:fdfrf/ klqsf:fdfrf/ klqsf:fdfrf/ klqsf g]kfn efule}{s ;dfh{...Editorial The Editorial Board of Nepal Geological Society is delighted to bring out this Volume 26 of Bulletin as its

77

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Volume 26 April 2009 (a}zfv @)^â}zfv @)^â}zfv @)^â}zfv @)^â}zfv @)^^)

BULLETINOF

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY(EST. 1980)

PO Box 231, Kathmandu, NepalEmail: [email protected]

Website: http://www.ngs.org.np

Ganga Devi Marga-313, Buddha NagarP. O. Box: 11728, Kathmandu, NepalTel.: +0977-1-4781776,4784026Fax: +0977-1-4780994Email: [email protected]: www.bpc.com.np

EditorialThe Editorial Board of Nepal Geological Society is delighted to bring out this Volume 26 of Bulletin as its regular publication.This Volume, as in other regular volumes, also contains the news about the activities of the Society during the preceding year,number of scientific articles on topics of interest, abstracts or information on papers presented during the ISDR Day-2008 orScientific Talk Programmes and other information which we thought may be of interest to the geoscientific community and toall others interested in geo-science.

We would like to extend our sincere appreciation and express thanks to all the authors for contributing their papers to thisissue of the Bulletin. Special thanks are also extended to Dr Kamala Kant Acharya and Niraj Kumar Regmi for their tirelessefforts to bring out this Bulletin. Similarly, we extend our sincere thanks to all the members of the Society who helped us inbringing out this volume. On behalf of the Society, the Editorial Board would also like to acknowledge the consulting firms,agencies, and organisations for their technical and financial support to the Society.

We also hope that this volume will also fulfil the intended purpose behind the motto of publishing the Bulletin of the NepalGeological Society. We appreciate the valuable comments and suggestions from the members of the Society and other readersfor enhancing the Bulletin and hope to receive continued support and co-operation in its publication in the future.

Thank you. – Editors

EDITORIAL BOARDChief Editor

Dr. Rajendra Bahadur ShresthaDepartment of Mines and Geology

Lainchaur, Kathmandu, NepalTel.: 977-1-4416679 (Off.)

Email:[email protected]

EditorsProf. Dr. Georges Mascle

Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de GrenobleJoseph Fourier University

BP 48 38041 Grenoble, FranceTel: 33(0)476514106

Email:[email protected]

Dr. Dinesh PathakDepartment of Geology

Tri-Chandra Campus, Tribhuvan UniversityGhantaghar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Tel.: +977-1-4268034 (Off.)Email: [email protected]

Dr. Naresh Kazi TamrakarCentral Department of Geology

Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipur, Kathmandu, NepalTel.: +977-1-4332449 (Off.)

Email: [email protected]

Dr. Ananta Prasad GajurelDepartment of Geology

Tri-Chandra Campus, Tribhuvan UniversityGhantaghar, Kathmandu, Nepal


Mr. Ghan Bahadur ShresthaMountain Risk Engineering Unit

Tribhuvan UniversityKathmandu, Nepal


The views and interpretations in the papers are those of the author(s). They are not attributable to the Nepal Geological Society (NGS) anddo not imply the expression of any opinion concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning thedelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

© Nepal Geological Society

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY13th EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

September 2007 – August 2009

PresidentProfessor Dr Megh Raj DhitalCentral Department of Geology

Tribhuvan University,Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal

Tel.: 4332449 (Off.), 4301925 (Res.)Email: [email protected]

Vice-PresidentMr Lila Nath Rimal

Department of Mines and GeologyLainchaur, Kathmandu, Nepal


Deputy General SecretaryMr Ananta Man Singh Pradhan

Central Department of GeologyTribhuvan University,

Kirtipur, Kathmandu, NepalTel.: 4332449 (Off.)


General SecretaryDr Danda Pani Adhikari

Department of Geology Tri-Chandra Campus, Tribhuvan University

Ghantaghar, Kathmandu, NepalTel.: 4268034 (Off.), 4287802 (Res.)


TreasurerMr Dharma Raj Khadka

Department of Mines and GeologyLainchaur, Kathmandu, Nepal


Members

Mr Birendra PiyaDepartment of Mines and Geology

Lainchaur, Kathmandu, NepalTel.: 4412872 (Off.), 4112040 (Res.)Email: [email protected]

Mr Sudhir RajaureDepartment of Mines and Geology

Lainchaur, Kathmandu, NepalTel.: 4410141(Off.), 4282376 (Res.)


Mr Sudarshan Prasad AdhikariCentral Regional Irrigation Directorate

Bhanimandal, Lalitput, NepalTel.: 5535002 (Off.), 5538350 (Res.)


Miss Yojana NeupaneGyaneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal

Tel.: 4415444 (Res.)Email: [email protected]

Mr Swostik Kumar AdhikariDepartment of Geology

Tri-Chandra Campus, Tribhuvan UniversityGhantaghar, Kathmandu,Nepal


Mr Upendra Ratna SthapitGroundwater Research and Development Board

Babarmahal, Kathmandu, NepalTel.: 9841268626 (Mobil), 4415444 (Res.)

Immediate Past President

Dr Ramesh Man TuladharDepartment of Water Induced Disaster Prevention

Pulchowk, Lalitpur, NepalTel.: 5555088 (Off.), 4270509 (Res.)


LIST OF PUBLISHED JOURNAL OF NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

1. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of International Workshop on Seismology, Seismotectonics,and Seismic Hazard in Nepal Himalaya, 28–29 November 2006 and Fifth Nepal Geological Congress onGeology, Environment, and Natural Hazards Mitigation: Key to National Development, 26–27 November2007), Vol. 38 (Special Issue), December 2008

2. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 37, June 20083. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstracts of Fifth Nepal Geological Congress on Geology,

Environment, and Natural Hazards Mitigation: Key to National Development, 26–27 November 2007),Vol. 36 (Special Issue), November 2007

4. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 35, June 20075. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of Fifth Asian Regional Conference on Engineering

Geology for Major Infrastructure Development and Natural Hazards Mitigation, 28–30 September 2005),Vol. 34 (Special Issue), December 2006

6. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 33, June 20067. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstracts of Fifth Asian Regional Conference

on Engineering Geology for Major Infrastructure Development and Natural Hazards Mitigation, 28–30September 2005), Vol. 32 (Special Issue), September 2005

8. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 31, June 20059. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of Fourth Nepal Geological Congress,

9–11 April 2004), Vol. 30 (Special Issue), December 200410. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 29, June 200411. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 28, June 200312. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of Third Nepal Geological Congress, 26–28

September 2001, Kathmandu, Nepal), Vol. 27 (Special Issue), December 200213. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 26, June 200214. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of Workshop on the Himalayan Uplift and

Palaeoclimatic Changes in Central Nepal, 10 November 2000), Vol. 25 (Special Issue), December 200115. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstract Volume of Third Nepal Geological Congress, 26–28

September 2001), Vol. 24 (Special Issue), September 2001,16. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 23, June 200117. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of International Symposium on Engineering Geology,

Hydrogeology, and Natural Disaster with Emphasis on Asia, 28–30 September 1999, Kathmandu, Nepal),Vol. 22 (Special Issue), December 2000

18. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 21, June 200019. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstract Volume of International Symposium on Engineering

Geology, Hydrogeology, and Natural Disaster with Emphasis on Asia, 28–30 September 1999,Kathmandu, Nepal), Vol. 20 (Special Issue), 1999

20. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 19, 199921. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of Second Nepal Geological Congress, 1995), Vol. 18

(Special Issue), 199822. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 17, 199723. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstract Volume of Second Nepal Geological Congress), Vol. 16

(Special Issue), 199724. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 15, 199725. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of First Nepal Geological Congress, 1995), Vol. 14

(Special Issue), 199626. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 13, 199627. 25. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstract Volume of First Nepal Geological Congress, 1995),

Vol. 12 (Special Issue), 1995

28. 26. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of 9th Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet Workshop,1994), Vol. 11 (Special Issue), 1995

29. 27. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 10, 199530. 28. Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Abstracts of 9th Himalaya– Karakoram–Tibet Workshop, 1994),

Vol. 10 (Special Issue), 1994 2931. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 9, 199332. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 8, 199233. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 7, 199134. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 7 (Special Issue), 199135. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 6, 198936. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 5, No. 1, 198837. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 4 No. 1 & 2, 198738. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 4 (Special Issue), 1984*39. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 3, No 1 & 2, 198540. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 2 No. 2, 198541. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 2 (Special Issue), 1982*42. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 2, No. 1, 198143. Journals of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1981*44. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1981*

*Out of prints (only photocopy available upon request.)

CONTENTS

NGS NEWS ......................................................................................................................................................... 1

29th ANNUAL GENERAL BODY MEETING OF THE NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY .................. 3Welcome speech by Dr Megh Raj Dhital, President, NGS on the occasion of29th Annual General Body Meeting ..................................................................................................................... 3Annual Report by Dr Danda Pani Adhikari, General Secretary, NGS ................................................................. 5Annual Financial Report by Mr. Dharma Raj Adhikari, Treasurer, NGS ............................................................ 9Auditor's Financial Report (FY 2064/65 B.S.) ................................................................................................... 11

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HIGHLIGHTS OF INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (ISDR)DAY-2008 ........................................................................................................................................................... 17Inaugural speech by Honorable Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs,Mr. Bamdev Gautam........................................................................................................................................... 17Glimps of the Koshi Disaster Workshop .................................................................................................. 18

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED IN WORKSHOP ON KOSHI DISASTER OF 2008ON THE OCCASION OF ISDR DAY-2008 ..................................... ..............................................................20Bridging the gap between civil society and the government on Koshi Disaster

Ananda Prasad Pokharel ............................................................................................................................................... 20Koshi Flood 2008: realities on hydro-meteorology and sediment

J. K. Bhushal and D. Pradhananga ............................................................................................................................... 22A study on the media coverage of Koshi flood and local people’s perception after flood: a case of spur brustat Koshi dam on 18 August 2008

Nabin Aryal and Rishi Acharya ..................................................................................................................................... 22

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED IN THE SCIENTIFIC TALK PROGRAMMES................... 23Neotectonics of the India-Asia collision zone: insights from tectonic stress modelling

Deepak Chamlagain ...................................................................................................................................................... 23Current status of discontinious mountain permafrost in the Nepal Himalaya

Dhananjay Regmi .......................................................................................................................................................... 23Geochemical studies of sediments and water, and implications for mobilisation of arsenicinto groundwater in Nepal and Japan

Jaya Kumar Gurung ...................................................................................................................................................... 24Qualitative kinematic investigations related to the extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Crystallinesand equivalent tectonometamorphic wedges in the central Nepal Himalaya

Kamala Kant Acharya ................................................................................................................................................... 25Glaciers, climate, and topography in the Annapurna Range, Nepalese Himalaya

Beth Pratt-Sitaula .......................................................................................................................................................... 26

Observations of multi-particle interactions in moderate to dense granular shear flowsSubodh Dhakal .............................................................................................................................................................. 27

ARTICLESCauses and effects of sediment-related disaster in upper Jeneberang watershed, south Sulawesi, Indonesia

Hasnawir, Tetsuya Kubota, and Suman Manandhar ..................................................................................................... 29lx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf j8f g+= & / * df uPsf] klx/f]sf] cWooglx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf j8f g+= & / * df uPsf] klx/f]sf] cWooglx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf j8f g+= & / * df uPsf] klx/f]sf] cWooglx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf j8f g+= & / * df uPsf] klx/f]sf] cWooglx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf j8f g+= & / * df uPsf] klx/f]sf] cWoog

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;'wL/ /hf}/].................................................................... ............................. ......................................................................39LETTER TO THE EDITOR FROM Dr SANGITA CHOWDHURY, REPORTINGA CASE OF PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................................ 45CONGRATULATIONS ................................................................................................................................... 53INFORMATION ON SOME RECENT PUBLISHED BOOKS ON GEOSCIENCE .............................. 54OBITUARY ....................................................................................................................................................... 55NEW MEMBERS OF NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY ......................................................................... 56ANNOUNCEMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 57INSTRUCTION TO CONTRIBUTORS TO NGS JOURNAL OR BULLETIN ....................................... 59

1

Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 26, April 2009

The 29th Annual General Body Meeting held in the

auditorium hall of the Department of Mines and Geology,Lainchaur, Kathmandu on 18 August 2008 (2 Bhadra 2065B.S.). President of the 13th Executive Committee Dr. MeghRaj Dhital chaired the meeting. The meeting began with thewelcome speech by the president. General Secretary Dr.Dandapani Adhikary presented the Annual Report to theGeneral Body highlighting the various activities and eventsduring the period of 2007/2008 and also presented the planand programmes for the next year. Then, Treasurer Mr.Dharma Raj Khadka presented the Financial Report includingthe Auditor’s Report for the Fiscal Year 2064/65 B.S. TheReport was endorsed by the General Body Meeting.

In order to observe the International Strategy for

Disaster reduction (ISDR) Day-2008, the Nepal GeologicalSociety, DP-Net, Ministry of Home Affairs, Society ofIrrigation Engineers Nepal (SIREN), Society of Hydrologyand Meteorology, Department of Hydrology andMeteorology, Tribhuvan University, and Department of Minesand Geology jointly organised a one-day Workshop on KoshiDisaster of 2008 on 22 October 2008 (6 Kartik 2065,Wednesday) in the Russian Cultural Centre, Kamal Pokhari,Kathmandu. The Chief Guest, Honourable Deputy PrimeMinister and Minister for Home Affairs, Mr. Bamdev Gautaminaugurate the function and delivered a speech highlightingupon the role of scientists, engineers, and technicians to copewith the natural calamities like the Koshi flood of 2008. Healso wished the organisers and about 150 participants to comeup with fruitful outcomes of the workshop. In total, includingscientific and general, eight papers were presented duringthe workshop. The Closing Session of the workshop waschaired by Dr. Megh Raj Dhital, President of NepalGeological Society.

The 30th Special General Body Meeting (SGM) of

Nepal Geological Society was held in the auditorium hall ofthe Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchaur,Kathmandu on 28 December 2008 (14 Paush 2065 B.S.).The main agendas of the Special General Body Meeting were1) tenure of the Executive Eommittee and 2) land purchasingfor the office space of the Nepal Geological Society. Forthese special reasons, the existing statutes had to be amended.At the beginning of the General Body Meeting, condolenceswere offorred to the NGS Honorary Fellow, Late Dr. JohannStöcklin, 1921–2008, of Switzerland. The oucome of the

SGM was to amend the existing statutes of the NepalGeological Society.

