kabul River Basin ..................................................................................................... 2-6 Figure 2.2.1 EIA Procedures ......................................................................................................... 2-9 Figure 3.1.1 Land Use Map of Kabul New City (KNC) ............................................................... 3-1 Figure 3.2.1 Zone Division ............................................................................................................ 3-2 Figure 3.2.2 Potential Water Sources for KNC ............................................................................. 3-4 Figure 3.2.3 Water Demand and Resources Development for KNC ............................................. 3-5 Figure 3.2.4 Recommended Water Resources Development for the New City ............................. 3-5 Figure 3.2.5 Development of Transmission Lines in New City Area ............................................ 3-7 Figure 3.3.1 Location of Related Project Sites ............................................................................ 3-10 Figure 4.2.1 Population Development for the New City ............................................................... 4-3 Figure 4.3.1 Development Steps of Water Supply Capacity according to Demand ...................... 4-6



Abbreviations

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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB : Asian Development Bank AMA : Afghanistan Meteorological Authority ANDS : Afghanistan National Development Strategy AUWSSC : Afghanistan Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Corporation CAS : Central Asian Region CAWSS : Central Authority for Water Supply and Sewerage CDC : Community Development Council CSO : Central Statistics Office DCDA : Dehsabz-Barikab Development Authority DCIP : Ductile Cast-Iron Pipe DDA : District Development Assembly DEM : Digital Elevation Model DSS : Decision Support System EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EIRP : Emergency Infrastructure Reconstruction Project EIRR : Economic Internal Rate of Return FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FIRR : Financial Internal Rate Of Return F/C : Foreign Currency FRP : Fiber Reinforced Plastic GOA : Government of Afghanistan GTI : Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GTZ : Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit IA : Irrigation Association IBRD : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IEE : Initial Environmental Examination IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency JWT : JICA Water Team (The Study Team of this Study) KfW : Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau KMA : Kabul Metropolitan Area KMAMP : Master Plan for the Kabul Metropolitan Area KNC : Kabul New City LC : Local Council L/C : Local Currency MACCA : Mine Action Coordination Center of Afghanistan MAIL : Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock MBTA : Ministry of Border and Tribal Affairs MEW : Ministry of Energy and Water MoF : Ministry of Finance MoH : Ministry of Health MoM : Ministry of Mines MPW : Ministry of Public Welfare MUDA : Ministry of Urban Development Affairs MRRD : Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development NEPA : National Environmental Protection Agency NGO : Non-Governmental organization NOAA : National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration NPV : Net Present Value PET : Potential Evapotranspiration PH : Phase PRT : Provincial Reconstruction Team RAP : Resettlement Action Plan RBA : River Basin Agency RBC : River Basin Council SC : Steering Committee SCoW : Supreme Council on Water SRBA : Sub-River Basin Agency SRBC : Sub-River Basin Council TWG : Technical Working Group USAID : United States Agency for International Development USGS : United States Geological Survey WB : The World Bank WMO : World Meteorological Organization WUA : Water Users Association

Glossary



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Glossary

Shura : Village governing body (its members are elected by vote) Sharia : Islamic doctrine on human behavior and activities Malik : Village chief (an elder person leading the village) Mirab : Water master (a person entrusted to oversee the irrigation network and distribute the water to

farmlands based on respective water rights



Measurement

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Measurement Units (Length) (Time) mm : millimeter(s) s, sec : second(s) cm : centimeter(s) min : minute(s) m : meter(s) h, hr : hour(s) km : kilometer(s) d, dy : day(s) y, yr : year(s) (Area) mm2 : square millimeter(s) (Volume) cm2 : square centimeter(s) cm3 : cubic centimeter(s) m2 : square meter(s) m3 : cubic meter(s) km2 : square kilometer(s) l, ltr : liter(s) ha : hectare(s) MCM: million cubic meter(s) (Weight) (Speed/Velocity) g, gr : gram(s) cm/s : centimeter per second kg : kilogram(s) m/s : meter per second ton : ton(s) km/h: kilometer per hour (Electricity) (Others) kW : kilowatt(s) LCD, lcd: liter per capita per day kWh : kilowatt hour(s) MW : megawatt(s) MWh: megawatt hour(s)



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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

<Change of Names of Panjshir Fan Aquifer and Gulbahar Dam>

It was agreed at the Steering Committee Meeting on October 7, 2012 that the names of Panjshir Fan Aquifer and Gulbahar Dam would be changed to Sayad Fan Aquifer and Panjshir Dam respectively to more precisely indicate their site locations. In this Final Report, however, the old names are still used.

1.1 Background

Kabul is the capital city of the Islamic Republic Afghanistan. The city has been experiencing rapid population growth with the annual rate of 4.0% and over since 1990, which is mainly due to the inflow of people from rural areas and refugees from neighboring countries. However, the improvement of infrastructures in Kabul is quite incomplete to cope with such a rapid population growth, and consequently, the city is facing a number of challenges such as shortage of housing and fresh water supply, deterioration of public hygiene, heavy traffic jams and urban sprawl. In order to tackle such challenges, urban development in an orderly and efficient manner is urgently required.

The Government of Afghanistan has planned to construct a new city at the Dehsabz area north of Kabul in order to resolve such challenges, and requested the Government of Japan to prepare a master plan for the development of Kabul Metropolitan Area in 2006. In response to the request, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) conducted a development study entitled as “The Study for the Development of the Master Plan for the Kabul Metropolitan Area in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan” to prepare the “Master Plan for Kabul New City Development.” A part of the master plan referring to the new city was subsequently approved by the Government of Afghanistan in March 2009.

It is fundamental and a significant challenge to secure domestic and industrial water supply to the new city in order to materialize the development of the Kabul Metropolitan Area. The master plan covers the water resources development plan to ensure the water supply to the Kabul Metropolitan Area, in which groundwater in the Panjshir Fan Aquifer at the eastern part of Chaharikar (hereinafter referred to as the “Panjshir Fan”) is proposed to be pumped up to the new city (Dehsabz New City) through a pipeline. Therefore, the Government of Afghanistan which perceives that water resource development at the Panjshir Fan is urgently required for the development of the Kabul New City, has requested JICA to implement a feasibility study on this scheme.

In January 2010, JICA dispatched a preparatory study team to Afghanistan to collect fundamental information for forming the above feasibility study. During the stay of JICA’s Study Team in Afghanistan, it was suggested by the Afghan side that a feasibility on the Gulbahar Dam and the Salang Dam as the medium-term or long-term water sources be also examined together with the development of the Panjshir Fan Aquifer in order to establish the most optimal water resource development plan for the Kabul New City (KNC).

Taking the suggestion into consideration, JICA dispatched another preparatory study team to Afghanistan in June 2010 to discuss the Scope of Work of the feasibility study that will include the two dams. Through a series of discussions, the Scope of Work of the “Feasibility Study on Urgent Water Resources Development and Supply for Kabul Metropolitan Area” (hereinafter referred to as “the Study”) was concluded on June 17, 2010 between DCDA and the JICA Preparatory Study Team.

Finally, JICA selected a joint venture group consisting of CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd., Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. and Sanyu Consultants Inc., which formed the JICA Water Team (JWT) to commence the Study in the middle of October 2012.

JWT had prepared and submitted to the Afghan side six reports since the commencement of the Study; namely, the Inception Report in October 2010, the Progress Report 1 in March 2011, the Interim Report

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in January 2012, the Progress Report 2 in March 2012, the Progress Report 3 in July 2012 and Draft Final Report in December 2012. This is the Final Report that includes all the study results obtained in the course of the Study.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the Study are:

1) To conduct the Feasibility Study on the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project; 2) To review the Feasibility Study on the Gulbahar Dam currently being prepared by the Afghan

Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW); 3) To execute the Pre-feasibility Study on the Salang Dam; 4) To review the water resources development plan for the new city of Dehsabz based on the above

items 1), 2) and 3); and 5) To perform technology transfer to the Afghanistan counterpart personnel in the course of the Study.

Out of the three project components shown in items 1), 2) and 3) above, the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project has to be studied on the feasibility study level since it is urgently required for the development of KNC according to the Kabul Metropolitan Area Master Plan (KMAMP). Since the dam projects are addressed as medium-term or long-term projects, the study for the Salang Dam is to be conducted as a pre-feasibility study. As for the Gulbahar Dam Project, its feasibility study has been already prepared by the Afghan Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW); therefore, the study results are simply reviewed in this Study.

1.3 Study Area

The Study covers the following areas:

1) The Panjshir Fan Aquifer area (around confluence point of the Panjshir and Ghorband rivers); 2) The planned site of Gulbahar Dam and its reservoir area; 3) The planned site of Salang Dam and its reservoir area; and 4) The planned sites of conveyance lines from the water sources to the new city of Dehsabz and

transmission lines inside the new city.

The study areas are as indicated in the Study Area Map shown in the opening page of this report.

1.4 Counterpart Organization

DCDA acts as the counterpart organization to coordinate the relevant technical organizations.

1.5 Steering Committee and Technical Working Group

In accordance with the Minutes of Meeting on the Scope of Work, a Steering Committee (hereinafter referred to as the SC) and a Technical Working Group (referred to as the TWG) are set up. The SC has the role of confirming agreements in the course of the Study, and TWG has the role of giving technical feedbacks to the Study. The SC consists of senior officials of the relevant organizations, and TWG consists of technical focal persons of these organizations. The members of SC and member organizations of TWG are as given in Table 1.5.1.



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Table 1.5.1 Members of the Steering Committee and the Technical Working Group

Members of the Steering Committee

Member Organizations of the Technical Working Group

CEO of Desabz City Development Authority (DCDA)

Deputy Minister of Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW)

Deputy Minister of Ministry of Mines (MoM)

Deputy Minister of Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL)

Deputy Minister of Ministry of Urban Development Affairs (MUDA)

President of Afghanistan Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Corporation (AUWSSC)

Deputy President of National Environment Protection Agency (NEPA)

Representative of Kabul Province

Representative of Parwan Province

Representative of Panjshir Province

Representative of the Embassy of Japan in Afghanistan

Representative of the JICA Afghanistan Office

Others, if any

Desabz City Development Authority (DCDA)

Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW)

Ministry of Mines (MoM)

Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL)

Ministry of Urban Development Affairs (MUDA)

Afghanistan Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Corporation (AUWSSC)

1.6 Study Schedule

The tentative study schedule is shown in Figure 1.6.1

The duration of the Study is about 2.5 years starting from October 2010. The Draft Final Report that was submitted to Afghan side in December 2012 has been modified into the Final Report, taking into account the comments from the organizations concerned.

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Study Item 2010 2011 2012 2013

12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 1. Basic Study

2. Feasibility Study of Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development

3. Review of the Feasibility Study on Gulbahar Dam

4. Pre-Feasibility Study on Salang Dam

5. Revision of Water Resources Development Plan for the Dehsabz New City

6. Reporting * IC

* PR1

* IT

* YP2

* PR3

* DF

* FR

IC: Inception Report; PR1: Progress Report 1; IT: Interim Report; PR2: Progress Report 2; PR3: Progress Report 3; DF: Draft Final Report; FR: Final Report

Figure 1.6.1 Study Schedule



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1.7 Composition of Final Report

This Final Report is composed of Volume 1: Summary and Volume 2: Main Report. The Main Report is further divided into four parts, Part 1: Common Context, Part 2: Feasibility Study on Panjshir Fan Acquifer Development Project, Part 3: Prefeasibility Study on Salang Dam Project, and Part 4: Review of Feasibility Study on Gulbahar Dam Project. Contents of each part are as summarized in Table 1.7.1.

Table 1.7.1 Contents of Final Report Part Chapter Contents

Part 1

Common Context Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Institutional Framework Chapter 3 Master Plan for Kabul New City Development Chapter 4 Review of Water Demand Chapter 5 Review of Water Resources Development Plan Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations

Part 2

Feasibility Study of Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Panjshir Fan Area Chapter 3 Water Source Development Chapter 4 Preliminary Planning of Water Supply Facilities Chapter 5 Operation and Maintenance Plan Chapter 6 Cost Estimate Chapter 7 Project Evaluation Chapter 8 Social and Environmental Evaluation Chapter 9 Implementation Plan

Part 3

Pre-Feasibility Study of Salang Dam Project Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Project Area Chapter 3 Geology Chapter 4 Preliminary Planning of Salang Dam Chapter 5 Preliminary Study on Dam Operation Chapter 6 Preliminary Planning of Water Conveyance Chapter 7 Project Evaluation

Part 4

Review of Feasibility Study of Gulbahar Dam Project Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Review of Feasibility Study Chapter 3 Preliminary Planning of Water Conveyance

Part 1 covers common issues for the three projects. Institutional aspects for water resources development, water supply and procedures for EIA are discussed in the Chapter 2. A water resources development and water supply plan for KNC that was proposed in the Kabul Metropolitan Area Master Plan (KMAMP) are presented in Chapter 3. The three projects, Panjshir Fan Aquifer Project, Salang Dam Project and the Gulbahar Dam Project, were proposed as the water sources for the Kabul New City in the plan. Water demand projection that was proposed in the plan is modified in Chapter 4, and the revised demand is used in the studies under Parts 2, 3 and 4. Reflecting the study results of these parts, the water resources development scenario by KMAMP is reviewed in Chapter 5. Finally, conclusions and recommendations of all the parts are presented in Chapter 6.

Parts 2, 3 and 4 are regarding the feasibility study on the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project, the pre-feasibility study on the Salang Dam and the review of the feasibility study on the Gulbahar Dam Project respectively. As mentioned above, the water resources development plan by KMAMP is reviewed in Chapter 5 of Part 1. Moreover, conclusions and recommendations related to the studies are also presented in Chapter 6 of Part 1.



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CHAPTER 2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Institutional Framework for Water Resources Management

2.1.1 Afghanistan National Development Strategy on Water Sector

The Afghanistan National Development Strategy (ANDS) is based on the plan under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that represents an important milestone in the efforts to rebuild Afghanistan which has been underway since late 2001. The 5-year development strategy, the ANDS 2008-2013, was released in 2008.

The ANDS states that its strategic vision on the water sector is “to manage and develop the water resources in the country so as to reduce poverty, increase sustainable economic and social development, and improve the quality of life for all Afghans and ensure an adequate supply of water for future generations.” The water sector is now in the process of transforming from a project-by-project approach to a sector wide approach, using the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach. In accordance with this IWRM approach, the ANDS gives high priority to the three programs, 1) Institutional Building and Capacity Development Program, 2) National Water Resources Development Program, and 3) Irrigation Rehabilitation Program, as shown in the following table.

Table 2.1.1 High Priority Programs of the Water Sector

Program Contents

Institutional Building and Capacity Development Program

Activities in this program focus on the institutional and human capacity development of water resources management as well as infrastructure development at national, river basin and sub-basin levels. These activities have been combined into a comprehensive program to enhance cooperation between projects and avoid duplication of efforts.

National Water Resources Development Program

MEW is required to prepare a national water resources development plan that covers the development of water resources for the social, environmental and economic needs of the country as well as: (i) elaborating river basin development and management plans, fostering ministry and water users’ capacity for on-farm and off-farm water management; (ii) preparing for discussions on trans-boundary water issues with some neighbor countries; (iii) supporting analytical capacity and research; (iv) enabling private investments in the water sector; and (v) proper planning and implementation of infrastructure for rain and flood water harvesting, supplementary irrigation, groundwater recharge and soil stabilization.

Irrigation Rehabilitation Program

Components of the emergency irrigation rehabilitation program for the period 2008-2013 include the rehabilitation of the National Hydrological Stations to aid in the undertaking of national hydrological surveys to aid in planning and building irrigation infrastructure; and rehabilitation of nationwide small, medium and large traditional irrigation schemes, such as the ‘Emergency Irrigation Rehabilitation Project’– a three year country-wide project for the rehabilitation of infrastructure and capacity building.

The development of the country’s water resources will continue to be heavily influenced by programs and projects implemented by donors. It is essential that these activities be effectively coordinated and aligned with the priorities in the ANDS. The Supreme Council on Water (SCoW) that was formed in accordance with the Water Law as explained in Figure 2.1.2 is required to undertake a leadership role among government organizations in providing coordination with the international community.

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2.1.2 Water Law

The Water Law was published in the Ministry of Justice Official Gazette No. 980 on 26 April 2009 for the purpose of conservation, equitable distribution, and efficient and sustainable use of water resources to strengthen the national economy and secure the rights of the water users in accordance with Islamic jurisprudence and the praiseworthy customs and traditions of the people. This law requires integrated water resources management (IRBM) and development for the purpose of sustaining supply and conserving water resources and protecting the environment.

Regulations and new organizations to be required by the law have not been established yet. Therefore, it is deemed that it takes some more years to fully implement and enforce the Water Law.

(1) Responsibilities of Government Institutions

With respect to the management and development of water resources, the Water Law stipulates responsibilities of government institutions as follows:

Table 2.1.2 Responsibility of Government Institutions

Institutions Contents

MEW Planning, management and development of water resources in cooperation with other relevant line ministries and institutions.