As in the past, the Nepal Geological Society celebrated

the 11th Earthquake Safety Day-2065 by participating in athree-day long Earthquake Safety Exhibition-2065 held atBhugol Park, New Road, Kathmandu. The Earthquake SafetyDay was organised jointly with the Kathmandu Metropolis.On this occasion, a number of awareness-raising posters andpamphlets and NGS Journals and Bulletins were displayed.Several thousand visitors attended the stall. During theprogramme, the Nepal Geological Society was appreciatedfor increasing public awareness through a successfulparticipation in the exhibition.

The Nepal Geological Society nominated the Convenor

Mr. K. P. Kaphle and Co-convenors Mr. Shyam Bahadur K. C.and Dr. S. M. Rai for the Sixth Nepal Geological Congresswhich is going to be held in Kathmandu in 2010.

Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Volumes 37 and

38 have been published. Volume 38 of the NGS Journalincudes 1) the Proceedings of International Workshop onSeismology, Seismotectonics, and Seismic Hazard in NepalHimalaya held on 28–29 November 2006 by the Departmentof Mines and Geology (DMG), Nepal, in co-operation withDepartment Analyse Surveillance Environment (DASE),France; and 2) the Proceedings of the Fifth Nepal GeologicalCongress organised on 26–27 November 2007 in Kathmandu.Similarly this Bulletin of NGS, Volume 26, and the Statutesof the Nepal Geological Society, 2nd Amendment, have alsobeen brought out.

The Nepal Geological Society, Scientific Sub-

committee and the Department of Geology, Tri-ChandraCollege, jointly organised scientific talk programs on thefollowing themes:

1) Observations of multi-particle interactions inmoderate to dense granular shear flows (by Dr SubodhDhakal)

2) Glaciers, climate, and topography in the AnnapurnaRange, Nepalese Himalaya (by Dr Beth Pratt-Sitaula)

3) Qualitative kinematic investigations related to theextrusion of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines and

NGS News

2

equivalent tectonometamorphic wedges in the centralNepal Himalaya (by Dr Kamala Kant Acharya)

4) Geochemical studies of sediments and water, andimplications for mobilisation of arsenic intogroundwater in Nepal and Japan (by Dr Jaya KumarGurung)

5) Current status of discontinious mountain permafrostin the Nepal Himalaya (by Dr Dhananjay Regmi)

6) Neotectonics of the India-Asia collision zone: insightsfrom tectonic stress modelling (by Dr DeepakChamlagain)

The Nepal Geological Society awarded Cairn Energy

PLC, Edinburgh, the U. K.; Dhanvi Cement Pvt Ltd, Nepal;Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services (NESS) (P) Ltd;SILT Consultants (P) Ltd; Dywidag-Dragados-CWE JV; and

Butwal Power Company Ltd with certificates of appreciationduring the 28th General Body Meeting for their financialsupport to organise the Fith Nepal Geological Congress.Similarly, the NGS awarded with the certificates ofappreciation to the following fellow members or associatemembers for their co-opertion to organise successfully theFifth Nepal Geological Congress: Mr Shyam Bahadur K.C., Mr Ananta Man Singh Pradhan, Mr Bharat Pant, MrAnil Khatri, and Miss Sharada Gautam.

Dr Jovan Sebastian Stöcklin, Honorary Fellow of

Nepal Geological Society, passed away on 15 April 2008.It was a serious loss to our country and to the geoscientificcommunity as a whole. The Nepal Geological Society offersits hearty condolences to the families, friends, and well-wishers of Late Dr Stöcklin.

3


29th ANNUAL GENERAL BODY MEETING OF THE NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY18 August 2008 (2 Bhadra 2065 B.S.)

g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf]] g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf]] g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf]] g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf]] g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf]] pgGtL;f}F pgGtL;f}F pgGtL;f}F pgGtL;f}F pgGtL;f}F ;fwf/0f ;ef ;fwf/0f ;ef ;fwf/0f ;ef ;fwf/0f ;ef ;fwf/0f ;efWelcome speech by Dr Megh Raj Dhital, President, Nepal Geological Society

on the occasion of 29th Annual General Body Meeting

Respected Honorary Fellows of NGSRespected Past PresidentsDistinguished Fellow MembersLadies and Gentlemen

On behalf of the l3th Executive Committee of NepalGeological Society and in the capacity of its President, I amhonoured to welcome you all to this 29th Annual GeneralBody Meeting of our Nepal Geological Society. It was reallyan exciting year for us to work with you all. On this occasion,I would like to mention some of our activities during the pastone year. They are:

• Upgrading the NGS office at the premises of theDepartment of Mines and Geology with computers,telephone, and email facilities

• Observing the ISDR Day: The Nepal GeologicalSociety, the Disaster Preparedness Network (DPNet)Nepal, and Youth Network for Social and EnvironmentalDevelopment jointly observed the InternationalStrategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (ISDR) – Day2007

• Organisation of Fifth Nepal Geological Congress onthe theme “Geology, Environment, and Natural HazardsMitigation: Key to National Development” on 26–27November 2007 in Kathmandu.

• The Society honoured Dr. Jovan Sebastian Stöcklin,Senior geologist of Switzerland, and Professor Dr. M.Qasim Jan, Vice Chancellor, Quaid-e-Azam University,Islamabad, Pakistan, with Honorary Fellowships.

• Formation of a new Editorial Board with Dr. RajendraBahadur Shrestha as the Chief Editor

• Formation of different Sub-Committees

• Increasing the transaction of the NGS Journal

• Organisation of a number of Scientific TalkProgrammes

• Observing the 10th Earthquake Safety Day-2064 byparticipating in a three-day long Earthquake SafetyExhibition-2064 held at Lalitpur Municipality premises

Apart from these activities, we are also trying to purchaseland for construction the NGS Building. The Sub-Commiteeon Land Acquisition is working hard to find a good site. Inthe past one year, the NGS members attended severalmeetings, seminars, and workshops at National andInternational levels. We are also working out to amend thepresent NGS Statutes to make them up-to-date.

Further details of the NGS activities will be elaboratedby General Secretary Dr Danda Pani Adhikaril and TreasurerMr Dharma Raj Khandka.

Distinguished Fellow Members,

To mention forthcoming events, we are going to observethe International Strategy for Disaster reduction (ISDR)Day-2008. I request all of you to actively participate in thatworkshop. You are also requested to participate in theScientific Talk Programme organised by the NGS. Similarly,kindly give your valuable suggestions on amending the NGSStatutes. Your input in this regard will be very helpful to theRules and Regulations Sub-commitee.

The 13th Executive Committee is grateful to all of youfor your kind support and encouragement. We also extendour sicnere thanks to the Department of Mines and Geology;Tribhuvan University; University Grants Commission; NepalElectricity Authority; Department of Irrigation; Cairn EnergyPLC, Edinburgh, U. K.; Dhanvi Cement Pvt Ltd; SILTConsultants (P) Ltd; NESS (P) Ltd; DDC-JV; Butwal PowerCompany Ltd; ITECO Nepal (P) Ltd; Himal Hydro andGeneral Consturction Company Ltd.; Hotel Shanker; and allother national and international organisations, associations,institutions, consulting firms, individuals, and well-wishersfor extending their kind co-opertion and support to the NGS.

Thank you.

4

Wishing you a very happyWishing you a very happyWishing you a very happyWishing you a very happyWishing you a very happyand prosperous New Yearand prosperous New Yearand prosperous New Yearand prosperous New Yearand prosperous New Year

2066 B.S.2066 B.S.2066 B.S.2066 B.S.2066 B.S.

ITECO NEPAL (P) LTD.Min Bhawan, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, NepalPO Box: 2147Tel.: +977-1-4493764Fax: +977-1-4482298E-mail: [email protected]: www.iteconepal.com

• Rural infrastructure development servicesRural infrastructure development servicesRural infrastructure development servicesRural infrastructure development servicesRural infrastructure development services• Engineering services Engineering services Engineering services Engineering services Engineering services• Geotechnics, bioengineering, and soil Geotechnics, bioengineering, and soil Geotechnics, bioengineering, and soil Geotechnics, bioengineering, and soil Geotechnics, bioengineering, and soil

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5


Annual Report by Dr Danda Pani Adhikari, General Secretary, NGSdelivered to the 29th Annual General Body Meeting

2 Bhadra 2065 (18 August 2008)Conference Hall, Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchaur, Kathmandu

Respected ChairmanHonorary Fellows of the NGSRespected Past PresidentsDistinguished NGS Members andLadies and Gentlemen

Namaste and good afternoon!

It is indeed a great pleasure for the 13th ExecutiveCommittee of the Nepal Geological Society (NGS) andmyself to welcome you all in the 29th Annual General BodyMeeting (AGM) of the NGS. It is nearly one year since wetook the responsibility of the office of the NGS. In the meantime, the country has witnessed a historic political change asthe Kingdom of Nepal has changed into a republic. In itscourse, the country faced political unrest and the largestnumber of Bandhs in the history of Nepal. Theinconveniences arising from those activities certainlyweakened and delayed our activities. However, we have putour efforts to the extent possible to enhance the activities ofthe Society and to fulfill its objectives.

On this occasion, I would like to mention theachievements we have made in the first year and the proposedactivities to be undertaken in the next year. Our achievementsare:

1 Observing the ISDR Day: The Nepal Geological Society,the Disaster Preparedness Network (DPNet) Nepal, andYouth Network for Social and EnvironmentalDevelopment (YONSED) jointly observed theInternational Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction(ISDR) – Day 2007 by organising a two-day programmein Kathmandu, Nepal. The World Disaster ReductionCampaign for 2006-2007 was “Disaster Risk ReductionBegins at School” – “Prakop Jokhim Niunikaran AviyanViddhalaya Bata Nai Suru Garaun”.

The programme in the first day (9 October 2007) was“Kathmandu Valley Interschool Art Competition” on“Prakop: Hami Ra Hamro Sansar”, and was held inBasantapur Durbar Square, Kathmandu, and that in thesecond day (10 October, 2007) was a workshop on“Prakop Jokhim Niunikaran Aviyan Viddhalaya Bata NaiSuru Garaun”, which was held at the Nepal Red CrossSociety Hall, Kalimati, Kathmandu. The entireprogramme was supported by the UNDP Nepal,European Union, ActionAid, Oxfam, GEF, and GEFSmall Grants Programme.

More than 50 students from 35 schools from Kathmandu,Bhaktapur and Lalitpur, maximum of two, one boy andone girl from a participating school, actively took part inthe Art Competition. The message to be conveyed in theart was Natural and human-induced disasters aroundus and role of the students and society to mitigatethem. An evaluation committee selected five best artsout of the 50 arts and awarded with Rs. 5000 for thefirst, Rs. 4000 for the second, Rs. 3000 for the third, Rs.2000 for the fourth, and Rs. 1000 for the fifth arts.

In the technical session of the workshop, a total of ninepapers were presented. Over 70 participants, includingrepresentation from academia, scientists, researchers,government ministries, decision makers, policydevelopers, NGO, INGO, and private organizationsinvolved in the disaster related fields came together andactively took part in the workshop. A fruitful discussionwas held following each discussion.

2 Set office, bought computer and arranged telephone andinternet and e-mail facilities in the office.

3 Fifth Nepal Geological Congress: The Society, incollaboration with the Department of Mines andGeology, Department of Irrigation, Nepal ElectricityAuthority, and Tribhuvan University, organised the FifthNepal Geological Congress “Geology, Environment, andNatural Hazards Mitigation: Key to NationalDevelopment” on 26–27 November 2007 in Kathmandu.There were more than 170 delegates from 6 countries(France, Switzerland, USA, Bangladesh, India andNepal), and they presented 29 papers, including 4 keynote addresses.

In the Inaugural session of the Congress, the Societyhonoured Dr Jovan Sebastian Stöcklin, Senior geologistof Switzerland, and Professor Dr M. Qasim Jan, ViceChancellor, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad,Pakistan with Honorary fellowship.

6

4 Formation of a new Editorial Board: Chief Editor, DrRajendra Bahadur Shrestha, DDG, DMG; Editors, Prof.Dr Georges Mascle, France; Dr Dinesh Pathak, Nepal;Dr Ananta Gajurel, Nepal; Dr Naresh Kazi Tamrakar,Nepal; and Mr Ghan Bahadur Shrestha, Nepal

5 Formation of different sub-committees (the broachers,and mention the name of the committees and the head,but not the whole team). The activities of the committeesare underway and the committees are working well.

6 Scientific Talk Programme: In order to encourage theNGS members in research activities and bring togetherand help keep them in touch, we have arranged scientifictalk programmes. So far, the following five talks wereheld on different dates.

Mr. Subas Chandra Sunuwar, S / N POWER, Lalitpur,Nepal: “Geological problems in the Hydropowerdevelopment of Nepal”.

Professor Harutaka Sakai, Graduate School of Science,Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan: “Uplift of Himalayaand history of Indian monsoon”.

Dr. Jaya Kumar Gurung, Department of Geology, Tri-Chandra Campus: “Geochemical studies of sedimentsand water, and implications for mobilisation of arsenicinto groundwater in Nepal and Japan”.

Dr. Deepak Chamlagain, Department of Geology, Tri-Chandra Campus: “Neotectonics of the India-Asiacollision zone: insights from tectonic stress modelling”.

Dr. Kamala Kant Acharya, Central Department ofGeology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur: “Qualitativekinematic investigations related to the extrusion of theHigher Himalayan Crystallines and equivalenttectonometamorphic wedges in the central NepalHimalaya”.

Participation of the NGS members in some talkprogrammes was low, probably due to tight schedules,Bandhs, and other inconveniences. We are sure that itwas not due to the lack of interest.

7 The Earthquake Day celebration: NGS joined theEarthquake Day celebration programme jointly organisedby the MOHA, NSET- Nepal, Kathmandu Metrolpolis,and Lalitpur Municipality on Magh 2-4, 2064. We had astall for the exhibition of our publications. Theprogramme was held in the office premises of the LalitpurMunicipality.

8 Land Purchasing for NGS: It has been a decade sincewe started talking about purchasing land for NGS. The

amount we put aside to buy land ten years ago is as it is,whereas the price in most of the places in Kathmandu, inthis period, has got more than ten times higher! It isalready too late to buy land, and if we are buying weshould not make further delay. Realising the fact, a LandPurchasing Sub-Committee was formed and it has beenworking hard in visiting places (from Tokha toDhapakhel) and persons to find a suitable piece in aconvenient location. But it is getting difficult to find sucha piece of land with the amount we have. Finally we areclose to a decision. We have been studying a number ofother possibilities to find land for building construction,including finding Parti land. We have alreadyinvestigated into this matter and submitted an applicationto the Ministry of Environment, Science, and Technology.We request our members to let us know if they haveinformation on such possibilities.