Determination of Rights-of-way (ROW) for water resources in light of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence in cooperation with MAIL, MoM, MRRD and related departments.

Management and planning for the trans-boundary waters between Afghanistan and its neighboring countries and changes of watercourses with agreements from the MFA, MoI and MBTA.

MoM Planning for and implementing activities to survey, explore, investigate, research and assess the groundwater reserves and their protection from pollution including identification of chemical and bacteriological contents of the groundwater.

MUDA Provision of a water supply for drinking and livelihood, including construction of water treatment plants, water conveyance facilities, sewerage systems and sewage treatment plants in accordance with accepted standards in urban settings in cooperation with MEW, MoM, MPH, MAIL, and NEPA.

NEPA Protection and control of surface water from pollution and monitoring of its quality in cooperation with MAIL, MEW, MUDA, MRRD, MPH and MoM.

MAIL Determination of irrigation norms in different river basins, irrigation drainage systems and other related research for water use for agriculture and irrigation in cooperation with MEW, MTA, MPH and NEPA.

MRRD Provision of drinking water supplies and sewage treatment systems in the villages by governmental and non-governmental organizations and construction of small water infrastructures for various uses in villages according to the accepted health standard practices in the country in cooperation with MEW, MPH, MoM, MAIL, MUDA and NEPA.



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(2) New Organizations

The Water Law requires the establishment of the following organizations:

(a) Supreme Council of Water Affairs Management

The Supreme Council on Water (SCoW) was established for better coordination and provision of facilities in the implementation of water affairs programs, as well as development and operation of water resources programs. The Vice-President chairs the council which consists of high-ranking officials from related ministries and institutions. Its Technical Secretariat chaired by MEW consists of members from MEW, MAIL, MoM, MRRD, MoH, MUDA, MoE, NEPA, Kabul Municipality and AUWSSC and meets every week.

(b) River Basin Council, River Basin Agency, Sub-River Basin Council and Sub-River Basin Agency

In accordance with the IWRM concept, the Water Law aims at introducing decentralized and river basin based management of water resources. The whole territory of Afghanistan is divided into five river basins, each of which is further divided into several sub-river basins. For every river basin a River Basin Council (RBC) and a River Basin Agency (RBA), for every sub-river basin a Sub-River Basin Council (SRBC) and a Sub-River Basin Agency (SRBA) are to be established.

RBC and SRBC will be organized by representatives from water users, related government organizations and other stakeholders, but RBA and SRBA are government agencies under MEW. While RBC and SRBC have a role of decision-making on water resources management including policy-making, allocation of water resources, etc., RBA and SRBA are execution agencies to implement matters decided by RBC and/or SRBC, in principle. According to MEW, RBAs are now in the process of formation.

The entire Study Area covering the Panjshir Fan, the catchment areas of the Gulbahar and Salang Dams and KNC area falls in the Ghorband wa Panjshir Sub-River Basin of the Kabul River Basin. Once the RBC, SRBC, RBA and SRBA are formed, they will play the important role of coordination for the implementation of the proposed projects, although an official concerned says that it will take a long time, as long as 10 years, for the RBC- and RBA-based organizational framework to effectively function as shown in Figure 2.1.1.

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Figure 2.1.1 Sub-River Basins in Afghanistan

(c) Water User Associations and Irrigation Associations

The Water User Association is a voluntary assembly of real and legal persons to be formed according to the provisions of this law with the objectives of meeting social, economic and vocational use of water. MAIL may delegate to registered irrigation associations the responsibility for the distribution of water within irrigation networks in a designated area. These associations will be members of RBC and will participate in decision-making processes. However, they have not been established yet.

(3) Proposed Organizational Framework

With the establishment of the above-said new organizations, an organizational framework as shown in Figure 2.1.2 has been proposed for the implementation and enforcement of the Water Law.



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Source: MEW

Figure 2.1.2 Proposed Framework for Water Resources Management

(4) Water Right and Permit/License

The Water Law introduced water activity permits and water usage licenses. The activity permit is an official written document issued to undertake construction activities related to storage and other associated uses, and the usage license is an official written document issued for usage of water resources.

The procedures for the issuance of permits and licenses have not been established yet. Although it is written that MEW issues the water usage license in accordance with the provisions of the Water Law, it is surmised that RBC will be involved in the decision of issuance of the license considering the IWRM concept of the Law.

The Water Law requires existing water right holders to gradually convert to permits/licenses. Use of water resources without permit/license is prohibited except for domestic water consumption of less than 5 m3/day per household, navigation, fire extinguishing and the existing conventional water rights.

2.1.3 Regional Cooperation

The Kabul River receives four large tributaries, i.e., Logar, Panjshir, Alingar and Kunar in the territory of Afghanistan, and then flows into Pakistan territory. One of the four tributaries, the Kunar River, originates in the territory of Pakistan. The water resources of the Kabul River are essentially shared between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The total catchment area of the Kabul River is 94,000 km2, of which 57% lies in Afghanistan and 43% in Pakistan.

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Figure 2.1.3 Kabul River Basin

The Kabul River Basin in Afghanistan occupies only 12% of the country’s land territory, but accommodates 35% of the national population. The basin includes the Kabul urban area, which is one of the biggest generators of economic growth in the country. This enhances the importance of the Kabul River Basin in Afghanistan. Due to the three decades long war, however, water resources in the river basin have been developed only at the primary level. Afghanistan definitely has the right to exploit a reasonable amount of water for its development. On the other hand Pakistan has a historic right on the water of Kabul River, which would be affected by future water resources development projects in Afghanistan.

Currently, there is neither agreement nor framework for cooperation between the two countries at all on the water of the Kabul River. The following is an extract from a paper about water dialogues between the two countries:

< Current State of Dialogues between Afghanistan and Pakistan>

Water resources of Kabul River are essentially shared between Afghanistan and Pakistan despite repeated attempts on both sides to reach an agreement but not materialized. On the Pakistani side, policy makers like to recall the formation in 2003 of a nine-member technical committee, led by Pakistan’s then Chairman of the Federal Flood Commission, to begin drafting a Water Treaty with Afghanistan. The committee maintained that its efforts failed because it did not receive sufficient river flow data from Afghan authorities.

In 2006, in an effort to provide new impetus to a drafting process for a bilateral treaty, the World Bank offered support for a consultation process between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The bank’s mediating role was considered appropriate, as it was recognized for its engagement in formulating the Indus Waters Treaty and mediating Indian-Pakistani water disputes in Kashmir, among others. Nevertheless, the World Bank’s offer did not result in renewed dialogue. No institutionalized framework of cooperation on the Kabul river basin currently exists. Factors that have hampered bilateral cooperation efforts are complex



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and include the power asymmetry between Afghanistan and Pakistan, the decades-old dispute over the Durand Line.

In the March 2009 meeting of the Economic Cooperation Organization, Afghan, Iranian and Tajik leaders agreed to speed up implementation of projects on the water-energy nexus. Joint commitments of a similar nature were not made between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The most ambitious joint statement by the two countries was the Islamabad Declaration, adopted after the third Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan (RECCA) in May 2009. The declaration recognized Afghanistan’s centrality for peace, prosperity, and stability in Central and South Asia and endorsed the need for a comprehensive approach and participation of the international community in economic development. It noted the importance of regional organizations in ensuring Afghanistan’s economic development and extending regional cooperation. Among the areas the declaration targets for greater regional cooperation are transport, trade, energy, agriculture, capacity building, education, border management, counter-narcotics, and refugee return and re-integration. To date, however, the Islamabad Declaration has not led to improved cooperation on water and the recent dispute between Pakistan and India over the Indus River, particularly, the interpretation of the Indus Water Treaty with regard to dam construction in India. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used with the help of the remotely sensed satellite data, the topographic map of the hydrologic regions of the Kabul river basin was developed (Figure 6). The DEM indicated that the Pakistan part of the Konar River is topographically characterized as highlands with extreme slopes.

Source: “DRAFT Towards Kabul Water Treaty: Managing Shared Water Resources-Policy Issues and Options”, 2010, by International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Pakistan.

2.2 EIA Procedures

The legal framework of environmental and social considerations in Afghanistan is overviewed below.

2.2.1 Environmental Law: Official Gazette No. 912, 25 January 2007

The Environmental Law is the fundamental law on environmental considerations in Afghanistan. It stipulates basic policies and procedures of activities for environmental considerations such as environmental impact assessment, pollution control, conservation and management of water resources, protected area, biodiversity, environmental information and education. The law also defines the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) as the agency responsible for environmental activities.

2.2.2 Regulations and Guidelines for EIA

The following three documents on EIA have been issued based on the Environmental Law:

a) Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (Official Gazette No. 939, dated 10 March 2008)

b) Administrative Guidelines for the Preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment (Issued by the Director General of NEPA based on Executive Order No. 1/87, dated 3 June 2008)

c) National Environmental Impact Assessment Policy (Issued by the Director General of NEPA based on Executive Order No. 1/86, dated 25 November 2007)

Each of the three documents describes the EIA procedure. Out of the three, Document a) is legal binding and stipulates specific procedures of EIA such as screening criteria and application forms. Document b) is the procedural guideline and gives supplemental explanations such as methodology of public disclosures. Document c) is the overall guideline on the framework of EIA including an explanation on the purpose and requirements of EIA and a recommendation on the institutional capacity development of NEPA.

The EIA procedure described in those documents is shown in Figure 2.2.1.

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The legal procedure of EIA starts with the submission of application to NEPA by the project proponent. The purpose of the application is to screen the projects which require EIA. A screening report needs to be attached to the report, giving a brief description of the project activities, site conditions, potential impacts and mitigations on the IEE level. It is also required to describe the results of public consultation with affected people.

As the screening criteria, project scales of Category 1 and Category 2 are defined for each type of activity. Category 1 is for activities likely to have significant adverse impacts while Category 2 is for those with less adverse impacts than Category 1. According to NEPA, both Category 1 and Category 2 require EIA. NEPA reviews the submitted screening report and finalizes the requirement of EIA considering the results of the public disclosure after submission of the screening report. Public disclosure is conducted by the proponent under the responsibility of NEPA. The screening criteria of water supply and dam project is tabulated in Table 2.2.1.

In cases where NEPA decides that the activity does not require EIA, certificate for compliance is issued without EIA to approve the activity. In cases where EIA is decided to be required, the project proponent has to complete the EIA and submit an EIA report to NEPA. Within 45 days after submission, NEPA reviews the report and approve the activity if it is sufficient. According to NEPA, a board of experts has been established, comprising 12 experts from Kabul University and ministries for reviewing the EIA.



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Source: Administrative Guidelines for the Preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment (2008) Figure 2.2.1 EIA Procedures

Table 2.2.1 Screening Criteria for EIA

Type of Activity Category 1: Activities likely to have significant adverse impacts

Category 2: Activities with potentially adverse impacts

Water supply and treatment

The construction, upgrading or development of water supply schemes and treatment plants with a total cost of US$400,000 or more.

The construction or upgrading of water supply schemes and treatment plants with a total cost of less than US$400,000.

Water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection

The construction or upgrading of: 1. Dams and reservoirs with a storage volume

of 50 million cubic meters or more, or a surface area of 8 square kilometers or more; or

2. Irrigation and drainage projects serving 15,000 hectares or more.

The construction, upgrading or development of: 1. Dams and reservoirs with a storage volume

of less than 50 million cubic meters or surface area less of than 8 square kilometers;

2. Irrigation and drainage projects serving less than 15,000 hectares; or

3. Small-scale irrigation systems with a total cost of less than US $800,000.

Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (2008)

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2.2.3 Disparity with the JICA Guidelines

Comparing the EIA system in Afghanistan with the JICA Guidelines, one of the disparities is that the Afghan system does not stipulate detail requirements for involuntary resettlement, and the other one is, consideration for the socially vulnerable is not declared clearly. However, the other major requirements of the JICA Guidelines are deemed to be satisfied by the system of Afghanistan.

Table 2.2.2 EIA System in Afghanistan Compared with the Requirements of JICA Guidelines

Requirements of the JICA Guidelines EIA System in Afghanistan

Disparity with the JICA Guidelines

Examination of Measures

The EIA regulation requires examination of multiple alternatives, mitigation measures and preparing monitoring plan in EIA. Although preparing plans of the implementation framework and the financial method is not stipulated specifically for the monitoring and the management, those preparations have also been understood to be required according to NEPA.

-

Scope of Impacts to be Assessed

The EIA regulation requires impact assessment on soil, water, air, forests, climate, human health, animals and plants, landscape, archaeological property, cultural heritage, cultural values, social and economic well-being and livelihoods, human settlements and their interactions. Cumulative impacts are also required to be considered.

-

Social Acceptability The Environmental Law and the EIA regulation require public participation and information disclosure on EIA. According to NEPA, information disclosure is by disclosing screening report and EIA report. For securing public consultation, The EIA regulation stipulates description of results of public consultations in the EIA report. On the other hand, consideration for the socially vulnerable such as women, children, the elderly, the poor and the ethnic minorities is not declared clearly.

Consideration for the socially vulnerable is not declared clearly.

Ecosystem The Environmental Law stipulates designation of protected area and conservation of species.

-

Involuntary Resettlement

Measures for involuntary resettlement are not regulated in Afghanistan. There is no clear description in EIA regulations.

Measures for involuntary resettlement are not regulated.

Source: Relevant laws and guidelines on EIA and the interview with NEPA.

2.2.4 Roles of Relevant Organizations

Roles of relevant organizations in the EIA process are shown in Table 2.2.3.

Table 2.2.3 Roles of Relevant Organizations in the EIA Process

Organizations Roles

NEPA Reviewing screening report and EIA report, screening, responsible on public disclosure and approval of EIA

Project Proponent Preparing screening report and EIA report, public disclosure, consultation with affected people and stakeholders, planning and implementation of monitoring activities.

Stakeholders (Relevant ministries, agencies and local government offices)

Participating in stakeholder consultations and cooperating for monitoring activities.

Source: Based on the relevant laws and the guidelines on EIA and interview to NEPA.



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CHAPTER 3 MASTER PLAN FOR KABUL NEW CITY DEVELOPMENT

3.1 General Description of KMAMP

The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) conducted a study on the urban development of Kabul to prepare a master plan for the urban development of Kabul Metropolitan Area (hereinafter referred to as Kabul Metropolitan Area Master Plan or KMAMP) from March 2008 through July 2009. In October 2009, a part of the KMAMP referring to the new city development was acknowledged in the Cabinet meeting. Subsequently, the preparation for the implementation of the master plan is now in the process toward the commencement of construction as early as next year.

The Kabul New City (KNC) will have a total gross area of 722 km2. Out of this area, the new city will be built on land of approximately 548 km2 in Dehsabz and Barikab. The land in Barikab is to be developed as an agricultural economic zone covering 174 km2. According to KMAMP, the population of the new city will increase from the current population of 100,000 to approx. 1.5 million in 2025, the target year of the master plan, up to when the total population of Kabul City and the new city is projected to be approx. 6.5 million. The proposed land use plan of the new city is shown in Figure 3.1.1.

The development of KNC is a viable response to many challenges that the existing Kabul City is facing today. KNC has been planned to overcome many existing and upcoming urban problems such as rapidly increasing population, proliferating informal housing areas, unemployment in urban areas, lack of proper infrastructure, water shortage and mismanagement of urban land development and use on the one side, and to play an important role in keeping stable and self-reliant economic growth on the other side.

Figure 3.1.1 Land Use Map of Kabul New City (KNC)

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3.2 Water Resources Development and Water Supply Plan

3.2.1 Projection of Population and Water Demand for KNC

A water resources development and water supply plan for the Kabul Metropolitan Area has been proposed in KMAMP. The outline of the master plan is summarized here with a focus on the new city area which is the target area of this study.

Population of Kabul Metropolitan Area (KMA) is projected to be 6.74 million by 2025 with 1.5 million in the new city (consisting of Dehsabz and Barikab, including most parts of Districts 18 and 19 of Kabul City).

All households in the new city will be equipped with piped water connection, and design daily average consumption of 120 lcd will be provided through this system. As seen in Table 3.2.1, water demand of the new city by 2025 is projected to be 96.1 MCM/year including industrial water use.

Source: JICA Master Plan Study, 2009

Figure 3.2.1 Zone Division

Table 3.2.1 Projection of Water Demand for Kabul New City

Item

2015 2020 2025

Pop. (mil.)

Unit water supply (LCD)

Unit water con-

sumpt-

ion (LCD

)

Demand (MCM

/y)

Pop. (mil.

)


Unit water con-

sumpt- ion

(LCD)

Demand (MCM

/y)

Pop. (mil.

)


Unit water con-

sumpt- ion

(LCD)

Demand (MCM

/y)

Zone 2:

Kabul New City

Total 0.48 －－ 9.8 0.99 － 42.7 1.50 －－ 96.1

Piped water

House connecti

on 0.15

125 105

6.8 0.55 138 115

37.7

1.50 150 120

82.1 Public

tap 0.00 － 0.44 63 50 0.00 －－

Shallow well 0.33 25 25 3.0 －－ 0.00 －－

Industrial water －－－ 0.0 －－－ 5.0 －－－ 14.0 Source: JICA Master Plan Study, 2009

3.2.2 Potential Water Sources for Urban Water Supply in KMA

The KNC area is a desert area where scarce water is available. Its local groundwater is not enough for socio-economic activities expected in the new urban area. Therefore, KNC will have to depend upon external water resources for its urban water.



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Potentials of several candidate water sources in and around KMA that were proposed in previous studies were examined through a water balance simulation in the JICA master plan study. In conclusion, four sources were considered as potential water sources for the urban water supply for KNC as presented in Table 3.2.2 . Locations of these sources are shown in Figure 3.2.2. In the figure there are also presented potential water sources for the existing Kabul City, namely Aquifer in and around Kabul City, Shatoot Dam, Gat Dam and Upper Logar aquifer, which all need very long water conveyance beyond water-short Kabul City.

Table 3.2.2 Potential Water Resources Development Sites for the New City

No. Potential Site Capacity (MCM/y) Note on Capacity Type of

Water Source Conveyance Water Treatment

Self- dependency

4 Panjshir Fan Aquifer 157.7 52.3MCM/y of 210.0MCM/y is

reserved for local use.

Sub-surface water and/or Groundwater

To Dehsabz North: L=38km by pump (Head=330m) To Paymona:r: L=65km by pump (Head=475m)

Minor No

5

Panjshir River (After Confluence of Panjshir and Ghorband River)

(157.7) Total abstraction should not exceed GW potential of Panjshir fan aquifer.

Direct intake from River (without storage)

Same as above Much Required No

6 Gulbahar Dam (Panjshir River) 240.0

Dam height=140m with concrete-arch type dam, V=156MCM (Veff=121MCM) Existing agricultural use and environmental flow are assured Total capacity is 240MCM/yr for new development for water users. The storage should be shared with other purposes.

Storage

To Paymonar: L=82km by pump (Head=220m)

Required

Yes (with hydro power generat

ion)

7 Salang Dam (Salang River) 98.0

Dam height=110m with rock-fill type dam, V=40MCM (Veff=35MCM) Existing Agricultural use and environmental flow are assured.

Storage To Paymonar: L=100km by gravity

Required Yes


The Panjshir Fan is located at about 60-80km north of Kabul City in the alluvial fan along the Panjshir and Ghorband rivers. The abundant surface water and widely extended alluvial fan promise high groundwater potential. Direct water intake of surface water without storage even under drought conditions is possible only downstream of the Panjshir Fan; i.e., from Panjshir River after the confluence with Ghorband River. Direct river water intake upstream of the Panjshir Fan is impossible due to much irrigation water demand in the downstream areas including the fan area, and storage is necessary. Finally, the Panjshir Fan Aquifer (subsurface or groundwater) was preferred to the surface water source because of less treatment cost.

Regarding storage water, two dam sites, Gulbahar on the Panjshir River and Salang on the Salang River, seem to have bright prospects. For the Gulbahar dam an Iranian Consultant conducted a feasibility study between 2008 and 2010. The Salang Dam, of which location is high enough to enable gravity conveyance to the new city was newly proposed in the 2009 JICA Master Plan Study.

From the following reasons the fan aquifer development was considered to be more suitable for early development than the storage options:

Generally, dam projects take a longer period for implementation mainly due to resettlement issues.

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The total cost including operation and maintenance cost of the fan aquifer development is less than that of the storage options.


Figure 3.2.2 Potential Water Sources for KNC

3.2.3 Water Resources Development Scenario

The JICA master plan study also proposed a stepwise water resources development plan until 2025 that meets the increasing water demand for KNC as shown in Figure 3.2.3Figure 3.2. Based upon the above discussion, the external water sources will be developed in the order of the Panjshir Fan Aquifer, and then the Gulbahar Dam or the Salang Dam. In addition to the external water sources, groundwater of the Shomali area (refer to Figure 3.3.1) that will be exclusively provided to an ongoing urban development project called “26-Dalwa Project” and locally available groundwater is also expected to be developed earlier than the external water sources, although the local groundwater is a tentative water source that should be gradually replaced by the Panjshir Fan Aquifer water because of its limited water resources.



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Therefore, the total water demand of 96.1MCM/y in 2025 will be shared by the Shomali groundwater, the Panjshir Fan Aquifer, and one of the dam reservoirs. The Shomali groundwater is expected to provide 6.8MCM/y, and the rest of 89.3MCM/y will be shared evenly by the Panjshir Fan Aquifer (44.6MCM/y) and the dam reservoir (44.7 MCM).

In order to monitor impacts of the aquifer development to surrounding hydrological environments, the Panjshir Fan Aquifer was proposed to be developed in two phases. Accordingly the water development volume of each phase is 22.3MCM/y, and the commissioning year of each phase was set so as to cover the increasing water demand as shown in Figure 3.2.3; namely, 2016 for the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Phase-1 (Water Phase-1), 2019 for the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Phase-2 (Water Phase-2), and 2022 for the Gulbahar/Salang Dam (Water Phase-3) respectively.

(1) Temporary Water before 2016

Groundwater around the Shomali area that was under investigation by the 26-Dalwa Project could be used in addition to minimum amount of local groundwater that could be used tentatively before the external water is available in 2016.

(2) Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Phase-1: 2016-2018 (Water Phase-1)

In addition to groundwater resources for the initial development, the New City is expected to have the first phase of Panjshir Aquifer (22.3 MCM) be completed by the beginning 2016.

(3) Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Phase-2: 2019-2021 (Water Phase-2)

The entire new city area should be covered by the piped water supply system by the beginning of 2019 in order to conserve local groundwater. Additional water by the Panjshir fan aquifer development Phase 2 with 22.3MCM/year will be secured for this stage of settlement in addition to the Phase 1 water and existing groundwater resources. Though operation and maintenance cost would be higher than other alternatives, the Panjshir fan aquifer development seems to be the most practical alternative to meet water demand of 2021, since dam construction process is likely to take more than a decade. Water from Panjshir fan aquifer will be received in Dehsabz North, and water distribution system should be constructed to serve the new city area.

*LGW: Local groundwater


Figure 3.2.3 Water Demand and Resources Development for KNC


Figure 3.2.4 Recommended Water Resources Development for the New City

0102030405060708090

100110120

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

Dem

and

and

Supp

ly (M

CM

)

Year

Demand and Supply for Domestic and Industrial WaterZone 2: New city

96.1: Gulbahar dam (44.7)

51.4: Panjshir fan aquifer (22.3), LGW(-1.5)

9.8:LGW(3.0),Shomali_GW(6.8)

30.6: Panjshir fan aquifer (22.3), LGW(-1.5)

44.6MCM/yFrom Panjshir fan aquifer

44.7MCM/yAlt-1: Gulbahar damAlt-2: Salang damAlt-3: Panjshir fan aquifer

Dehsabz North

Paymonar

For 26 Dalwa Porject6.8MCM/yFrom groundwater in Shomali area

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(4) Long Term: 2022-2025 (Water Phase-3)

Domestic water demand of 82.1MCM/year and industrial water demand of 14MCM/year will be secured by 2025 with a new storage dam in addition to the above-mentioned water sources. The water from the dam is planned to be conveyed to Paymonar for distribution to the new city after treatment.

Two storage dams, the Gulbahar Dam and the Salang Dam were compared and the former was preferred because of its less construction cost and bigger water development potential. The Salang Dam that has a possibility of gravity conveyance was regarded as an alternative to the Gulbahar Dam.

The Gulbahar Dam has been proposed as a multipurpose dam for irrigation and hydropower generation as well as drinking water supply. According to “Sector Report 7: Power and Energy Supply, Final Report, the Study for the Development of the Master Plan for the Kabul Metropolitan Area in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, September 2009, JICA,” the Gulbahar Multipurpose Dam is expected to supply 30 MW to KMA in and after 2020.

The master plan study also noted that water demand is highly dependent on population growth of the new city, and water resources development plan should be carefully reviewed and revised based on updated population projection.

3.2.4 Water Supply Plan

In parallel with the above-said water resources development, water supply system also will be developed. The first water supply development is the system for 26-Dalwa. The groundwater should be supplied after chlorination at a reservoir. This system should be completed by 2015.

The second one should be along the Bagram Road from the Barikab Sub-zone to the Dehsabz South S Sub-zone. Subsurface and groundwater of the Panjshir Fan Aquifer (Phase-1) should be conveyed to the new city. Since no water treatment is supposed to be required, a water transmission station should be constructed to receive the water and to transmit it to different directions in the new city. Commencement of operation should be scheduled for 2016.

The western side of Dehsabz located far from the Bagram Road, i.e., Dehsabz North W and Paymonar, should be developed at a later stage. In 2020, the whole area should be covered by piped water supply, and then house connections should be accelerated. The subsurface water will cover the whole new city as a transitional system. This development is categorized as the third development. This third development includes the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Phase-2 and extension of water transmission station.

In 2025, house connections should cover the whole area. To achieve the target, the water transmission network should be expanded as well as the development of new water resources, i.e., surface water of the Gulbahar Dam/Salang Dam. Finally, both the subsurface and surface water will be supplied to serve the new city. This development is categorized as the fourth development. This fourth development includes the construction of a water treatment plant.

Coverage by house connections should be gradually extended to reach 100% by 2025. While the unit water supply by public taps should be maintained at 62.5LCD (including 20% loss), it should be gradually increased from 125LCD to 150LCD (including 20% loss) for house connections.

Figure 3.2.5 shows short-term, med-term and long-term water supply development plans of the new city.



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Figure 3.2.5 Development of Transmission Lines in New City Area

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3.3 Progress of Related Project

3.3.1 JICA Projects

JICA is now implementing “the Project on Promotion of Kabul Metropolitan Area Development” with DCDA, Kabul Municipality and MUDA. The grand project includes several sub-projects, out of which the following are closely related to this study:

Table 3.3.1 Related JICA Projects Name of Sub-Project Objective Project Area Project

Period Remarks

Capacity Development Project (CD Project)

To develop capacity to promote the implementation of KMA Master Plan.

KMA May 2010 to March 2012

Sub-Project of GKD Project

Sub-Project for Ground Water Survey for Dehsabz South Development Area (Groundwater Project)

To recommend a short-term development potential of groundwater aquifers for the Dehsabz South Phase-1 Development Area.

To support DCDA in improving the capacity of coordinating with related organizations towards water resource development for the KMA.

Four groundwater fields in Dehsabz Area

January 2011 to November 2011


Sub-Project for the Infrastructure Development for Parcel-1 Area in Dehsabz South (Infrastructure Project)

To strengthen capacity of DCDA staffs on planning, design, procurement management of infrastructure (major arterial, arterial, and secondary arterial roads and short-term water supply facilities) and construction supervision by materializing the Sub-Project on the infrastructure development for Parcel-1 in Dehsabz South.

Dehabz South Area

April 2011 to December 2013


Outline Design of Secondary/Arterial Road and Water Distribution Mains for Phase-1 Development Area.

To prepare the outline design of the Major Arterial, Arterial and Secondary Arterial Roads, as well as the water supply main line of the Phase-1 area except for the Parcel-1 area.

Dehsabz Area October 2011 to March 2012

Subcontract to local consultants

(1) CD Project

With the objective of developing capacity to promote the implementation of the KMA Master Plan, JICA has been implementing this CD (Capacity Development) project for Kabul Municipality, DCDA and MUDA since May 2010. The most important outputs of the CD project with regard to the water resources development and supply in KNC are a structure plan for the 5,000 ha Phase-1 Area in Dehsabz South Area with a scale of 1:5,000 and a business plan of DCDA to develop the 828 ha Parcel-1 Area therein. The structural plan is composed of strategy for urban development, land use plan, residential area plan, social and welfare facility plan, infrastructure plan. A business plan that was prepared in April 2011 established the financial, institutional and organizational viability of the Parcel-1 development.

(2) Sub-Project for Groundwater Survey for Dehsabz South Development Area (Groundwater Project)

The Groundwater Project has been exploring exploitable potentials of four candidate groundwater sources as the short-term water source for the Parcel-1 area in the Dehsabz South area: 1) Tangi Kalay; 2) Pol-e Charkhi; 3) Bakhtyaran; and 4) Daneshmand. The Interim Report 2 that was presented to DCDA in July 2011 concluded that Pol-e Charkhi is the most promising groundwater source with net exploitable potential of 5,000 m3/day.



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A test well, which is supposed to be used as a production well for the Infrastructure Project, was dug successfully in May 2012 at a land just north of the radio station in Pol-e Charkhi that DCDA rented for five years.

(3) Sub-Project for the Infrastructure Development for Parcel-1 Area in Dehsabz South (Infrastructure Project)

The Infrastructure Project started in April 2011. Outline Design (OD) of water supply facilities as well as secondary arterial roads in the Parcel-1 area was completed last year, and their detail design is being conducted.

According to the OD, the water source is two production wells to be constructed in Pol-e Charkhi. These wells are only short-term and temporal water sources, which are supposed to be replaced by the Panjshir fan aquifer water sources when Phase-1 of the Panjshir project is completed. The OD is summarized as follows:

Table 3.3.2 Outline Design of Major Facilities

No. Items Amount Specifications

1 Distribution Pipe (include valve, fittings such as bends and tees) L=30.3km

PE (Polyethylene pipe)

D150~D450 in outer diameter

(PN10)

2 Transmission Pipe (include valve, fittings such as bends and tees and underpass of Kabul River)

L=18.3km PE (Polyethylene pipe) D500 in outer diameter (PN10)

3 Production Well 1 Site Diameter=10inch, Depth=40m, SUS304 Drilling Dia.=24~17-1/2inch

４ Production Well Pump 3 Sets 1.8m3/min, H=50m Submerged motor pump D125mm, 30kw, 50Hz

5 Observation Well 3 Sites 4 inch, Depth=50m, PVC

6 Water Reservoir (R-Well) 1 Site

V=850m3 x 2 tank , Reinforced concrete 25m x 20.1m x 5.5m (Outer Dimension) with epoxy resin coating

7 Water Pressure Regulation Reservoir (R-P1) 1 Site

Elevated water tower H=30.1ｍ Water Reservoir V=400 m3 Reinforced concrete, D12.8m x H5.2m

8 Pump Station (include office, electric room, chlorination room) 1 Site Reinforced concrete

18m x 13m x 6.4m

9 Transmission Pump 4 Sets

(include 1 reserve)

1.7m3/min, H=90m Multiple stage volute pump 125A AC400V x 45kw x 4P, 50Hz

10 Chlorination Facility 1 Site

Sodium hypochlorite Tank (PE): 500L x 2tanks Electromagnetic pump：100ml/min x 2sets

Note: Equipment Construction work Size of pipe is shown in outer diameter because it is more familiar to Afghan manufacturers.

Source: JICA Infrastructure Team

(4) Outline Design of Secondary/Arterial Roads and Water Distribution Mains for Phase-1

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Development Area (PDA)

This design work was subcontracted to a joint venture of local and foreign consultants by the JICA GKD Project Office. In the contract, OD of major arterial, arterial and secondary arterial roads and water transmission mains within the Phase-1 Development Area (PDA) excluding the Parcel-1 area will be prepared, referring to those of the Parcel-1 area by the Infrastructure Project. Since the distribution mains will be connected to reservoirs that will be designed by this Study, JWT is required to communicate well with the local consultants.

Figure 3.3.1 Location of Related Project Sites

3.3.2 Other Related Projects

(1) Feasibility Study on Gulbahar Dam Project

Results of Feasibility Study on the Gulbahara Dam Project were presented by an Iranian Consultant (Yekom Consulting Engineers) on 19 February 2011. Participants included the Minister, the Deputy Minister, staff of MEW, JWT and USAID. JWT was provided with a soft copy of the 9-volume reports at this presentation meeting. Details of the reports were closely examined by JWT as described in Part 4, Review of Feasibility Study of Gulbahar Dam Project. MEW has a strong intention of implementing the Gulbahar Dam, and is seeking finances.



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(2) Shah-Wa-Arus Multipurpose Dam Project

Detail design and construction of the Shah-Wa-Arus Multipurpose Dam Project was commenced by an Iranian joint venture in May 2010. The multipurpose dam will be constructed on the Shakar Darreh River, a tributary of the Barikab River as shown in Figure 3.3.1. Main purposes of the turn-key project are irrigation and hydropower, but a component of water supply of 5 MCM/year for local consumption is also included as a secondary purpose. The total project period is 42 months until the end of 2013.

According to KMAMP, the Shah-Wa-Arus Dam was supposed to supply 2.6 MCM/year of domestic water to Kabul City-District 17. As described in Subsection 3.2.4, however, the master plan for the existing Kabul City recommended that the city area would be supplied with domestic water from the target water sources of this Study, Panjshir Fan Aquifer, Gulbahar Dam or Salang Dam. The developed water by the Shah-Wa-Arus Multipurpose Dam Project for domestic water supply will be consumed locally.