9 Publications: The NGS Bulletin Volume 25, NGSMember Directory 2008, Brochure 2008, and the back-logging issue of the NGS Journal Vol 34 are the recentpublications. As paper price has recently increased by25%, we have revised the price of our publications.Regular issues will cost from earlier price of Rs 100 to arevised price of Rs150 whereas special issues will costfrom the earlier price of 150 to Rs 200, and the MemberDirectory will cost Rs 50. The NGS Bulletin is free ofcost. The price for organisations and non-members willbe Rs. 500 for journals and Rs. 100 for bulletins.

Recently, the total members of the NGS have reached598 (as of July 2008). Out of which there are 431 membersfrom Nepal and 167 from 17 foreign countries. I request thedistinguished members to go through the broacher for furtherdetails. We have revised the membership fee structure andwhich is the following.

Entrance fee – Rs 100Annual fee for full membership – Rs 300Annual associate membership fee – Rs. 150Life membership fee – Rs. 2500

Our Executive Member Mr Suman Manandhar resignedon 2064.5.31 and his resignation has been already approved.Similarly, the Executive Committee received a resignationletter from Joint Secretary Mr Pawan Budhathoki on2065.5.2 and it was approved on the same day.

We still have some problems in communication to someof the members through e-mail, as despite our request manymembers have not provided updated e-mail address, theremay have some errors in the updated Directory, and theseare our shortcomings.

7


The Society congratulates Dr Jaya Kumar Gurung, DrDeepak Chamlagain, Dr Subesh Ghimire, and Dr KamalaKant Acharya for receiving their Ph D degree. And, similarlywe congratulate Dr Dibya Ratna Kansakar for being promotedto the position of Chief Hydrologist, Gazetted Class –I, JointSecretary.

I would like to request all the NGS members to co-operatewith the Executive committee to enhance the NGS activities.

Future Activities

We will try to make the publications up-to-date and moreregular.

The Scientific Talk Programmes will be continued, andthe Society will try to make it more frequent, if possible. Iwould like to request you all to have active participation inthe future. Please let the Committee know if you are interestedto make presentations.

As in the previous years, the ISDR-Day will be observed,on the given date. I think the UN has yet to decide the theme.Following the release of the theme, the Society will decide ifthe NGS will organise alone or jointly with otherorganisations.

New issues of journals are coming in, and we wouldlike to request all the members to purchase all the new issuesregularly.

E-mailing system will be strengthened. Please make surethat you have provided your correct e-mail address.

Renewal of the Society and PAN will be carried out.

Membership renewal of general members will beperformed.

The Nepal Geological Society is grateful to theDepartment of Mines and Geology for office space. We alsothank the past editorial board: Chief Editor Dr M. R. Dhital,and Editors: Professor Dr Masaru Yoshida, Japan; Dr DavidN. Petley, UK; Dr Dinesh Pathak, Nepal; Dr Ananta PrasadGajurel, Nepal; and Mr Ghan Bahadur Shrestha, Nepal.

We sincerely appreciate the efforts of the Land PurchasingSub-Committee, specially Mr Ashok Kumar Duvadi andSaradesh Raj Sharma who have been working hard to find agood piece of land.

There are also a number of persons who provided specialsupport in organising the Fifth Nepal Geological Congress.In this connection, we thank Mr Shyam Bahadur K. C., MrAnanta Man Singh Pradhan, Mr Bharat Pant, Mr Anil Khatri,Miss Sharada Gautam, Mr Kangada Prasain, and Mr UjwalRaghubanshi.

We are extremely thankful to Dr. Rajendra BahadurShrestha for accepting our request to lead the editorial board.And similarly, we thank the other member of the board.

Our special thanks are also extend to the followingorganisations for providing financial support: UniversityGrants Commission, Sano Thimi, Bhaktapur; Cairn EnergyPLC, Edinburgh, the U. K.; Dhanvi Cement Pvt Ltd, Nepal;Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services (NESS) (P) Ltd;SILT Consultants (P) Ltd; Dywidag-Dragados-CWE JV,Middle Marsyangdi Hydroelectric Project, Udipur, Lamjung;Butwal Power Company Ltd; and Himal Hydro and GeneralConstruction Company Ltd.

Jay Geoscience! Jay NGS and NGS Members!

Thank you.

8

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9


Annual Financial Report by Mr. Dharma Raj Khadka, Treasurer, NGSpresented during the 29th Annual General Body Meeting

g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf sf]iffWoIf >L wd{/fh v8sfåf/f k|:t't cfly{s k|ltj]bg

o; ;efsf ;efkltHo";Ddflgt ;b:oHo"x¿o; ;dfhsf k"j{ cWoIfHo"x¿jt{dfg sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf ;fyLx¿Pj+ ;Dk"0f{ ;b:oHo"x¿ .

o; !# cf} sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltn] cf= j= @)^$.)^% sf] Ps jif{sf]sfo{sfndf u/]sf cfly{s ultljlwx¿nfO{ clwsf/ k|fKt n]vfk/LIfsaf6 k/LIf0f ;d]t u/fO{ o; ;dfhsf] @( cf} ;fwf/0f ;ef;dIf ljut jif{df h:t} u/L k]z ug{ uO/x]sf]5' .o;sf d'Vo zLif{sx¿df ePsf] Income and expenditure tyfReceipt and Payment ;DaGwL ;+lIfKt emns tkfO{x¿ ;dIf k]zu/L g} ;s]sf] 5' . cj d o; ;daGwL df]6fdf]6L ljj/0f pNn]v ug{cg'dlt rfxfG5' .@)^$ >fj0f d;fGt -ut cf= j= sf] cGTo_ ;Ddsf] Openinga}+s df}hfb ?= @!,#$,#!&.*@o; cf= j=@)^$.)^% df ePsf] cfDbfgL / vr{cfDbfgL ?= (,^*,$*).^#vr{ ?= *,#@,$!(.@@vr{ eGbf a9L cfDbfgL ?= !,#^,)^!.$!

o; jif{df ePsf cfDbfgLx¿df 5th Nepal GeologicalCongress sf nflu Contribution tyf /lhi6«]zg jfkt

?= *,$%,$&#. cfDbfgL ePsf] 5 .

o; Contribution df 7"nf] wg/flz ?= #,!*,%)). CairnEnergy PLC, UK n] ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o; jfx]s k|d'v cGocfDbfgLdf Journal sale af6 ?= @&,&&^. Life members tyfcGo Membership Fee jfkt ?= ^$,@)) / cGo cfDbfgL?= #!,)#!. ^# /x]sf] 5 .

cfb/0fLo ;b:o ;flyx¿,

dxf;lrjHo"n] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf sfo{x¿ ;+rfng ug{ o; cfly{sjif{df vr{ x'g uPsf] 5 . h;df d'Vo vr{ Nov 26-27 df cfof]lhtFifth Nepal Geological Congress ;DkGg ug{ ePsf] xf] . ePsf]vr{nfO{ df]6fdf]6L ?kdf o;/L ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .

1. 5th Nepal Geological Congress expense = Rs. 5,44,671.162. Publication Vol. 33, 35, 36, Bull. Vol. 24 = Rs. 1,33,504.03. Society Renewal = Rs. 9,6054. Remuneration / wages = Rs. 17,5005. Account and others = R. 10,0006. Miscellaneous exp. = Rs. 44,259.47 (Bank charge fuel photo, tax on interest etc.)7. Communication = Rs 22,399.15

(Telephone h8fg website, email internet telephone bill)8. Computer + accessories = Rs. 50,480.00

o; k|sf/, Income over expenditure Rs. 1,36, 061.00 /xguPsf] 5, cfufdL jif {x¿df x'g] cfDbfgLx¿df Bulletinadvertisement collection, new membership fee, Journal salescflb /xg] 5g . ;+lIfKtdf x]bf{ ;dfh;Fu xfn gub Closing

Balance hDdf ?= @#,^*,#*#.$@ /x]sf] 5 .

ctM cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{ of] jif{ ;dfhsf nflu ;Gtf]ifhgsjif{sf] ?kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 .

cGTodf, of] ljj/0f ;b:oHo"x¿ ;dIf k|ltlqmof tyf ;'emfjsfnflu ck]Iff ub{5' .

wGojfb .

wd{/fh v8sfsf]iffWoIfg]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfh@)^%.%.@

10

Best wishesTo

Nepal Geological Society

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16

g]g]g]g]g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf] ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;ef @)^% ;dfhsf]

t]x|f}+ sfo{;ldltsf] cXjffgdf #) cf}F ;fwf/0f ;efsf] ¿kdf ldlt@)^% kf}if !$ ut] -@( l8;]Da/ @))(_ ;f]djf/sf lbg ;dfhsfcWoIf 8f= d]3/fh lwtfn Ho"sf] ;efkltTjdf vfgL tyf e"–ue{ljefu, n}grf}/sf] ;efxndf a:of] . pQm ;efdf sl/a Pszo hgf;b:o Ho"x¿sf] ;xeflutf lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] z'ef/Dedf ;dfhsfdxf;lrj 8f= b08kfl0f clwsf/Ln] :jfut dGtJosf ;fy} ljz]if;fwf/0f ;ef af]nfpg'sf] cf}lrTo af/] k|sfz kfb}{ ;efsf] sfo{;"lrk|:t't ug'{eof] / pQm ;"lr pk/ pkl:yt ;b:o Ho"x¿n] 5nkmnug'{ eof] . ;efsf] sfo{;"lr / ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;efn] u/]sf lg0f{ox¿lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ .

!_ ;dofg's"n g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf] ljwfgdf kl/jt{g M

-s_ 38]/L vl/b–laqmLsf] clwsf/ Mg]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhnfO{ cfˆgf] ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu38]/Lsf] cfjZostfsf] dx;'; / vf]hL eO/x]sf] t/ ;dfhsf]tTsfnLg ljwfgn] vl/b–ljqmL ug]{ cg'dlt glbg] ePsfn]To; pk/ lg0f{o xf];\ egL /flvPsf] k|:tfjdf 5nkmn x'Fbfpkl:yt ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o Ho"x¿n] 38]/L vl/b–laqmL ug{ kfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf 7x/ u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{lg0f{o u¥of] .

-v_ sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] kbfjlw Mg]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfh sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] kbfjlw # jif{ePsf] / ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿af6 @( cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf];dodf # jif{ x'Fbf ljljw s'/fx¿n] ubf{ c;lhnf] ePsf]n] @jif{sf] agfpg' kg]{ eGg] ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ePsf] x'Fbf To;

;DalGw ;'emfj ;+sng ug{sf] nflu ;dfhsf k"j{ cWoIfcRr'tfgGb e08f/L Ho"sf] cWoIftfdf ag]sf] lgod–ljlgodpk;ldltnfO{ sfo{;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ klxn]g} ;'emfj ;+sngug]{ lhDdf lbOPsf] lyof] . pQm ;ldltsf] cWoIf >L cRr'tfgGbe08f/L Ho"n] ;efdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿nfO{ @ jif{ cyjf #jif{sf] kIfdf xft p7fO{ dt JoQm ug{ cg'/f]w ug'{ eof] /ax';+Vo ;b:ox¿ kbfjlw @ jif{sf] ug'{kg]{ kIfdf b]lvPsf]n]sfo{;ldltsf] kbfjlw @ jif{sf] x'g] lg0f{o ul/of] .

-u_ ;Ddflgt ;b:osf] ;+Vof M;dfhsf] sfo{;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df / ;fwf/0f ;efsf] lg0f{odfa9Ldf !% hgf;DdnfO{ ;Ddflgt ;b:otf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]elg ljwfgdf pNn]v ePsf] / xfn;Dddf !! hgfnfO{ ;Ddfgul/;s]sf]n] tf]lsPs]f ;+Vof cldNbf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf To;nfO{kl/jt{g u/L jif{sf] al9df @ hgf;DdnfO{ ;Ddflgt ;b:otfk|bfg ug{ ;lsg] elg lg0f{o ul/of] .

dfly pNn]lvt lg0f{ox¿ ug]{ qmddf k"j{ cWoIf Ho"x¿ tyf

cGo ;b:ox¿ / t]x|f}+ sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] 5nkmndf;lqmotfk"j{s efu lng'ePsf] lyof] . cGTodf ;dfhsf cWoIf 8f=d]3 /fh lwtfnn] cfˆgf] dGtJo ;lxt ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;ef ;dfkgePsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{eof] .

pQm ;dfhsf] ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;ef ;+rfng x'g'eGbf klxn]

;f]xL :yfgdf ;dfhsf ;Ddflgt ;b:o, l:j6h/Nof08sfgful/s Dr. Jovan Stöcklin n] g]kfn lxdfnodf ef}ule{scg';Gwfgdf lbg'ePsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ;lxt lbjËt cfTdfsf] lr/zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s;efsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] .

g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf]g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf]g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf]g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf]g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf] ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;ef @)^% ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;ef @)^% ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;ef @)^% ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;ef @)^% ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;ef @)^%

17


HIGHLIGHTS OF INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR DISASTER RISKREDUCTION (ISDR) DAY-2008

WORKSHOP ON KOSHI DISASTER OF 2008On the occasion of ISDR-Day 2008

Inaugural speech by Honorable Deputy Prime Minister and Minister ofHome Affairs, Mr. Bamdev Gautam

cWoIf Ho"

cfof]hs ;+:yfsf cWoIfHo"x¿

dlxnf tyf ;Hhga[Gb !

dnfO{ o; cGt/f{li6«o k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f (ISDR-DAY) @))*sf] cj;/df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] o; sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf] pb\3f6gug{ tyf o; ;efdf cfkm\gf ljrf/x/m /fVg kfpFbf v'zL nfu]sf]5 . o; cj;/df of] sfo{zfnf cfof]hs ;ldltnfO{ wGojfb lbgrfxG5' .

lautdf em}+ o; aif{ klg ljleGGf ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 hgr]tgf hfu/0f ;DalGw sfo{zfnfaf6 k|fs[lts k|sf]k ;DalGw ;hutf,p4f/ //fxt ;DalGw sfo{df ;xof]u k'u]sf] klg d :d/0f u/fpg rfxG5' .

o;} l;nl;nfdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3af6 k|:tfljt cGt/f{l{i6«o k|sf]kGo"gLs/0f cleofg Ps o:tf] sfo{s|d xf] hxfF ;a} ;d'bfosf;b:ox/m cf-cfkm\gf] l;k / Ifdtf cg';f/ k|sf]k af6 x'g] hgwgsf] Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug{ Plss[t x'g ;S5g h;af6 Go"gLs/0fsfo{df ;s|Lo of]ubfg k'Ug]5 .

xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfx} 5 g]kfn oxfFsf] ef}ule{s tyf ef}uf]lnscj:yf, le/fn]fkgf, ljljw vfnsf] xfjfkfgL, df};d cflb ;DjlGwtk|sf]k af6 hf]lvdk"0f{ 5 . oxf+ ljz]if u/L pRr lxdfnL e]udflxdklx/f] tyf lxdtfn lj:kmf]6af6 c;/ u5{ eg] cGo efudfcfunflu af9L–klx/f] / e"sDkaf6 c;/ ub{5 . o:tf k|sf]kx¿af6/fli6««o cy{tGqdf 7"nf] Iflt tyf Joo ef/ kb{5 .

k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] b[li6af6 x]bf{ cGo b]zx¿ h:t} g]kfn klgPs k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 aif]{gL c;/ kg{] b]zx¿sf] ;d'xdf kb{5

eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf . oxfFsf hgtfx¿nfO{ k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] rk]6f;Fu} afFRg' k/]sf] 5 . o:tf ;a}vfn] k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf c;/n]b]zsf] ljsf;, oxfFsf] jftfj/0f / hg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efjkfl//x]sf] 5 .