Table 3.3.3 Salient Features of Shah-Wa-Arus Multipurpose Dam Project

Item Contents Remarks

Catchment Area 97 Km2

Dam Type RCC (Roller Compacted Concrete)

Dam Height 77.5 m

Dam Crest Length 303 m

Reservoir Capacity 9.38 MCM (6.92 MCM)

Number in parentheses is live storage capacity

Allocated water for water rights, agricultural extension & environment 25.4 MCM/year

Allocated water for domestic & industrial use 5.0 MCM/year

Hydropower Plant Installed Capacity 1.3 MW (2 x 0.6 MW)

Annual Power Production 3.60 GWh/year

(3) Urban Development Projects in KNC

Besides the development of KNC by DCDA, there are three urban development projects in the KNC area. They are the 26th Dalwa Project, the Barikab Refugee Project and the Paymonar Project. According to KMAMP, the population of the New City including those of these project areas will reach 480,000 by the end of 2015, just before the completion of the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project. To meet the water demand of 9.8 MCM at that time, 6.8 MCM of groundwater at Shomali and another 3.0 MCM at other areas are supposed to be developed.

Although development of these short-term water resources is out of the scope of this Study, JWT is concerned about their progress because there will be a possibility of change of the future development scenario of the water resources depending upon them. In addition, experiences of these preceding projects might be very useful for this Study. In this context, JWT has been following up the progress of the three projects in addition to the above-said JICA projects.

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(a) 26th Dalwa

The 26-Dalwa Project is a 25,000-unit housing project being implemented by MUDA. The project includes development of infrastructures and utilities (roads, water supply, electricity and telephone) and construction of courtyards and high rise residential buildings. The project period is from 2007 to 2013 and maybe this time frame will be extended due to lack of budget. The public progress of the project is about 25%, and the construction of residential buildings has not been commenced yet.

The total water demand of this project has been estimated at 35,000 to 40,000 m3/day based on 100 lcd and 7 people in a household. Eleven wells were supposed to be dug at an area called Shomali, on the left bank of Barikab River. However, only 3 wells have been dug, of which production per well is 25 liters. Construction of the remaining 11 wells has been suspended due to strong opposition by local villages who never accept losing precious water and lying of pipelines under settlement areas and private lands. This means that only 6,000 m3/s or as small as 20% of the estimated demand would be available and so, they hope to find an alternative water source like the Panjshir Fan Aquifer project of which study is being conducted by JICA. MUDA is not optimistic on breaking the deadlock.

(b) Barikab Refugee Project

In Barikab area, a housing project called “AliceGhan” for refugee settlement was initiated by MRRD, supported by UNHCR. The project intends to provide housing to 30,000 refugees.

As a water source of the project, two wells were dug three years ago at Qala-e-Shahi Village located 7.5 km northwest of the project area, but they have been left unused due to a problem of the contractor’s drilling method that caused collapse of the casings. Detailed geo-hydrological investigation was done around Alice Ghan and Barikab areas, but no promising water source was found. It is deemed that scarce water, insufficient utilities and lack of job opportunities discourage people to live there.

(c) Paymonar Project

Paymonar Project is a housing project of Kabul Municipality in the 18th District along the Bagram Road. The project was planned by the municipality with technical cooperation from MUDA. According to the plan, the development area is 381 ha for 7,100 lots to be used for individual housing units of one or two stories and medium raised apartment buildings. The planned population is 52,000. In the development area, groundwater is available at 16 m below the ground level. However, the project has not progressed at all due to a land problem, i.e., there is a strong opposition among the existing illegal dwellers.



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4-1

CHAPTER 4 REVIEW OF WATER DEMAND PROJECTION

4.1 Introduction

As described in Section 3.2, the population projection and the water demand for KNC was once proposed in 2009 under KMAMP. Since then, the development scenario related to water resources development has changed a little. For example, DCDA developed a more detailed development schedule of the new city. The water resources of 6.8 MCM/y for the 26-Dalwa area is not promising at all, and Shah-Wa-Arus Dam was decided not to provide water to Kabul City District 17. The Panjshir Aquifer Fan became required to provide water to the two areas, additionally. In this Chapter, the population and water demand proposed in KMAMP are adjusted and modified in accordance with these changes.

4.2 Population Projection

4.2.1 Population Planed by Master Plan

Population of the new city has been projected at 1.5 million for 2025. This is broken down as shown in Table 4.2.1.

Table 4.2.1 Population Planned by KMAMP Classification Barikab Dehsabz N Dehsabz S Paymonar Total

Development Area I 140,000 320,000 382,00 271,000 1,111,300 Ongoing Public Projects 45,000 150,000 51,721 0 246,721 Villages 9,841 31,376 27,112 71,671 140,000 Total Population 194,841 501,376 460,833 342,671 1,498,021 Source: KMAMP

4.2.2 Current Plan of DCDA for New City Development

To realize the master plan, DCDA has been preparing more detailed schedules for development of the new city. DCDA has a strategy for development order by area as follows:

PH-1: Dehsabz South and 33% of Barikab

PH-2: Paymonar

PH-3: Dehsabz North and 67% of Barikab

As for the development of population, DCDA planned it as shown in Table 4.2.2. It is the total population for the new city. However, development schedule by area has not yet been planned in detail, since structure plans have not yet been developed for other than Dehsabz South.

Table 4.2.2 Current Plan of DCDA for Population Development

Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

DCDA Population Plan

350,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 850,000 950,000

Year 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

DCDA Population Plan

1,100,000 1,300,000 1,350,000 1,450,000 1,500,000

Source: DCDA

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For Dehsabz South, DCDA finished the planning stage of a structural plan in August 2011. It describes that the population of Dehsabz South will be 400,000 in 2015 and it will be steady until 2025. Furthermore, the population of 26-Dalwa, an ongoing project, will have 150,000 persons in 2015, but this is not reflected well in the population plan. Adding 33% of Barikab, the population in 2015 would be over 600,000. The table has, therefore, a little difference in the initial stage of development. To determine the “design service population for water supply,” such difference should be considered.

4.2.3 Service Population Plan for Water Supply

The population plan should be considered with schedule of water resources development. The water resources development schedule, which is planned in KMAMP, is as shown in Table 4.2.3. KMAMP recommends another exclusive water source for 26-Dalwa at 6.8 MCM/y. However, it is not currently expected to be realized. It should not be counted as available source for the new city.

Table 4.2.3 Water Resources Development Plan by KMAMP (Volume of water: MCM/y)

Year 2016 2019 2022 Water Resources Panjishir Fan Panjishir Fan Gulbahar/Salang Dam Volume to be Developed 22.3 22.3 44.7 Volume Accumulated 22.4 44.6 89.3

Source: KMAMP

DCDA and JWT have, therefore, simulated the development schedule of service population for water supply according to the mentioned schedule of water resources development. Table 4.2.4 shows the simulation result and it is a base of this feasibility study.

Table 4.2.4 Plan of Service Population for Water Supply

District 2016 2019 2022 2025 Barikab 60,000 60,000 200,000 200,000 Deh Sabz North 350,000 350,000 26-Dalwa 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 Deh Sabz South 400,000 400,000 460,000 460,000 Paymonar 340,000 340,000 340,000 Total 610,000 950,000 1,500,000 1,500,000

Note: The table shows the service population of Panjishir Fan and Gulbahar/Salang Dam only. Source: JWT

The following are conditions and processes of the simulation:

(1) Population for 2025

Population by area for 2025 should be the same as those of KMAMP. To simplify the planning process, 26-Dalwa is separately counted from Dehsabz North. 26-Dalwa is an ongoing development project conducted separately by MUDA.

(2) Water Supply Service Development Schedule

Water supply service should be developed according to the mentioned schedule of water resources development. It should also meet the area development schedule, which is planned by DCDA. Accordingly, the following strategy should be taken into consideration:

Water PH-1: In 2016, water supply service should be commenced in 33% of Barikab, Dehsabz South and 26-Dalwa. Water demand for 2018 should be covered by this stage.

Water PH-2: In 2019, water supply service should be extended to Paymonar. Water demand for 2021 should be covered by this stage.



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Water PH-3: In 2022, water supply service should be extended to the whole new city. Water demand for 2025 should be covered by this stage.

The planned population by DCDA reaches 1.1 million in 2021. Considering 44.6 MCM/y of water resources and industrial water demand, it would be difficult to keep the water supply at over the 100 LCD level. It is recommended to adjust the area development schedule to keep the population at the 1 million level or less as shown in Figure 4.2.1.

Remark: Service population Plan indicates the capacity of water supply (possible population to be served). Source: JICA Water Team

Figure 4.2.1 Population Development for the New City

4.3 Water Demand Projection

4.3.1 Average Unit Water Supply Planned by Master Plan

KMAMP indicates the unit water supply to be 150 LCD in supply basis (120 LCD in consumption basis) for 2025 on average. It also recommends, due to water shortage in the initial stage, that house connection coverage should be increased in steps and less volume of water supply should be conducted before 2022. The planned unit water supply in KMAMP is summarized in Table 4.3.1. It includes supplies to commercial and small industrial entities. The table indicates the following:

Unit water supply is 81 LCD in the stage of Water PH-1.

Unit water supply is 104 LCD in the stage of Water PH-2.

Unit water supply reaches 150 LCD by Water PH-3, i.e., after development of surface water.

Table 4.3.1 Summary of Water Unit Supply Planned in KMAMP

Category Type of Supply

2016 2020 2025 Service

Pop. (thousand)

Unit Supply LCD

Service Pop.

(thousand)

Unit Supply LCD

Service Pop.

(thousand)

Unit Supply LCD

Piped Water Service House Connection 180 125 547 138 1,500 150

Public Taps 127 62.5 444 62.5 0 0 Non-piped Water Service Shallow Well 175 50 0 0 0 0

Total/Average 482 81 991 104 1,500 150 Data source: KMAMP

0

200,000

400,000

600,000800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Year

Popu

lation

Service Population Plan DCDA Population Plan

To be adjusted by area

development schedule

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4.3.2 Industrial Water Demand Planned by Master Plan

Industrial water demand for the new city is planned in KMAMP as shown in Table 4.3.2.

Table 4.3.2 Industrial Water Demand Planed in KMAMP

Industrial Park

Average Demand (MCM/y)

2016 2020 2025 Dehsabz-1 (North) 0.6 1.4 3.9 Dehsabz-2 (South) 0.4 0.9 2.5 Dehsabz-3 (Paymonar) 0.4 0.9 2.5 Barikab 0.7 1.8 5.1

Subtotal 2.1 5.0 14.0 Source: KMAMP

4.3.3 Water Allocation and Demand Plan for New City

Although KMAMP recommends introducing public tap water supply and non-full coverage of piped water supply in the initial stage, DCDA is planning to fully cover urbanized areas with house connection supply. Accordingly, the planned unit water supply should be reexamined.

As for the industrial water demand, it should be appropriate to keep the original demands since no detail plan has been developed so far yet.

(1) Industrial Water Demand

According to the area development schedule, “Dehsabz-3 Industrial Park” would not be necessary until 2019. In addition, “Dehsabz-1 Industrial Park” and “Barikab Industrial Park” would not be necessary until 2022 as well. The industrial water demand should be, therefore, revised as shown in Table 4.3.3.

Table 4.3.3 Revised Industrial Water Demand Plan

Item

Allocation to Industrial Customers (MCM/y)

2016 2019 2022 2025 Dehsabz-1 (North) 3.9 3.9 Dehsabz-2 (South) 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Dehsabz-3 (Paymonar) 2.5 2.5 2.5 Barikab 5.1 5.1

Subtotal 2.5 5.0 14.0 14.0 Source: JICA Water Team

(2) Water Allocation to Domestic Customers

Since industrial water should be reserved, the volume allocated to domestic customers should be the balance between the developed capacity of water resources and the industrial demand. If applying the following conditions, this is calculated as shown in Table 4.3.4:

To allocate water to the new city as scheduled in KMAMP; To adjust the average unit water supply to water availability and population; To develop the surface water (Gulbahar/Salang Dam as Water PH-3) to more than the planned

volume in KMAMP in order to secure 150 LCD of water supply for 2025. (More development instead of planned water source for 26-Dalwa). In short, 6.8 MCM/y will be added in the volume to be developed by Water PH-3.



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Table 4.3.4 Allocation Plan for Domestic Customers

Item Allocation to Domestic Customers (MCM/y) 2016 2019 2022 2025

Gross Water 22.3 44.6 96.2 96.2 Industrial Water 2.5 5.0 14.0 14.0 Domestic & Misc. Water 19.8 39.6 82.2 82.2 Population (persons) 610,000 950,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 Unit Water (LCD) 88.93 114.20 150.14 150.14 Source: JICA Water Team

The table and figures indicate the following:

Average unit water supply for domestic customers reaches the levels described in KMAMP for 2016 and 2019. The projects of this feasibility study, i.e., Water PH-1 and PH-2, would contribute to successful development of the new city.

Due to difficulties to secure an exclusive source for 26-Dalwa, water resources development at 96.2 MCM/y level should be necessary to secure 150 LCD of water supply for 2025.

(3) Water Demand Plan for New City

Water demand plan is, therefore, summarized in Table 4.3.5 on average for this feasibility study.

Table 4.3.5 Water Demand Plan for New City (Average)

Item Allocation to Domestic Customers (MCM/y) 2016 2019 2022 2025

Domestic & Misc. Water 19.8 39.6 82.2 82.2 Industrial Water 2.5 5.0 14.0 14.0 Total 22.3 44.6 96.2 96.2

Source: JICA Water Team

4.3.4 Water Allocation and Demand Plan for Existing Kabul City

Besides KMAMP, another master plan was prepared for the existing Kabul City in 2011 through JICA’s cooperation to review KMAMP. It is a separate master plan for the existing Kabul City.

In the master plan, it is recommended to receive the water for District 17 (the existing Kabul City) from Panjishir Fan or Gulbahar/Salang Dam through Paymonar. It is also recommended to share key facilities with the new city. The key facilities will be water intakes, water conveyance lines, water treatment facilities and water transmission mains until Paymonar. Since District 17 is located in Panjishir river sub-basin, water conveyance/transmission from Panjishir River is not categorized as inter-basin transfer.

According to the master plan for the existing Kabul City, the required volume for District 17 is as shown in Table 4.3.6.

Table 4.3.6 Water Demand Plan for Existing Kabul City (Average)

Item

Allocation to Domestic Customers (MCM/y)

2015 2020 2025 Domestic & Misce. Water N/A 8.2 9.0

Source: Master Plan for Kabul City

If water is available at water resources, the mentioned requirement should be taken into account for the development of water source, water conveyance and water transmission facilities. The demands for 2020 and 2025 are recommended to be considered in Water PH-2 and PH-3 respectively.

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4.3.5 Summary of Average Water Demand to be Developed

Considering necessary volume of water for both new and existing Kabul cities, the average water demand is as summarized in Table 4.3.7 and Figure 4.3.1.

Table 4.3.7 Summary of Water Demand Plan (Average)

Target City Items Allocation to Domestic Customers (MCM/y)

2016 2019 2022 2025

New City Domestic & Misc. Water 19.8 39.6 82.2 82.2 Industrial Water 2.5 5.0 14.0 14.0

Kabul City (District 17) Domestic & Misc. Water 8.2 9.0 9.0

Total 22.3 52.8 105.2 105.2

Source: JICA Water Team

Note: Water demand is assumed to be increased gradually. Source: JICA Water Team

Figure 4.3.1 Development Steps of Water Supply Capacity according to Demand

4.3.6 Average Water Demand by Area to be Applied for Facilities Design

Taking the mentioned service population and unit water supply into consideration, average demand by area and industrial park are calculated as shown in Table 4.3.8, which is the basis for facilities design in this feasibility study.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

year

Ave

rage

dem

and

& s

upp

ly (

MC

M/y)

22.3MCM Water PH-1Panjishir fan

30.5MCM Water PH-2Panjishir fan (total 52.8MCM)

52.4MCM Water PH-3Gulbahar/Salang (total 105.2MCM)



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Table 4.3.8 Average Water Demand Plan by Area

District

Water PH-1 by 2016 for 2018

Water PH-2 by 2019 for 2021

Service Average Supply Service Average Supply Population (LCD) (MCM/y) Population (LCD) (MCM/y)

Barikab 60,000 88.93 1.95 60,000 114.20 2.50 Deh Sabz North 26-Dalwa 150,000 88.93 4.87 150,000 114.20 6.25 Deh Sabz South 400,000 88.93 12.98 400,000 114.20 16.67 Paymonar 340,000 114.20 14.17 Sub-Total 610,000 88.93 19.80 950,000 114.20 39.59 Industrial Park Dehsabz-1 (North) Dehsabz-2 (South) 2.50 2.50 Dehsabz-3 (Paymonar) 2.50 Barikab Subtotal 2.50 5.00 Existing Kabul District 17 8.19 Total 610,000 89 22.30 950,000 114 52.78

Source: JWT



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5-1

CHAPTER 5 REVIEW OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PLAN

5.1 Introduction

As described in Section 2.3, KMAMP proposed three water resources development projects for KNC; namely, the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project, the Salang Dam Project and the Gulbahar Dam Project. In the preceding chapter the water demand for the three projects were revised, and then in other parts of this Final Report these projects are examined, by using the revised water demands, from technical, economic/financial and/or environmental and social points of view, although the study levels are very different by project. In this Chapter, the present water resources development scenario proposed by KMAMP is reviewed and updated with feedback of the study results.