To;y{ of] jif{sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] gf/f ''Hospitals safe fromDisaster" / oxfFsf] cToGt b'MvbfoL 36gf "Koshi Disaster";DjGwL sfo{zfnf xfd|f] nflu plQs} ;fGble{s 5 . o:t} vfn]k|sf]kn] ;'b'/klZrddf klg plQs} k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .

o; ;Gb{edf k|s[lt;Fu ;DjlGwt k|sf]kx¿sf] lg/fs/0f ;xhgeP klg ;do / kl/l:ylt cg's'nx'g] j}1flgs tYodf cfwfl/t:yfgLo k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u / TfT;;DjGwL hgr]tgfaf6 k|sf]kGo"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] 5 .

xfdLnfO{ cfzf 5, cfhsf] o; sfo{zfnfdf x'g] cGt/s[ofaf6clxn] ePsf / eljiodf x'g;Sg] k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fdf 7"nf] of]ubfgk'Ug] 7f]; lgZsi{fx¿ cfpg]5g\ .

of] ;sf/fTds s'/f xf] ls ljleGg ljWffx¿;Fu ;DjlGwt ;+:yfx¿Ps;fy h'6L k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fdf ;s[o ?kdf sfo{/t eO{ hgr]tgfhufpg] sfo{df of]ubfg lbO/x]sf 5g . eljiodf klg o:tf sfo{x¿dfPsh'6eO{ ;s[o /xg] 5g\ EfGg] sfdgf ub{5' .

WfGojfb !

18

Background

In the Hindu Kush–Himalayan region and elsewhere,catastrophic floods and debris flows have significantlyincreased in their magnitude and frequency since last severaldecades. There have been severe floods in the Indus, Ganges,and Brahmaputra Rivers. This increase can be attributed toclimate change and other anthropogenic factor. The Bagmatiflood disaster of 1993 in central Nepal was one of suchexamples when the Bagmati barrage was severely damagedand about 1500 people lost their lives.

Some of these catastrophic floods have a trans- boundarynature when the problem is initiated in one country and theloss of lives and property is also severe in the downstreamareas belonging to another country. A similar trans- boundaryflood was experienced in Nepal and India on 18 August 2008,when the channel shifting of the Koshi River created anunprecedented flood disaster responsible for a huge loss oflives and property in both the countries. The workshop wasorganised to mark the International Strategy for Disaster RiskReduction (ISDR)–Day 2008, and it focused on the technical,humanitarian, environmental, and social issues of the KoshiDisaster of 2008.

Aims and Objectives

Though there have been efforts toward rescue andrehabilitation of the population within the Koshi disaster zone,

a comprehensive assessment of the problem including itshistorical background and future scenarios in amultidisciplinary and integrated manner had not been takenup yet. Hence, this workshop intended to bring togethervarious specialists involved in the assessment of the Koshidisaster of 2008. The participants shared experiences withthe specialists and the observations, findings, andrecommendations of the Workshop were communicated tothe Nepal Government, other concerned agencies,organisations and media. It was also planned to publish thematerial of the Workshop in the Bulletin of Nepal GeologicalSociety.

Chief Guest

Honorable Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for HomeAffairs, Mr. Bamdev Gautam

Programme Venue

Russian Cultural Centre, Kamal Pokhari, Kathmandu

Date

22 October 2008 (6 Kartik 2065, Wednesday)

Photo 1: Honourable Deputy Prime Minister participating in the inaugural function of Workshop on KoshiDisaster 2008, on the occasion of ISDR-Day 2008

Glimps of the Koshi Disaster Workshop

19


Photo 2: Honourable Deputy Prime Minister graciously inaugurate the Workshop on Koshi Disaster 2008, on theoccasion of ISDR-Day 2008

Photo 3: Participants of Workshop on Koshi Disaster 2008, on the occasion of ISDR-Day 2008

20

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED IN WORKSHOPON KOSHI DISASTER OF 2008On the occasion of ISDR-Day 2008

Bridging the gap between civil society and the government on Koshi DisasterAnanda Prasad Pokharel

Koteshwor, KathmanduIntroduction

Koshi is a large river of eastern Nepal. It flows into India to join the Ganges. Seven rivers flow together out of the easternHimalaya to create the Sapta Koshi River. The seven rivers are the Indrawati, Bhote Koshi, Tama Koshi, Dudh Koshi, Likhu,Arun, and Tamor. The Sapta Koshi River flow is controlled by a system of levees or embankments designed to controlflooding and provide irrigation, and an adjustable dam at the Koshi Barrage at the Nepal-India border.

Agreement on Koshi Project and its situation

As per the Koshi agreement in 1954, which was later revised in 1966, the 1,100-metre barrage has been built with 32-kmembankment and 57 spurs to direct excess water flow towards centre of the river instead of banks in the eastern side (nearSunsari) and another 25-km in the western side of the embankments that consist of 41 spurs. The Indian government isresponsible for its maintenance and operation. Though the length of each spur was around 200–300 m at the time of theconstruction, it has now been reduced to less than 50 m.

The condition of the embankments is very poor. Besides, river training structures were never maintained to meet theoriginal standard. The Koshi treaty, the overall responsibility of managing and maintaining the barrage and embankments lieswith India. The river went into flood because its eastern embankment was not properly maintained and thus got washed awayeasily. The discharge of the Koshi during that time was less than 200,000 cusec, far less than the 400,000 cusec of previousyears.

Negligence of Indian and Nepalese Authorities

Had the embankments been maintained properly, such a large human tragedy could have been avoided. It is, therefore,natural to blame India for not abiding by the agreement and keeping the embankment in good repair.

It is also the responsibility of the host country Nepal to cooperate, coordinate and ensure that the embankment is maintained.It should have initiated appropriate measures in time to prevent the disaster.

The government has failed to reduce the risk. Despite knowing that the embankment was going to fail, it took no action toshift the inhabitants to safer places. There was no flood warning system, and the people were asleep at their homes when thefury of the Koshi struck them with full force at midnight. Rescue and relief operations got delayed while the major politicalparties engaged in power sharing deals. Political equations were more important to them than the plight of drowning citizens.The government has not declared a state of emergency, and the Koshi flood has not been recognized as a national tragedy

Controversy of Koshi Treaty

The controversy started right after the treaty was signed between the Indian and Nepalese officials. The Nepalese peopleare divided; for and against the treaty.

Demands of Nepalese

· Revisit the Koshi Treaty and update and improve· Develop the proper mechanism for joint operation, maintenance and management· Work with mutual trust and meaningful participation· Activation of Joint Committee on water resources

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· High-Level Technical Committee on Koshi· Provide compensation to affected people of Nepal· Resettlement of flood's victims.