Table 5.1.1 Three Projects and Their Study Levels

Projects Study Level Part of Report

Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Feasibility Study Part 2

Salang Dam Pre-feasibility Study Part 3

Gulbahar Dam Review of Feasibility Study by Iranian Consultant Part 4

5.2 Estimation of Unit Cost per Cubic Meter of Supply Water Volume

As a first step for the comparison of the three projects, unit cost per cubic meter of water supply volume for water resources development (water intake) and water conveyance is estimated for each of the three projects. The water conveyance destinations are different between the Panjshir Project and the two dam projects. The destination for the Panjshir Fan Development Project is the water transmission station in Dehsabz North, while that of the two dams is the Paymonar Treatment Plant. The length of the conveyance is 38 km for the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project, 97 km for the Salang Dam Project, and 81 km for the Gulbahar Dam Project.

5.2.1 Cost Allocation for Salang and Gulbahar Dam Projects

The two dams are multipurpose dams. In order to compare the costs for only the water supply purpose, the costs for the two dams have to be divided according to the purpose.

The Salang Dam has two purposes, water supply and hydropower generation. However, the power generation is totally subordinate on water release for existing downstream water rights (irrigation, hydropower generation for the Jabul Saraj Power Plant and environment). Accordingly, there is no specific portion of the reservoir capacity for the hydropower generation. Therefore, it could be assumed that all the costs of the dam reservoir except for those directly related to the hydropower plant are the one for the water supply.

In the case of Gulbahar Dam, there are three major purposes, irrigation, hydropower generation and water supply. Since no specific reservoir volumes are allocated to these purposes in the feasibility report by the Iranian consultant, the cost allocation is simply made in proportion to the water release volumes for the three purposes, as presented in Table 5.2.1.

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Table 5.2.1 Cost Allocation

Purposes Description Annual Water Release Allocated Initial Investment Cost (million USD)

MCM % Irrigation Irrigation Area = 53,700 ha 607 60 235 Hydropower Generation Annual Power Generation = 748 GWh 296 30 117 Water Supply Annual Water Supply = 100 MCM 100 10 39

Total 1,003 100 391*

*391 million USD is obtained by deducting hydroelectric cost (40 million USD) and contingency (59 million USD) from the cost of the 175-m high arch gravity dam (490 million US$).

The initial investment cost allocated for the water supply of 100 MCM/y is estimated at 39 million US$. This amount has to be adjusted to that for 52.4 MCM/y of the water demand for the Water PH-3 because the design and cost estimate for conveyance is made for this water demand. In conclusion, the initial investment cost allocated for the water demand of 52.4 MCM/y is 20.4 million US$ (39 x 52.4/100 = 20.4).

5.2.2 Initial Investment and Operation and Maintenance Costs for Three Projects

Initial investment costs and operation and maintenance costs for the water resources development (intake) and the water conveyance for the three projects are compiled as shown in Table 5.2.1, although it is noted that the accuracy of the cost estimation is different from project to project and from component to component.

Table 5.2.2 Initial Investment Costs and O&M Costs for Three Projects

Item Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Salang

Dam Gulbahar Dam Phase-1 Phase-2 Total

Annual Water Supply Volume (MCM) 22.3 30.5 52.8 52.4 52.4

Initial Investment Cost

Water Resources Development (Intake)

Direct Construction Cost (million US$)

8.9 9.0 17.9 220.8 20.4

Indirect Cost (million US$) 3.2 3.1 6.3 81.6 7.4

Sub-Total 12.1 12.1 24.2 302.4 27.8

Water

Conveyan

ce (Without treatment)

Direct Construction Cost (million US$) 47.8 38.7 86.5 316.9 335.0

Indirect Cost (million US$) 17.2 13.2 30.4 106.7 112.8

Sub-Total 65.0 51.9 116.9 423.6 447.8

Total Initial Investment Cost 77.1 64.0 141.1 726.0 475.6

Operation and Maintenance Cost

Annual Cost for Energy for Pumps (million US$/y) 8.5 11.7 20.2 0.0 12.0

Other Annual O&M Cost (million US$/y) 1.4 0.5 1.9 0.8 0.2 Total Annual O&M Cost (million US$/y) 9.9 12.2 22.1 0.8 12.2 Renewal Cost for Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for every 15 years (million US$) 17.0 12.0 29.0 23.2 5.2

Note: Since there is no description of operation and maintenance costs at all in the feasibility study report on the Gulbahar Dam by the Iranian Consultant, JWT roughly estimated it based on that for the Salang Dam.



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5.2.3 Unit Cost per Cubic Meter of Supply Water Volume

To compare cost-effectiveness of the three projects of which costs are composed of two different types, one-time cost (investment and renewal costs) and continuously generated annual operation and maintenance costs, unit cost per cubic meter of supply water volume is estimated for each of them. In this calculation, a discount rate of 8% is applied based on a report of the World Bank, “Afghanistan Economic Update, World Bank, May 2011” that projects in the real GDP of Afghanistan is 7.9 to 8.2% in a medium term period (not specified but can be presumed at 5 to 10 years). The unit cost is estimated by the following equations, and the results are as summarized in Table 5.2.3.

Uc = Caa/Vaws

Caa = NPV x b

b = r / (1 - ( 1 + r) -n )

Where,

Uc: Unit Cost per Water Supply Volume (US$/m3)

Caa: Average Annual Cost (million US$/y)

Vaws: Annual Water Supply Volume (MCM/y)

NPV: Net Present Value (million US$/y)

b: Annual Expense Percentage

r: Discount Rate (= 8%)

n: Number of Lifetime Years (= 50)

Table 5.2.3 Unit Costs of Three Projects

Item Panjshir Fan Aq. Dev.

Salang Dam Gulbahar Dam Phase-1 Phases 1&2

NPV of Total Cost (million US$) (Discount Rate = 8%) 168 309 593 483

Average Annual Cost (million US$/y) 13.8 25.3 48.5 39.4

Annual Water Supply Volume (MCM/y) 22.3 52.8 52.4 52.4

Unit Cost (US$/m3) 0.62 0.48 0.93 0.75

5.3 Environmental and Social Considerations

Major environmental and social impacts likely to be caused by the three projects are tabulated in Table 5.2.4. In general, it is concerned that the multiple developments in one basin may cause combined or cumulated impacts to the environment of the basin. Considering the issue, possibility of the combined impacts of Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project and either of the two dam projects are also assessed based on the respective impacts.

Impacts by the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project are quite limited compared with the dam projects; no significant impacts are expected on social and natural environment. On the other hand, impacts by the two dam projects are significant; especially, they require relocation of a large number of

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houses. Hydrological impact to the basin is also expected for both projects although the Salang Dam is planned to preserve downstream water use. Between the two dam projects, the Gulbahar Dam will cause larger impacts than the Salang Dam; for example, the number of relocation is ten times larger than the Salang Dam. The Gulbahar Dam also alters the hydrological condition of the Panjshir River significantly because downstream irrigation is one of the purposes of the Gulbahar Dam while the main purpose of the Salang Dam is only for the new city. In spite of the possibility of large environmental impacts, hydrological change as well as the other environmental impacts has not been studied enough to meet the JICA Guidelines (see Part 4: 2.4).

The possibility of combined impacts by the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project and the dam projects are basically not expected, because the impacts of the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project to the basin are limited. However, the impacts by the dams such as those on water quality, flora and fauna may spread to the basin including the Panjshir Fan Aquifer. Since the possibility and extent are not clear at this moment, it is necessary to study the impacts based on broad scale survey results before deciding on the dam project.

Although the impact of the Gulbahar Dam to the basin will be significant, not only adverse impacts but also positive effects are expected. Especially, it is expected that the irrigation water from the Gulbahar Dam will increase the recharge of the Panjshir Fan Aquifer and cause positive effects on the water intake at the Panjshir Fan Aquifer.

The Panjshir River joins with Kabul River at downstream and flows to Pakistan. For information, water intake volume of the three projects is compared in Table 5.2.5 together with the percentage of the discharge at Dakha, located at the Kabul River, downstream near the border of Pakistan. Although the percentage itself is small compared with the overall discharge, careful consideration is required so as not to cause conflict with Pakistan when the project is implemented.



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Table 5.2.4 Major Environmental and Social Impacts by Three Water Resources Development Projects

Items

Impacts caused by Project Combined impacts by Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development and Salang

Dam/Gulbahar Dam

Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development (Phases 1+2)

Salang Dam Gulbahar Dam

Social Impacts Relocation of houses is not required.

About 200 families need to be relocated. The relocation is likely to cause various social issues such as regional economic change, relocation of social infrastructures and collapse of social institution. (see Part 3: 7.3.3)

About 2,000 families need to be relocated. Social issues caused by the relocation are deemed to be 10 times larger than Salang Dam.

Not expected, because relocation issue is regional around the project area and usually not expanded to the basin.

Hydrology Intake water volume (2.39m3/s) is small enough comparing with the minimum potential of Ghorband River (6.3m3/s). (see Part 2: 3.6.1) Results of hydro-geological analysis showed that groundwater drawdown will occur around the project site but the area and the extent is limited. (see Part 2: 3.6.2)

Water flow volume of Salang River will become smaller; however, the downstream water demand of Salang River is preserved. (see Part 3: 7.3.3). In addition, the water extraction (117.33 MCM/year) is small enough comparing with discharge of Kabul River basin (see Part 3: 5.4.5).

The water extraction (707.1 MCM/year) is very significant compared with the discharge of Kabul River basin although about half of the extracted volume will return to the river after irrigation use (see Part 4: 2.1.5).

For the combination of Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development and Salang Dam, combined hydrological impacts are not expected because each impact is small enough. Since Salang Dam will not affect the minimum potential of Ghorband River, it will not encourage the groundwater drawdown of Panjshir Fan Aquifer.

In the case of combination with Gulbahar Dam, groundwater potential of Panjshir Fan Aquifer is expected to increase due to recharge of the irrigation water from the dam.

Water Use Results of hydro-geological analysis showed that groundwater drawdown will occur around the project site but it will not cause impacts on water use, since the extent is limited. (see Part 2: 3.6.2)

Downstream water use is planned to be secured (see Part 3: 7.3.3).

Downstream irrigation will improve as it is one of the purposes of the dam.

For the combination of Panjshir Fan Aquifer development and Salang Dam, combined impacts on water use are not expected because t hydrological impacts will not be caused. In the case of combination with Gulbahar Dam, groundwater potential of Panjshir Fan Aquifer is expected to increase due to recharge of the irrigation water from the dam.

Water Quality Water pollution is not expected.

Eutrophication is likely to occur in the reservoir.(see Part 3: 4.1)

Possibility of water quality change has not been studied in the EIA.

For the dam projects, measures for eutrophication in the reservoir need to be considered for preserving downstream water quality including Panjshir Fan Aquifer.

Flora and Fauna Impacts on flora and fauna are not expected.

Flora and fauna in the reservoir area will be affected. Migration of fish will be hindered by appearance of the dam. It is necessary to study the impacts in EIA in the next study stage.

Flora and fauna in the reservoir area will be affected. Migration of fish will be hindered by appearance of the dam. Impacts on aquatic species caused by water flow reduction have not been studied in EIA.

Impacts on migration of fish caused by the dam needs to be assessed to see the impacts on ecological condition of entire basin.

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Table 5.2.5 Water Intake Volume of Three Projects

Item Panjshir Fan Aquifer

Development (Phases 1+2)


Water Intake Volume (MCM) 52.8 117.3 707.1 Percentage of Discharge at Dakha (19,287 MCM) 0.27% 0.61% 3.7%

5.4 Review of Water Resources Development Scenario

5.4.1 Comparison of Three Projects

Based on the study results in Parts 2, 3 and 4 of this Final Report and the unit costs mentioned above, features of the three projects are as summarized in



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Table 5.4.1.

The Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project is superior to the dam projects in many aspects such as less cost and environmental and social soundness. It is deemed that these advantages theoretically make possible commencement of the project implementation as early as 2013 if necessary funds are secured. The only concern is the high energy cost for pumps which increases the water rate for users. Nevertheless, this project is the most economical in terms of unit cost and EIRR, and it is reasonable to prioritize this project.

The high investment cost for both dam and conveyance is the problem of the Salang Dam that presents very low cost-effectiveness (high unit cost of 0.93US$/m3 and low EIRR of 7.6%). The low annual operation and maintenance cost due to gravity conveyance is very attractive, but the huge investment cost is overwhelming and is a critically a negative factor of the Project. The number of house relocations of some 200 is also another negative factor.

Regarding the Gulbahar Dam, it is difficult to evaluate the viability of the dam project at present, when only the Iranian study is available. There are two critical issues, the possibility of existence of quaternary faults and the huge number of relocation houses. The Iranian environmental and social studies are basically insufficient for requirements of world standards such as the JICA Guidelines. JWT reviewed the Iranian report carefully, and concluded that it is impossible to deny the possibility of the existence of quaternary faults in and around the dam axis and the reservoir area. If existing, the project might be totally undermined. The 2,000 house relocation is also so important that donors would shrink from investing.

As for the economical aspect, the unit cost of the Gulbahar Dam Project is 0.75US$/m3, significantly lower than that of the Salang Dam. The Gulbahar Dam is a real multipurpose dam with three purposes, irrigation, hydropower generation and water supply. According to the Iranian Study, the Gulbahar Dam is supposed to irrigate 69,810ha (with double cropping) and to generate 748GWh/y in addition to 100MCM/y of domestic water supply. The Iranian consultant roughly estimated its EIRR as more than 11%, considering the three benefits. The benefit from the water supply of 100 MCM/y occupies only 9% of the total benefit. It can be said that the Gulbahar Dam is important for the national economy of Afghanistan rather than Kabul New City. However, it is needless to say that the above-said critical issues should be settled first.

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Table 5.4.1 Features of Three Water Resources Development Projects

Category Items Panjshir Fan Aquifer

Development (Phases 1+2)


Technical Aspect

Water Supply Volume (MCM/y)

52.8 52.4 100

(52.4<1) Distance of Conveyance (km)

39 97 81

Type of Intake Infiltration Gallery Dam Reservoir Multipurpose Dam Reservoir Type of Conveyance

Pump Conveyance Gravity Pump Conveyance

Period of Construction

3 years 5 years 5 years<3

Water Quality Low Turbidity High Turbidity, Possibility of Eutrophication

High Turbidity, Possibility of Eutrophication

Critical Issue Nothing specific Nothing specific Possibility of existence of quaternary faults

Economic Aspect

Investment Cost (million US$)

Intake: 24 Conveyance: 117 Total: 141



Annual O&M Cost (million US$)

Annual O&M: 22.1 Renewal: 29.0

Annual O&M: 0.8

Renewal: 23.2

Annual O&M: 12.2 Renewal: 5.2

Unit Cost (US$/m3) 0.48 0.93 0.75

EIRR (%) 19.6%

(Water PH-1&2 for KNC) 7.6%

(Case-2, Water PH-3) More than 11%<2

(Multipurpose Dam)

Environment and Social Considerations

Number of Families to be Relocated.

0 About 200 About 2,000

Anticipated Major Negative Impacts

None

Impacts rated “A” Involuntary

Resettlement Local economy Land use and utilization

of local resources Social institution Existing social

infrastructures and services

Misdistribution of benefit and damage

EIA is insufficient. Negative impacts assessed by Iranian Study Physical Environment (soil

quality, soil fertility, soil erosion, soil organic content, hydrologic regime)

Social Environment (Communication and transportation, land ownership and tenancy, population and settlement, community impact)

Priority 1 3 2 <1: The water supply volume proposed in the Iranian Study is 100 MCM/y. However, costs in this table were adjusted to those

for 52.4 MCM to match with those of the Salang Dam. <2: This EIRR is estimated for only the multipurpose dam with three purposes, irrigation, hydropower and domestic water

supply. Neither water conveyance nor transmission/distribution is included. <3: Although the Iranian Study proposes 3 years of construction period, JWT considers that it takes at least 5 years to complete

the 175-m high Gulbahar Dam.

5.4.2 Prioritization of Three Projects

Based on the above discussions, JWT proposes to set the priority order for the water resources development for the new city, taking into consideration their economic aspects in particular, as follows:

First Priority: Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project

Second Priority: Gulbahar Dam Project

Third Priority: Salang Dam Project

However, the Gulbahar Dam Project is tentatively put prior to the Salang Dam because of its critical issues, the active faults and the huge number of house relocation. Depending upon further study, the order



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might be reversed. The water resources development scenario is not changed and remains the same as in Figure 4.3.1.



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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusion

1) JWT had conducted a feasibility study on the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project and proposes the infiltration gallery as the intake facility and the slow sand filtration as the treatment method. JWT had also conducted a preliminary design for the intake, conveyance, turbidity reduction facility and transmission facilities. The total investment cost including those for the distribution systems (mains and branch pipeline networks) has been estimated at 506 million US$ for Phase-1 and an additional of 336 million US$ for Phase-2. The annual operation and maintenance cost will increase from 12 million US$ in 2015 to 41 million US$ in 2025 as the service population increases and the water supply facilities develops. The unit cost per 1 m3/s of billed water (Revenue Water) is between 0.85 US$ (42Afs/m3) and 0.91 US$ (45Afs/m3).

2) The project is economically feasible with EIRR of 19.6% for both Phase 1 and Phase-2, but grant funds and subsidies from international financial institutions and/or the central government are indispensable for the sustainability of the project as described in Subsection 7.2.3 of Part 2. It can be concluded that the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project requires no house relocation and therefore more environmentally and socially sound than the two dam projects, while the high investment, operation and maintenance costs are still a big issue.

3) JWT had conducted a prefeasibility study on the Salang Dam Project. Based on the results of geotechnical investigation and social studies, the dam has been proposed on the uppermost candidate site, some 20 km away from the Jabul Saraj settlement site. The Salang Dam has been preliminarily designed as a center-core rock-fill dam with a subordinate hydropower plant. Three cases of reservoir capacities have been examined in relation to the Jabal Saraj Hydropower Plant, and the medium capacity case of 61 MCM that releases 4 m3/s of water to the hydropower plant is preferred from economic and social and environmental points of view. The total investment cost for Phase-3 with the Salang Dam including water conveyance, treatment and distribution mains and branches and service pipes is estimated at 1,496 million USD, and the annual operation and maintenance cost is estimated at 19 million US$ (corresponding to 25 Afs/m3). However, the economic viability as the entire water supply system including treatment, transmission and distribution systems additionally necessary for the Water Phase-3 is very low with the EIRR of 7.6%, because of the high investment cost (757 million US$) of the dam and the conveyance pipeline. In addition, the financial analysis disclosed that this project also requires grant funds and/or annual subsidy for sustainable operation.

4) JWT reviewed the feasibility study report of the Gulbahar Dam by the Iranian Consultant and found that there is still a high possibility of existence of active faults in and around the proposed dam site and reservoir areas. JWT also updated the number of relocation houses to be about 2,000 with 13,000 of population. As a result of the review, JWT recommends that the Afghan side shall conduct a quaternary fault survey and analysis of fault movement, and shall revise and finalize the RAP (Resettlement Action Plan) as well as conduct a further detail EIA study based on international guidelines such as the ones of JICA. In addition, JWT preliminarily designed the conveyance pipeline from the dam to the Paymonar Treatment Plant. The 81-km long conveyance pipeline with a booster pump along the Charikar Road is proposed at the direct construction cost of 317 million US$ and annual operation and maintenance cost of 12 million US$.

6.2 Recommendations

6.2.1 Measures to be taken by the Afghan Side for the Implementation of Phase-1

The Afghan side is required to take the following actions towards the implementation of the Phase-1 project:

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1) This project will be such a gigantic water resources development and supply project that Afghanistan has ever implemented before. This project should be regarded as a national project that the Government should tackle by inputting its resources as much as possible. Therefore, a three-tier organizational setup is proposed for the preparation and implementation of the Project as shown in Figure 9.4.1 of Part 2. The Steering Committee will be chaired by the Chair of the Board of DCDA and composed of representatives from line ministries such as MoF, MoE, MEW, MUDA, MoM, MPW, AUWSSC, NEPA, Kabul Municipality, Kabul Province, Parwan Province, etc. This Steering Committee shall be set up, first of all, to make a national consensus for the implementation of the Project.

2) The estimated total investment cost for the entire water supply system is 506 million US$ for the Phase-1 project. Out of this 506 million US$, the cost for the distribution branch networks and service pipes of 277 million US$ will be borne by developers and/or end-users. However, the remainder, 229 million US$ has to be raised by the Government. The amount seems to be too large for a single institution to shoulder. Co-financing among international financial institutions and the Afghanistan Government will be inevitable. It is urgently required to raise funds from international donors and the Afghanistan Government. Taking into consideration the sustainability of the Project, the grant portion is preferred to be as large as possible.

3) It is deemed that AUWSSC, the governmental and largest WSP (Water Service Operator) in Afghanistan, is the most favorite entity for the operation and maintenance of the Project. It is required to start necessary preparations so that AUWSSC could get ready to take over the Project, including implementing a capacity development program for AUWSSC.

4) The water rate for KNC should be determined, probably between 50 Afs/m3 and 85 Afs/m3, depending upon the availability of funds for initial investment and annual subsidy as shown in Table 7.2.11 of Part 2. In order to propose a special water rate only for the new city, approval of the Board of AUWSSC as well as the Cabinet is necessary, and this will be a long process. Therefore, AUWSSC is required to take necessary procedures for the special rate immediately after the Steering Committee determines the amount.

5) Deficit is likely to be generated especially at the beginning of the operation stage because water charge collection is delayed a few months after the commencement of operation. If the population of the new city does not increase as planned, the financial situation will become much worse. A certain fund should be reserved as a running fund of the beginning stage, and smooth implementation of whole the urban development of the new city is indispensable..

6) A special ordinance, applied to KNC only, that regulates the construction of wells should be created. Otherwise, people will construct wells in their house compounds in KNC if no measure is taken against it. This will cause overexploitation of the remaining scarce groundwater that is very precious for the existing villagers living in the outskirts of the KNC area. In addition, this might lead to reduction of consumption of the piped water and finally harm the financial condition of the water supply service.

7) In addition, the following actions should be taken in order to ensure early implementation of the Phase-1 project:

To obtain approval of the EIA report from NEPA; To obtain agreements on land acquisition from land owners; To obtain a water activity permit and a usage license for the water source development by the

infiltration gallery; To obtain approval of the pipe-laying under the roads from MPW; To obtain an agreement with DABS on power supply; To conduct the detailed design; and To proceed with the urban development in the water service areas.



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6.2.2 Recommendation on the Dam Projects

1) The Gulbahar Dam Project has two critical issues, the possibility of existence of quaternary faults and the large number of relocation houses. The Afghan side should conduct a further survey on the active faults and revise the RAP. The Afghan should also conduct a further detailed EIA study based upon international guidelines such as the ones of JICA.

2) Priority of the Salang Dam Project is the lowest among the three projects. However, it is still worth being studied at the feasibility study level if implementation of the Gulbahar Dam is found difficult.

3) An idea that the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Project is a temporary project of which the Phase-1 only should be implemented and be replaced by the Gulbhahar Dam was raised in the Steering Committee Meeting for this Study in October 2012. However, this scenario might make useless the intake facilities and some of the pump stations of the Phase-1 after the replacement. The Afghanistan Government should consider that international donors never provide any funds for facilities that will be abandoned in a short time.

PART 2:

FEASIBILITY STUDY ON PANJSHIR

FAN AQUIFER DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT



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i

Feasibility Study on Urgent Water Resources Development and Supply

for Kabul Metropolitan Area

Final Report

Part 2: Feasibility Study on Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 General Description of Project ........................................................................................... 1-1

1.2.1 Water Supply ............................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2.2 Water Development Potential and Intake Facility .................................................... 1-1 1.2.3 Water Transmission and Conveyance ....................................................................... 1-1

1.3 Objective Facilities for Planning ........................................................................................ 1-1

CHAPTER 2 Panjshir Fan Area .............................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Topography and Geology ................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1.1 Topography ............................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.2 Geology .................................................................................................................... 2-3

2.2 Flood and River Course Change ......................................................................................... 2-9 2.2.1 Flood Condition Survey ........................................................................................... 2-9 2.2.2 River Channel Transition Survey at Panjshir Fan .................................................. 2-13

2.3 Socio-Economic Condition .............................................................................................. 2-16 2.3.1 Population and Villages .......................................................................................... 2-16 2.3.2 Land Use ................................................................................................................. 2-18 2.3.3 Agriculture .............................................................................................................. 2-21 2.3.4 Land Ownership ..................................................................................................... 2-24

CHAPTER 3 Water Source Development .............................................................................. 3-1 3.1 Hydro geological Investigation .......................................................................................... 3-1

3.1.1 Scope of Investigation .............................................................................................. 3-1 3.1.2 Hydrogeological Condition ...................................................................................... 3-4 3.1.3 Water Budget .......................................................................................................... 3-22 3.1.4 Assessment of Items Relevant to Groundwater Development Potential ................ 3-24

3.2 Preliminary Study on Intake Facility ................................................................................ 3-25 3.2.1 Preliminary Planning of Four Different Intake Facilities ....................................... 3-25 3.2.2 Comparison of Intake Facilities .............................................................................. 3-29

3.3 Further Study on Intake Facility ....................................................................................... 3-29 3.3.1 Questionnaire Survey on Infiltration Gallery in Japan ........................................... 3-29 3.3.2 Selection of Turbidity Reduction Facility for Infiltration Gallery .......................... 3-35 3.3.3 Applicable Methods of Surface Water Intake ......................................................... 3-42

3.4 Optimum Intake Facility ................................................................................................... 3-44 3.4.1 Selection of Optimum Intake Facility .................................................................... 3-44 3.4.2 Consideration Points for Application of Infiltration Gallery .................................. 3-45

3.5 Water Development Potential ........................................................................................... 3-46 3.5.1 Water Budget at Gallery Site .................................................................................. 3-46 3.5.2 Drawdown of Groundwater Level .......................................................................... 3-49 3.5.3 Influence to Downstream ....................................................................................... 3-59 3.5.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 3-59

CHAPTER 4 Preliminary Planning of Water Supply Facilities ........................................... 4-1 4.1 Component of Water Supply Facilities ............................................................................... 4-1

4.1.1 Water Supply Zone ................................................................................................... 4-1

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4.1.2 Water Flow ................................................................................................................ 4-4 4.1.3 Key Components of Water Supply Facilities ............................................................ 4-5

4.2 Intake Facility ..................................................................................................................... 4-7 4.2.1 Specification of Infiltration Gallery (Screen Pipe) ................................................... 4-7 4.2.2 Specifications of Collection Pipe ............................................................................ 4-10 4.2.3 Specifications of Revetment ................................................................................... 4-11 4.2.4 Riverbed Protection Works ..................................................................................... 4-13

4.3 Water Conveyance ............................................................................................................ 4-13 4.3.1 Design Basis ........................................................................................................... 4-13 4.3.2 Hydraulic Calculation and Diameter of Pipeline .................................................... 4-15 4.3.3 Design of Pipeline ................................................................................................... 4-19

4.4 Water Treatment ................................................................................................................ 4-21 4.4.1 Planning Condition of Turbidity Reduction Facility .............................................. 4-21 4.4.2 Outline of Water Turbidity Reduction Facility (Slow Sand Filter Method) ........... 4-23 4.4.3 Outline of Turbidity Reduction Facility (Rapid Sand Filter Method) .................... 4-25

4.5 Water Transmission........................................................................................................... 4-29 4.5.1 Findings on Natural Condition ............................................................................... 4-29 4.5.2 Preliminary Plan of Water Transmission Mains ..................................................... 4-29 4.5.3 Materials of Water Transmission Main ................................................................... 4-31 4.5.4 Alternative Analysis ................................................................................................ 4-31 4.5.5 Design of Pipeline ................................................................................................... 4-33

4.6 Transmission Station, Pump Station and Reservoir .......................................................... 4-34 4.6.1 Pump Facilities ....................................................................................................... 4-34 4.6.2 Water Reservoirs ..................................................................................................... 4-54 4.6.3 Layout of Facilities ................................................................................................. 4-58 4.6.4 Building Plan .......................................................................................................... 4-60

4.7 Power Receiving System .................................................................................................. 4-62 4.7.1 Power Distribution Network and Route of 20kV Lines .......................................... 4-62 4.7.2 Power Receiving Facility ........................................................................................ 4-65 4.7.3 Middle Voltage Power Transmission System ......................................................... 4-66 4.7.4 Middle and Low Voltage Control Panels installed in Each Pump Station .............. 4-66 4.7.5 Control System for Pump Operation ...................................................................... 4-69

CHAPTER 5 Preliminary Study on Operation and Maintenance Plan ............................... 5-1 5.1 Organizational Structure for Implementation, Operation and Maintenance ....................... 5-1

5.1.1 Entities involved in Water Resources Development and Supply .............................. 5-1 5.1.2 Study on Entities for Implementation, Operation and Maintenance ......................... 5-1

5.2 Water Rate........................................................................................................................... 5-3 5.2.1 Water Rate in Kabul City .......................................................................................... 5-3 5.2.2 Affordability to Pay and Proposed Water Rates ....................................................... 5-5

5.3 Operation and Maintenance Plan ........................................................................................ 5-6 5.3.1 Principal Activity ...................................................................................................... 5-6 5.3.2 Organization ............................................................................................................. 5-6 5.3.3 Number of Staff Members ........................................................................................ 5-9 5.3.4 Offices and Equipment for Administration ............................................................. 5-13 5.3.5 Technology and Capacity Development ................................................................. 5-13 5.3.6 Operation of Pump Stations and Treatment Facilities ............................................ 5-13 5.3.7 Capacity Development Program ............................................................................. 5-13 5.3.8 Alternative to Direct Administration ...................................................................... 5-14

CHAPTER 6 Cost Estimation .................................................................................................. 6-1 6.1 Project Cost ......................................................................................................................... 6-1

6.1.1 Basic Condition of Cost Estimation.......................................................................... 6-1 6.1.2 Special Considerations on Cost Estimation .............................................................. 6-1 6.1.3 Project Cost ............................................................................................................... 6-4



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6.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost ....................................................................................... 6-5 6.2.1 Wages ....................................................................................................................... 6-5 6.2.2 Cost for Energy ......................................................................................................... 6-5 6.2.3 Cost for Repair and Maintenance ............................................................................. 6-6 6.2.4 Cost for Water Disinfection ...................................................................................... 6-6 6.2.5 Cost for Administration and Miscellaneous Activities ............................................. 6-6 6.2.6 Summary of Operation and Maintenance Cost for the Final Case ........................... 6-7 6.2.7 Consideration on Transitional Stages for Development ........................................... 6-7

CHAPTER 7 Project Evaluation ............................................................................................. 7-1 7.1 Economic Analysis ............................................................................................................. 7-1

7.1.1 Basic Study Cases..................................................................................................... 7-1 7.1.2 Conditions and Assumptions .................................................................................... 7-1 7.1.3 Economic Cost ......................................................................................................... 7-2 7.1.4 Economic Benefit ..................................................................................................... 7-4 7.1.5 Results of Economic Analysis ................................................................................ 7-10 7.1.6 Sensitivity Analysis ................................................................................................ 7-15 7.1.7 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 7-16

7.2 Financial Evaluation ......................................................................................................... 7-16 7.2.1 Basic Study Cases................................................................................................... 7-16 7.2.2 Conditions and Assumptions .................................................................................. 7-16 7.2.3 Results of Financial Analysis for Basic Cases ........................................................ 7-20 7.2.4 Sensitivity Analysis ................................................................................................ 7-25 7.2.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 7-25

7.3 Technical Evaluation ........................................................................................................ 7-26

CHAPTER 8 Environmental and Social Considerations ...................................................... 8-1 8.1 Environmental and Social Condition of the Study Area ..................................................... 8-1 8.2 Scoping ............................................................................................................................... 8-3 8.3 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures .............................................................. 8-4 8.4 Analysis of Alternatives ..................................................................................................... 8-6 8.5 Environmental Management Plan ...................................................................................... 8-7

8.5.1 Environmental Management for Construction Work ................................................ 8-7 8.5.2 Management of Groundwater Table ......................................................................... 8-9

8.6 Public Consultation .......................................................................................................... 8-14 8.6.1 Outline .................................................................................................................... 8-14 8.6.2 The First Meeting ................................................................................................... 8-14 8.6.3 The Second Meeting ............................................................................................... 8-14 8.6.4 The Third Meeting .................................................................................................. 8-16 8.6.5 Summary of Meetings and Proposed Measures ..................................................... 8-16

CHAPTER 9 Implementation Plan ......................................................................................... 9-1 9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 9-1 9.2 Project Cost ........................................................................................................................ 9-1

9.2.1 Initial Investment Cost ............................................................................................. 9-1 9.2.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost ............................................................................. 9-1

9.3 Implementation Schedule ................................................................................................... 9-1 9.4 Organizational Setup .......................................................................................................... 9-3

9.4.1 Implementation (Construction) ................................................................................ 9-3 9.4.2 Operation and Maintenance ...................................................................................... 9-4

9.5 Preparation of Phase-1 ........................................................................................................ 9-5

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List of Tables

Table 1.2.1 Phased Development of Panjshir Fan Aquifer .......................................................... 1-1 Table 2.2.1 Calculations of Flood Characteristics ..................................................................... 2-12 Table 2.3.1 Monthly Income and Expenditure per Family ........................................................ 2-17 Table 2.3.2 Accessibility to Domestic Water ............................................................................. 2-18 Table 2.3.3 Land Use Types in the Surveyed Area of Villages ................................................. 2-19 Table 3.1.1 Target Items and Method of Hydro geological Investigation .................................... 3-2 Table 3.1.2 Monthly Precipitation at Jabul Saraj and Bagram ..................................................... 3-4 Table 3.1.3 Hydraulic Parameter Obtained at Test Well and Infiltration Gallery ....................... 3-6 Table 3.1.4 Permeability Obtained at Test Pits ............................................................................ 3-6 Table 3.1.5 Method of Water Quality Analysis by JICA ........................................................... 3-17 Table 3.1.6 Water Quality Analysis Result in Panjshr Fan Area (Second Analysis in 2011; Nov. –

Dec.) ........................................................................................................................ 3-18 Table 3.1.7 Result of Water Quality Analysis in Japan on Heavy Metals ................................. 3-19 Table 3.1.8 Result of Water Quality Analysis on Panjshir River Water at Sayad by USGS & AGS

................................................................................................................................. 3-19 Table 3.1.9 Water Use and Water Sources in the Investigation Area ......................................... 3-21 Table 3.2.1 Salient Features of Deep Well Plan ......................................................................... 3-26 Table 3.2.2 Salient Features of Radial Collection Well Plan ..................................................... 3-27 Table 3.2.3 Salient Features of Infiltration Gallery Plan ........................................................... 3-28 Table 3.2.4 Salient Features of Intake Weir Plan ....................................................................... 3-28 Table 3.2.5 Comparison of Intake Facilities (Design Intake Discharge = 2.39 m

3/s) ................ 3-29

Table 3.3.1 Turbidity Removal Ratio by Infiltration Galleries under Normal Condition .......... 3-32 Table 3.3.2 Maximum Turbidity in Infiltration Galleries during Flood ..................................... 3-32 Table 3.3.3 Selection of Turbidity Reduction Method ............................................................... 3-40 Table 3.3.4 Contents of O&M and Cost Breakdown of Turbidity Reduction Facilities ............ 3-41 Table 3.3.5 Breakdown O&M Cost for Turbidity Reduction Facilities ..................................... 3-42 Table 3.3.6 Selection of Optimum Surface Water Intake ........................................................... 3-43 Table 3.4.1 Selection of Optimum Intake Method ..................................................................... 3-44 Table 3.5.1 Estimated Monthly Discharge of Ghorband River at Infiltration Gallery ............... 3-48 Table 3.5.2 Water Budget of Calculated Cases .......................................................................... 3-55 Table 3.5.3 Proportions of Intake Quantity to Observed Discharges at Downstream Stations .. 3-59 Table 4.1.1 Zoning for Water Supply Service .............................................................................. 4-2 Table 4.1.2 Average Water Demand ............................................................................................. 4-4 Table 4.1.3 Water Flow for Facilities’ Design ............................................................................. 4-5 Table 4.2.1 Specifications of Pumping Test at Site ...................................................................... 4-7 Table 4.2.2 Specifications of Proposed Infiltration Gallery ......................................................... 4-7 Table 4.2.3 Proposed Length of Infiltration Gallery .................................................................... 4-8 Table 4.2.4 Minimum Diameter of Screen Pipe ........................................................................... 4-8 Table 4.2.5 Inflow Velocity .......................................................................................................... 4-9 Table 4.2.6 Specifications of Collection Pipe ............................................................................ 4-11 Table 4.3.1 Water Flow Applied for Design .............................................................................. 4-13 Table 4.3.2 Actual Head for Verification of the Preliminary Plan for Water Conveyance ........ 4-15 Table 4.3.3 Result of Hydraulic Calculation for Water Conveyance Pipeline ........................... 4-16 Table 4.3.4 Cost Input in Lifecycle Cost Examination for Water Conveyance ......................... 4-18 Table 4.3.5 Comparison of Lifecycle Cost for Water Conveyance System on Discounted Basis4-19 Table 4.3.6 Comparison of Pipe Materials ................................................................................. 4-19 Table 4.3.7 Comparison for Barikab River Crossing ................................................................. 4-20 Table 4.4.1 Design Capacity of Turbidity Reduction Facility ................................................... 4-21 Table 4.4.2 Dimensions of Turbidity Reduction Facility (Slow Sand Filter) ............................ 4-24 Table 4.4.3 System of Turbidity Reduction Facility and Target Water Quality ......................... 4-25 Table 4.4.4 Design Standard and Facility Type of Each Parts of Turbidity Reduction Facility 4-26 Table 4.4.5 Comparison of Chemical Flocculation and Sedimentation Basins ......................... 4-27



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Table 4.4.6 Comparison of Filter Type (Self-Washing Type vs Conventional Type) ................ 4-28 Table 4.4.7 Dimensions of Turbidity Reduction Facility ........................................................... 4-28 Table 4.5.1 Actual Head for the Preliminary Plan of Water Transmission ................................ 4-29 Table 4.5.2 Result of Hydraulic Calculation for Water Transmission ....................................... 4-30 Table 4.5.3 Special Verification for Case of Water PH-3 .......................................................... 4-31 Table 4.5.4 Operation Number of Pumps (Direct Transmission) ............................................. 4-32 Table 4.5.5 Hydraulic Calculation Result (Direct Transmission) .............................................. 4-33 Table 4.6.1 Operation Number of Pumps .................................................................................. 4-34 Table 4.6.2 Hydraulic Calculation Results ................................................................................ 4-35 Table 4.6.3 Specifications of Pump ........................................................................................... 4-36 Table 4.6.4 Capacity of Water Conveyance Facility .................................................................. 4-37 Table 4.6.5 Operation Number of Pumps .................................................................................. 4-39 Table 4.6.6 Hydraulic Calculation Results ................................................................................ 4-39 Table 4.6.7 Specification of Pumps ........................................................................................... 4-40 Table 4.6.8 Capacity of Water Conveyance Booster Facility .................................................... 4-40 Table 4.6.9 Operation Number of Pumps .................................................................................. 4-42 Table 4.6.10 Hydraulic Calculation Results ................................................................................ 4-42 Table 4.6.11 Specification of Pumps ........................................................................................... 4-44 Table 4.6.12 Capacity of Water Transmission Facility ................................................................ 4-45 Table 4.6.13 Sodium Hypochlorite Dosing Amount .................................................................... 4-47 Table 4.6.14 Specifications (Sodium Hypochlorite Dosing Equipment) ..................................... 4-47 Table 4.6.15 Operation Number of Pumps .................................................................................. 4-48 Table 4.6.16 Hydraulic Calculation Results ................................................................................ 4-48 Table 4.6.17 Specification of Pumps ........................................................................................... 4-50 Table 4.6.18 Capacity of Water Conveyance Booster Facility .................................................... 4-50 Table 4.6.19 Operation Number of Pumps .................................................................................. 4-51 Table 4.6.20 Hydraulic Calculation Results ................................................................................ 4-52 Table 4.6.21 Specification of Pumps ........................................................................................... 4-52 Table 4.6.22 Capacity of Water Transmission Facility (Paymonar) ............................................ 4-53 Table 4.6.23 Plan of Water Reservoirs ......................................................................................... 4-55 Table 4.6.24 Comparison of Structures for Water Reservoir ....................................................... 4-56 Table 4.6.25 Sodium Hypochlorite Dosing Amount at Water Reservoir .................................... 4-57 Table 4.6.26 Specifications (Sodium Hypochlorite Dosing Equipment for Reservoir) ............... 4-58 Table 4.6.27 Site Information for Pump Stations and Water Reservoirs .................................... 4-60 Table 4.6.28 List of Building Facilities for Construction ............................................................ 4-60 Table 4.7.1 Major Equipment for Installation at Each Pump Station ........................................ 4-66 Table 4.7.2 Main Components of Power Transmission System ................................................ 4-66 Table 4.7.3 Main Control Panels in Pump House ...................................................................... 4-69 Table 4.7.4 Remote Control System for the Pump Operation ................................................... 4-70 Table 5.1.1 Probable Combination of Organizations for the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development

Project ....................................................................................................................... 5-2 Table 5.2.1 Financial Report by Kabul Strategic Business Unit of AUWSSC ........................... 5-3 Table 5.2.2 List of Private Water Suppliers of Drinking Water in Kabul .................................... 5-4 Table 5.2.3 Water Rates of Neighboring Countries ..................................................................... 5-5 Table 5.3.1 Roles of Departments in the Water Service Provider (Case: Direct Administration) 5-9 Table 5.3.2 Number of Employees in Water Service Provider (Case: Direct Administration) . 5-10 Table 5.3.3 Items Required for the Capacity Development Program ........................................ 5-13 Table 6.1.1 Transportation Routes to Afghanistan ....................................................................... 6-1 Table 6.1.2 Procurement Condition of Major Materials .............................................................. 6-3 Table 6.1.3 Project Cost of PH-1 ................................................................................................. 6-4 Table 6.1.4 Project Cost of PH-2 ................................................................................................. 6-5 Table 6.2.1 Required Electric Power for Water Supply Facilities ............................................... 6-6 Table 6.2.2 Cost for Disinfection ................................................................................................. 6-6 Table 6.2.3 Miscellaneous Cost for Water Supply Management ................................................. 6-6

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Table 6.2.4 Summary of Operation and Maintenance Cost ......................................................... 6-7 Table 6.2.5 Amount of Billed Water in 2025 ............................................................................... 6-8 Table 6.2.6 Estimated Amount of Billed Water by Year .............................................................. 6-8 Table 6.2.7 Estimated Amount of Distributed Water by Year ...................................................... 6-9 Table 6.2.8 Estimated Operation Rate of Intake/Conveyance/Transmission Facilities ............... 6-9 Table 6.2.9 Estimated Operation and Maintenance Cost by Year .............................................. 6-10 Table 7.1.1 Basic Study Cases ..................................................................................................... 7-1 Table 7.1.2 Summary of Initial Investment Cost (Economic Price) ............................................ 7-3 Table 7.1.3 Summary of O&M Cost (Economic Price) ............................................................... 7-4 Table 7.1.4 With and Without Projects and Expected Benefits.................................................... 7-5 Table 7.1.5 Annual Benefit per Capita ......................................................................................... 7-5 Table 7.1.6 Unit Cost for Annual Benefit per Capita ................................................................... 7-6 Table 7.1.7 Summary of Expected Benefits ................................................................................. 7-9 Table 7.1.8 Summary of Results of Economic Analysis ............................................................ 7-10 Table 7.1.9 Results of Economic Analysis (Phase 1, 50Afs/m

3)................................................ 7-11

Table 7.1.10 Results of Economic Analysis (Phase 1, 85Afs/m3)................................................ 7-12

Table 7.1.11 Results of Economic Analysis (Phase 1&2, 50Afs/m3) .......................................... 7-13

Table 7.1.12 Results of Economic Analysis (Phases 1 & 2, 85Afs/m3) ....................................... 7-14

Table 7.1.13 Sensitivity to Change in Investment Cost and Revenue (Base Case: 50Afs/m3) ... 7-15

Table 7.1.14 Sensitivity to Change in O&M Cost and Revenue (Base Case: 50Afs/m3) ........... 7-15

Table 7.1.15 Sensitivity to Change in Investment Cost and Revenue (Base Case: 85Afs/m3) ... 7-15

Table 7.1.16 Sensitivity to Change in O&M Cost and Revenue (Base Case: 85Afs/m3) ........... 7-16

Table 7.2.1 Estimation of Target FIRR (Weighted Average Interest Rate) ............................... 7-17 Table 7.2.2 Project Cost (Initial Investment Cost) for Phases 1 and 2 ....................................... 7-18 Table 7.2.3 O&M Cost by Phase 1 and Phase 2 by Purpuse ...................................................... 7-19 Table 7.2.4 Unit O&M Cost by Purpose .................................................................................... 7-19 Table 7.2.5 Results of Financial Analysis for Basic Cases ........................................................ 7-20 Table 7.2.6 Results of Financial Analysis with Same Industrial Water Rate as Domestic Water7-20 Table 7.2.7 Necessary Water Rate and Its Increase Rate for Cost Recovery ............................ 7-20 Table 7.2.8 Cash Flow of Case 1 (Phase 1) and Case 2 (Phase 2) with 50Afs/m

3 ..................... 7-21

Table 7.2.9 Cash Flow of Case 1 (Phase 1) and Case 2 (Phase 2) with 85Afs/m3 .................... 7-22

Table 7.2.10 Improvement of FIRR by Input of Grant Money .................................................... 7-23 Table 7.2.11 Necessary Water Rate for Cost Recovery by Grant Rate ....................................... 7-24 Table 7.2.12 Necessary Annual Subsidy by Grant Rate and Water Rate ..................................... 7-24 Table 7.2.13 Sensitivity to Changes in Investment Cost and Revenue (Base Case) ................... 7-25 Table 7.2.14 Sensitivity to Changes in O&M Cost and Revenue ................................................ 7-25 Table 8.1.1 Outline of Environmental and Social Baseline of the Study Area ............................ 8-2 Table 8.2.1 Potential Impacts of Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project.............................. 8-3 Table 8.3.1 Summary of Impact Assessment ............................................................................... 8-4 Table 8.4.1 Comparison of Environmental Impacts of Alternatives ............................................ 8-6 Table 8.5.1 Observation Method and Frequency at each Point .................................................. 8-10 Table 8.5.2 Proposed Monitoring Period ................................................................................... 8-13 Table 8.5.3 Monitoring Cost ...................................................................................................... 8-13 Table 8.6.1 Schedule of Local Stakeholder Meetings for the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development

Project ..................................................................................................................... 8-14 Table 8.6.2 Participants of the First Stakeholder Meeting for Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development

Project ..................................................................................................................... 8-14 Table 8.6.3 Participants of the Second Stakeholder Meeting for Panjshir Fan Aquifer

Development Project ............................................................................................... 8-15 Table 8.6.4 Participants of the Third Stakeholder Meeting for Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development

Project ..................................................................................................................... 8-16 Table 8.6.5 Request from the Local Stakeholders and the Proposed Measures ......................... 8-17 Table 9.2.1 Initial Investment Cost (Phases 1&2) ....................................................................... 9-1 Table 9.3.1 Proposed Implementation Schedule .......................................................................... 9-2



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Table 9.4.1 Role of Three Organizations ..................................................................................... 9-4

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List of Figures

Figure 2.1.1 Location of the Panjshir River Fan and Investigation Area ...................................... 2-2 Figure 2.1.2 Contour Map of the Panjshir River Fan .................................................................... 2-2 Figure 2.1.3 Main Irrigation Canals around the Investigation Area .............................................. 2-3 Figure 2.1.4 River Terrace Classification around the Investigation Area ...................................... 2-4 Figure 2.1.5 Geological Section of the Investigation Area ............................................................ 2-5 Figure 2.1.6 Outcrop of Gravel Layer ........................................................................................... 2-6 Figure 2.1.7 Clay Layer in Test Pits .............................................................................................. 2-7 Figure 2.1.8 Surface Soil of Grassland in Swampy Area .............................................................. 2-7 Figure 2.1.9 Well Log of Test Wells Installed in 2011 .................................................................. 2-8 Figure 2.1.10 Geological Map by Yacoub (1971) ........................................................................... 2-8 Figure 2.1.11 Inferred Geological Sections of the Panjshir River Fan (Yacoub, 1971) .................. 2-9 Figure 2.2.1 Flood Condition Map .............................................................................................. 2-11 Figure 2.2.2 Profile of Flood Water Level ................................................................................... 2-11 Figure 2.2.3 Estimated Flood Boundary ...................................................................................... 2-12 Figure 2.2.4 Transition of Landsat Image ................................................................................... 2-14 Figure 2.2.5 Transition of River Channel Route ......................................................................... 2-15 Figure 2.3.1 Location of Villages ................................................................................................ 2-16 Figure 2.3.2 Demography of the Affected Villages ..................................................................... 2-17 Figure 2.3.3 Livelihood of Villages at the Water Source Area .................................................... 2-17 Figure 2.3.4 Location of Villages and Land Use Types in the Surveyed Area ........................... 2-18 Figure 2.3.5 Simplified Land Use in the Surveyed Area of Villages .......................................... 2-19 Figure 2.3.6 Land Use (Wheat and Wood) in the Surveyed Area ............................................... 2-20 Figure 2.3.7 Hydropower Facilities (Generator and Mill) ........................................................... 2-20 Figure 2.3.8 Pool for Hunting and Hunting Birds ....................................................................... 2-21 Figure 2.3.9 Land Erosion of Riverside (East of Jamshidkhel) ................................................... 2-21 Figure 2.3.10 Utilization of Agricultural Lands in Surveyed Areas .............................................. 2-22 Figure 2.3.11 Occupations by Grain and Fruit Crops in Surveyed Areas ..................................... 2-22 Figure 2.3.12 Cropping Calendar for Major Crops in Surveyed Areas ......................................... 2-23 Figure 2.3.13 Irrigation Method in Surveyed Areas ...................................................................... 2-23 Figure 3.1.1 Location of Aquifer Sounding and Tests ................................................................... 3-2 Figure 3.1.2 Observation Points for GW Level, Well Discharge and Canal Discharge ................ 3-3 Figure 3.1.3 Sampling Points for Water Quality Analysis ............................................................. 3-3 Figure 3.1.4 Mean Monthly Precipitation and Temperature at Jabul Saraj and Bagram ............... 3-5 Figure 3.1.5 Schematic Profile of Aquifer in the Investigation Area ............................................ 3-5 Figure 3.1.6 Spring Points in Area of "Nawre Cheshma (Lake of Spring)" .................................. 3-6 Figure 3.1.7 Large Spring in Jamshidkhel ..................................................................................... 3-7 Figure 3.1.8 Distribution of Springs and Wells with Main Canals ................................................ 3-8 Figure 3.1.9 Surface Waterway and Area with Land Use ............................................................ 3-10 Figure 3.1.10 Main Canals in the Investigation Area .................................................................... 3-11 Figure 3.1.11 Flow Rate Variation of Main Discharging Canals ................................................... 3-12 Figure 3.1.12 Bird Hunting Pools on Tr-3 Terrace and Bagram Canal (as of 3/8/2011) ............... 3-12 Figure 3.1.13 River Water Condition in Dry Season of Typical Drought Year ............................. 3-13 Figure 3.1.14 Groundwater Level Fluctuation at Observation Wells ............................................ 3-13 Figure 3.1.15 Groundwater Change before and after Sep. 22th, 2011 at Observation Wells ........ 3-14 Figure 3.1.16 Fluctuation of Groundwater Level at TW-1 & TW-4 and Groundwater Discharge at

TW-2 and Small Springs ......................................................................................... 3-14 Figure 3.1.17 Groundwater Level Graph of TW-1 with Daily Rainfall ........................................ 3-15 Figure 3.1.18 TW-1 (Sayadan), TW-2 (Baluthukhel) and TW-6 (Jamshidkhel) ........................... 3-15 Figure 3.1.19 Inferred Groundwater Level Contour and Flow Direction in High Level Season .. 3-16 Figure 3.1.20 Inferred Groundwater Level Contour and Flow Direction in Low Level Season ... 3-16 Figure 3.1.21 Turbidity Condition of Ghorbnad River and Representative Canals in Wet Season3-20 Figure 3.1.22 Distribution of Electric Conductivity of Water ....................................................... 3-21



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Figure 3.1.23 Downstream Area where the Panjshir River Water is Used .................................... 3-22 Figure 3.1.24 Schematic Profile of Aquifer and Water Budget Components in the Investigation

Area ......................................................................................................................... 3-23 Figure 3.1.25 Excess Groundwater Discharge in Early October, 2011 ......................................... 3-23 Figure 3.2.1 Deployment Plan of Deep Wells ............................................................................. 3-25 Figure 3.2.2 Deployment Plan of Radial Collection Wells ......................................................... 3-26 Figure 3.2.3 Deployment Plan of Infiltration Gallery ................................................................. 3-27 Figure 3.2.4 Deployment Plan of Intake Weir ............................................................................. 3-28 Figure 3.3.1 Laying Depth of Infiltration Gallery ....................................................................... 3-31 Figure 3.3.2 Water Quality of Infiltrated Water .......................................................................... 3-31 Figure 3.3.3 Survey Results of Water Treatment Method with Infiltration Gallery ................... 3-33 Figure 3.3.4 Survey Results on Countermeasures for Flood and the Experiences on Flood Damage3-33 Figure 3.3.5 Water Treatment Method with Infiltration Gallery ................................................. 3-34 Figure 3.3.6 Selection of Turbidity Reduction Method ............................................................... 3-36 Figure 3.3.7 Pumping Test Results of “Test 1” in Low River Turbidity Season ......................... 3-37 Figure 3.3.8 Pumping Test Results of “Test 2-1” in High River Turbidity Season ..................... 3-38 Figure 3.3.9 Pumping Test Results of “Test 2-2” in High River Turbidity Season ..................... 3-39 Figure 3.5.1 Water Flow near Infiltration Gallery ....................................................................... 3-46 Figure 3.5.2 River Network of Ghorband River ......................................................................... 3-46 Figure 3.5.3 Comparison of Monthly Discharges ....................................................................... 3-47 Figure 3.5.4 Location of Discharge Measurement ...................................................................... 3-48 Figure 3.5.5 Groundwater Flow near Infiltration Gallery ........................................................... 3-49 Figure 3.5.6 Section Line of Profile Model................................................................................. 3-51 Figure 3.5.7 Model Materials and Calculation Mesh .................................................................. 3-51 Figure 3.5.8 Calculated Potential Lines ...................................................................................... 3-52 Figure 3.5.9 Summary of Profile Analysis .................................................................................. 3-52 Figure 3.5.10 Extent of Areal Model ............................................................................................. 3-54 Figure 3.5.11 Model Mesh and Elevation Contour ....................................................................... 3-54 Figure 3.5.12 Calculated Flow Vectors and Head Contours: Case 2011-1 ................................... 3-56 Figure 3.5.13 Calculated Flow Vectors and Head Contours: Case 2011-2 ................................... 3-56 Figure 3.5.14 Calculated Drawdown for Phase 1 (Q=1.01 m

3/s): Case 2011-1 ............................ 3-57

Figure 3.5.15 Calculated Drawdown for Phase 2 (Q=2.39 m3/s): Case 2011-2 ............................ 3-57

Figure 3.5.16 Calculated Drawdown for Phase 1 (Q=1.01 m3/s): Case Min-1 ............................. 3-58

Figure 3.5.17 Calculated Drawdown for Phase 2 (Q=2.39 m3/s): Case Min-2 ............................. 3-58

Figure 3.5.18 Schematic Diagram of Kabul River System ........................................................... 3-59 Figure 4.1.1 Hierarchy Plan of Water Supply Zone ...................................................................... 4-1 Figure 4.1.2 Location of Water Supply Service Zones.................................................................. 4-3 Figure 4.1.3 Key Components of Water Supply Facilities ............................................................ 4-6 Figure 4.2.1 Relation between Hmax/Hmax s and r/B at Curved Section .................................. 4-10 Figure 4.2.2 Securing of Margin Head ........................................................................................ 4-11 Figure 4.2.3 Typical Cross Section of Riverbank Protection Works ........................................... 4-12 Figure 4.3.1 Concept of Head Loss and Necessary Pump Head ................................................. 4-14 Figure 4.3.2 Site Altitudes of Key Facilities ............................................................................... 4-15 Figure 4.3.3 Hydraulic Gradient for Water Conveyance Pipeline ............................................... 4-17 Figure 4.3.4 Lifecycle Cost of Water Conveyance System (Simple Accumulation) ................... 4-18 Figure 4.3.5 Lifecycle Cost of Water Conveyance System (Accumulation of Discounted Cost)4-19 Figure 4.4.1 Flow of Slow Sand Filter Method ........................................................................... 4-22 Figure 4.4.2 Flow of Rapid Sand Filter Method ......................................................................... 4-22 Figure 4.5.1 Recommended System for Water Transmission ..................................................... 4-30 Figure 4.5.2 Schematic Diagram of Direct Transmission to Res. 4B.......................................... 4-32 Figure 4.5.3 Hydraulic Gradient for the Direct Transmission to Res. 4B (Unit: m) ................... 4-33 Figure 4.6.1 Pressure Gradient Curve (with Flywheel of 1300kgm

2) ......................................... 4-36

Figure 4.6.2 Components of Water Conveyance Facility ............................................................ 4-38 Figure 4.6.3 Pressure Gradient Curve (with Flywheel of 1200kgm

2) ......................................... 4-39

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Figure 4.6.4 Components of Water Conveyance Booster Facility............................................... 4-41 Figure 4.6.5 Pressure Gradient Curve (with Flywheel of 350kgm

2) ........................................... 4-43

Figure 4.6.6 Pressure Gradient Curve (with Flywheel of 1100kgm2) ......................................... 4-43

Figure 4.6.7 Pressure Gradient Curve (with Flywheel of 190kgm2) ........................................... 4-44

Figure 4.6.8 Components of Water Transmission Facility .......................................................... 4-46 Figure 4.6.9 Pressure Gradient Curve (with Flywheel of 220kgm

2) ........................................... 4-49

Figure 4.6.10 Pressure Gradient Curve (with Flywheel of 250kgm2) ........................................... 4-49

Figure 4.6.11 Component of Water Transmission Booster Facility............................................... 4-51 Figure 4.6.12 Pressure Gradient Curve (with Flywheel of 250kgm

2) ........................................... 4-52

Figure 4.6.13 Component of Water Transmission Booster Facility (Paymonar) ........................... 4-54 Figure 4.6.14 Location Plan for Pump Stations and Water Reservoirs ......................................... 4-59 Figure 4.7.1 Recommended Route of 20kV Lines ...................................................................... 4-63 Figure 4.7.2 Network Diagram of 20kV Distribution Line ......................................................... 4-64 Figure 4.7.3 Proposed Plan for Power Distribution Route from New Substations ..................... 4-65 Figure 4.7.4 Summarized Single Line Diagram 1 ....................................................................... 4-67 Figure 4.7.5 Summarized Single Line Diagram 2 (Water Transmission Booster in Paymonar) 4-68 Figure 5.2.1 Increasing Block Tariff .............................................................................................. 5-6 Figure 5.3.1 Organizational Chart of Water Service Provider (Case: Direct Administration) ...... 5-7 Figure 5.3.2 Organizational Chart for O&M Department of the Water Service Provider ............. 5-8 Figure 6.1.1 Transportation Routes to Afghanistan ....................................................................... 6-2 Figure 7.1.1 Development Schedule and Scenario ........................................................................ 7-1 Figure 8.1.1 Overall Study Area for EIA of Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project ............. 8-1 Figure 8.5.1 Implementation Framework of Environmental Management for Construction Works

................................................................................................................................... 8-8 Figure 8.5.2 Structure of Proposed Test Wells .............................................................................. 8-9 Figure 8.5.3 Location of Observation Points ............................................................................... 8-11 Figure 8.5.4 Implementation Framework of the Groundwater Monitoring ................................. 8-12 Figure 9.4.1 Organizational Setup for Implementation of the Project ........................................... 9-3

The Feasibility Study on Urgent Water Resources Development and Supply

for Kabul Metropolitan Area

Abbreviations, Glossary and Measurements

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Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADB : Asian Development Bank

AMA : Afghanistan Meteorological Authority

ANDS : Afghanistan National Development Strategy

AUWSSC : Afghanistan Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Corporation

CAS : Central Asian Region

CAWSS : Central Authority for Water Supply and Sewerage

CDC : Community Development Council

CSO : Central Statistics Office

DCDA : Dehsabz-Barikab Development Authority

DCIP : Ductile Cast-Iron Pipe

DDA : District Development Assembly

DEM : Digital Elevation Model

DSS : Decision Support System

EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment

EIRP : Emergency Infrastructure Reconstruction Project

EIRR : Economic Internal Rate of Return

FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FIRR : Financial Internal Rate Of Return

F/C : Foreign Currency

FRP : Fiber Reinforced Plastic

GOA : Government of Afghanistan

GTI : Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

GTZ : Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit

IA : Irrigation Association

IBRD : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

IEE : Initial Environmental Examination

IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency

JWT : JICA Water Team (The Study Team of this Study)

KfW : Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau

KMA : Kabul Metropolitan Area

KMAMP : Master Plan for the Kabul Metropolitan Area

KNC : Kabul New City

LC : Local Council

L/C : Local Currency

MACCA : Mine Action Coordination Center of Afghanistan

MAIL : Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock

MBTA : Ministry of Border and Tribal Affairs

MEW : Ministry of Energy and Water

MoF : Ministry of Finance

MoH : Ministry of Health

MoM : Ministry of Mines

MPW : Ministry of Public Welfare

MUDA : Ministry of Urban Development Affairs

MRRD : Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development

NEPA : National Environmental Protection Agency

NGO : Non-Governmental organization

NOAA : National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration

NPV : Net Present Value

PET : Potential Evapotranspiration

PH : Phase

PRT : Provincial Reconstruction Team

RAP : Resettlement Action Plan

RBA : River Basin Agency

RBC : River Basin Council

SC : Steering Committee

SCoW : Supreme Council on Water

Abbreviations, Glossary and Measurements

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SRBA : Sub-River Basin Agency

SRBC : Sub-River Basin Council

TWG : Technical Working Group

USAID : United States Agency for International Development

USGS : United States Geological Survey

WB : The World Bank

WMO : World Meteorological Organization

WUA : Water Users Association

Glossary

Shura : Village governing body (members are elected by vote)

Sharia : Islamic doctrine on human behavior and activities

Malik : Village Chief (an elder person leading a village)

Mirab : Water Master (a person entrusted to oversee the irrigation network and distribute the water to

farmlands based on respective water rights

Measurement Units

(Length) (Time)

mm : millimeter(s) s, sec : second(s)

cm : centimeter(s) min : minute(s)

m : meter(s) h, hr : hour(s)

km : kilometer(s) d, dy : day(s)

y, yr : year(s)

(Area)

mm2 : square millimeter(s) (Volume)

cm2 : square centimeter(s) cm

3 : cubic centimeter(s)

m2 : square meter(s) m

3 : cubic meter(s)

km2 : square kilometer(s) l, ltr : liter(s)

ha : hectare(s) MCM : million cubic meter(s)

(Weight) (Speed/Velocity)

g, gr : gram(s) cm/s : centimeter per second

kg : kilogram(s) m/s : meter per second

ton : ton(s) km/h : kilometer per hour

(Electricity) (Others)

kW : kilo watt(s) LCD, lcd : liter per capita per day

kWh : kilo watt hour (s)

MW : megawatt(s)

MWh : megawatt hour(s)



Chapter 1

Part 2




1-1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

<Change of Names of Panjshir Fan Aquifer and Gulbahar Dam>

It was agreed at the Steering Committee Meeting on October 7, 2012 that the names of Panjshir Fan

Aquifer and Gulbahar Dam would be changed to Sayad Fan Aquifer and Panjshir Dam respectively to

more precisely indicate their site locations. In this Final Report, however, the old names are still used.

1.1 Background

The Panjshir Fan is an alluvial fan located 60 to 80 km north of Kabul City and formed by the Panjshir,

Ghorband and Salang rivers. The abundant surface water and the widely extended alluvial fan promise

high potential of groundwater development in this area. KMAMP very roughly estimated the

development potential as much as 210 MCM/year. Since resettlement of people is not necessary, early

implementation of the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project seems possible. Thus the Panjshir Fan

Aquifer is proposed as a short term water source until 2016 in the KMAMP.

1.2 General Description of Project

1.2.1 Water Supply

The Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Project is to be implemented in two phases. The Phase-1 project,

of which completion is required as early as May 2016, needs 22.3 MCM/y of domestic and industrial

water. The Phase-2 project additionally needs 30.5 MCM/y by the beginning of 2019.

Table 1.2.1 Phased Development of Panjshir Fan Aquifer

Phase Main Water Supply Area Water Intake Volume Service

Population

Completion

Year

Phase-1 Barikab, 26-Dalwa, Dehsabz South 22.3 MCM/year 610,000 (May 2016)*

Phase-2

Barikab, Deh Sabz North, 26-Dalwa, Deh

Sabz South, Paymonar, District 17 of

Kabul City

30.5 MCM/year

(52.8 MCM/year) 950,000 2019

Water intake volume in parentheses is accumulated volume of Phases 1 and 2.

* Maximum efforts will be made to realize the earliest completion of the Phase-1 project before may 2016.

1.2.2 Water Development Potential and Intake Facility

In the KMAMP, two types of water intake were proposed for the Panjshir Fan Aquifer development.

They are the deep well and the infiltration aquifer. In this feasibility study, an optimal intake facility is

selected out of four different types; namely, deep well, radial collection well, infiltration gallery and

intake weir, and water development potential is also examined based on a geohydrological investigation.

1.2.3 Water Transmission and Conveyance

The 38.2 km long conveyance pipeline will be laid along Sayad Road and Bagram Road to the Dehsabz

Transmission Station. Transmission pipelines will be extended from the transmission station to the water

supply areas. Routes of the conveyance and transmission pipes proposed in the KMAMP are as indicated

in the Panjshir Fan Aquifer Development Facilities Map.

It is noted that the water taken from the Panjshir Fan Aquifer shall be pumped up to the new city area. The

altitude of the water source area is about 1,450 m, and that of the new city area is 1,500 to 1,850m. High

electricity cost for pumps is one of the main concerns towards project implementation.

1.3 Objective Facilities for Planning

A complete water supply system is composed of facilities of intake, conveyance, treatment, transmission,

distribution and service pipes. However, objective facilities subject to planning in the feasibility study are

limited to those of an upper portion of the water supply system; namely, from intake to transmission,

Chapter 2

Part 2






including reservoirs. Those of the remaining lower portion; namely, distribution mains, distribution

branch pipelines, and service pipes, are out of scope of this Feasibility Study.

Documents

FEASIBILITY STUDY ON URGENT WATER RESOURCES … · feasibility study on urgent water resources development and supply for kabul metropolitan area ... annex part 2_2.4 pump calculation