Role of civil society to solve the problem

· Construction network of likeminded NGOs and INGOs for advocacy of Koshi disaster· Empowerment of affected people and construction of national network· Campaign for public awareness regarding floods· Demonstration from flood victims to give pressure to the government to review the Koshi Treaty· To publish the facts and figures about the destructions lives and properties· Raise the voice in international forum· Advocacy between civil society and related ministry in the matter of disaster· Lobbying in between the government and MPs for revisiting of the treaty· Empowerments of people to make strong institution· Mobilisation of political parties for this matter· Organise interaction program between parliamentarian and parliamentary party· To make all party network to pressurise concerning ministry and make it the national agenda· Organise the signature campaign to pressurise the government about the matter· Mobilisation of media

Role of MPs· MPs must be aware about the Treaties and agreements· Advocating in and out of parliament regarding bilateral and multilateral treaties and agreements· Know the facts and figures of the nation· Must have knowledge about international treaties protocol and other commitment done by the nation· Make a lobby group of likeminded MPs· Should start a discussion in every parliamentary party· To pressurise the government· MP can submit the parliament adjourn proposal for revisiting of treaties· MP can submit the attention proposal in parliament for concern ministry· MP can submit the Sankalpa proposal in parliament to attract the national attention

Role of Government

· Reviewing each and every treaty and agreement done with India· Revisiting the treaties with national interests· To form all party common consent in national interest· Studies of all river basins; Koshi and Gandak treaties· To forbid India to construct unauthorized barrage in southern border· To conduct national campaign for flood control with infrastructures· To start a campaign to minimize the effect of climate change

Conclusion

Resolution of Koshi flood problem is an enormously great challenge for Nepal as well as India. The treaty should berevisited for the mutual benefits of both countries. Multipurpose project should be constructed with international standard inbenefits of Nepalese people.

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Koshi Flood 2008: realities on hydro-meteorology and sediment

J. K. Bhushal and D. PradhanangaSOHAM-Nepal

The recent Koshi deluge with the break of Koshi dam in the eastern part on August 18, 2008 has displaced more than60,000 people in Nepal. At least eight villages have been badly affected. The national highway has also been damaged atseveral places by the flood. On August 21, more than 22 dead bodies were recovered in the vicinal village in India.

The hydro-meteorological analysis reveals that the breach was not due to the hydrological and meteorological extremes.The discharge at Chatara was 4400 m3/s and that at the Koshi Barrage was 4800 m3/s during the breach time whereas thedesign discharge of the Barrage is 27,014 m3/s. However, sediment inflows and deposition can not be ignored. The breachcould be mainly due to weak spurs and embankments and their poor maintenances. In addition only 34 out of 58 gates wereopened on the day of breach.

A study on the media coverage of Koshi flood and local people’s perceptionafter flood: a case of spur brust at Koshi dam on 18 August 2008

Nabin Aryal and Rishi Acharya

The spur burst of the Koshi flood on 2 Bhadra 2065 B.S. victimised a wide area affecting people, properties and theenvironment. The Koshi flood became a topic of national debate immediately after the event and the news dominated themedia for several days. But, the genuine information about the flooding event was however not sufficiently covered due to theinefficient government attention in assisting media to make the news in the reach of people widely. From the Koshi floodlives, property, and environment could not be saved because of inadequate disaster forecasting and weak governance mechanismof Nepal. It is evident that with the onset of Democracy in 2046 the media has played a crucial role in improving the level ofinformation, education and technical skills. However, the proper attention has not been given in the sector of disaster managementand minimization of loss in the post disaster scenario through the media. The study focused on the media coverage of theKoshi flood disaster at central and local level, including the local people perception after flood. The paper assesses thedifficulties faced by the media during the broadcast of news of any disastrous event like “Koshi Flood”. One week of fieldobservation and questionnaire survey in different media tends to recommend the proper approaches in covering the news ofdisaster, mitigation plans through mass media, and awareness programs on disaster in pre-disaster stage.

ARTICLES

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ABSTRACT OF PAPERS PRESENTED IN THE SCIENTIFIC TALKPROGRAMMES

Neotectonics of the India-Asia collision zone: insights from tectonic stressmodelling

Deepak ChamlagainDepartment of Geology, Trichandra Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

The collision zone between India and Asia, which is characterized by diffuse zone of deformation, is the best example tostudy continental tectonics in terms of neotectonics, seismicity, tectonic stress field, and plate kinematics. The Himalaya-Tibet orogen, a product of continental collision, demonstrates complex contemporary tectonic stress pattern that reflectspresent-day geodynamics of the region. Recently, World Stress Map (WSM) project has presented an extensive data set onstress field for the Himalayan-Tibet region. Zhonghuai et al. (1992) and the data base produced by WSM have shown meanprincipal stress axes for the Himalaya-Tibet orogen. Inferred P and T axes are dominantly horizontal and the intermediate (B-axes) are vertical indicating deformation primarily takes place through strike-slip faulting in the Tibetan Plateau and surroundingareas except Himalayan region. These data further suggest that the principal stress axes have a relatively uniform radialpattern. The maximum horizontal compressive stress (SHmax) trajectories radiate from the Tibetan Plateau to the northern,eastern, and southeastern part. However, the minimum horizontal compressive stress direction is almost arc convex outwardfrom the Tibetan Plateau. In the western part of the Tibetan Plateau near the Tian Shan, maximum horizontal stress axes arenorthwesterly oriented and minimum stress axes are vertical indicating thrust faulting regime. For the Himalayan region theirdata are limited and sparse, however, eastern and western syntaxes show sharp bending of stress trajectories towards southeastand northwest direction respectively.

In this study, neotectonics of the entire collision belt has been studied taking SHmax as a proxy. Two-dimensional planestress modeling has been carried out under elastic rheology. This approach is almost analogous to thin sheet modeling.Modeling results have confirmed that the kinematics equivalent to east-west tectonic escape did not simulate the observedstress field, therefore, it is understood that the present day stress field is mainly governed by the southeastward tectonic escapeof the Tibetan crust rather than eastward extrusion. This fact is further supported by observed GPS velocity vectors. Modelswithout suture zone and associated faults produced the best-fit stress field in the region. Considering this fact, ‘continuumtectonic model’ is proposed for the active deformation of the Himalaya-Tibetan orogen rather than ‘block tectonic model’.

Current status of discontinious mountain permafrost in the Nepal HimalayaDhananjay Regmi

Permafrost in Nepal has received very little scientific attention, despite the fact that Nepal is a country known for theHimalaya. Even the distribution of permafrost in Nepal has not been clarified yet. This study deals with the distribution ofrock glaciers and permafrost in five high Himal areas of the Nepal Himalaya: Kangchenjunga, Khumbu, Langtang, Annapurna,and Sisne. Permafrost is an invisible phenomenon and its presence is difficult to identify. Therefore, an indicator landform ofrock glaciers was used for aerial photograph interpretation to identify the present distribution of permafrost in five areas.Field observations were also made in order to check the rock glaciers in three areas of Kangchenjunga, Khumbu, andLangtang. First, rock glaciers of periglacial-origin and those of glacial-origin were mapped; and then size, altitude, andaspect of each periglacial-origin rock glaciers were analyzed by GIS. The results show that: (1) High amount of precipitationin eastern Nepal leads to the development of glacier-origin rock glaciers; (2) the size of the rock glaciers tends to decreasefrom the east (Kangchenjunga) to the west (Sisne); (3) the mean altitude of rock glaciers decreases towards the west; and (4)the aspects of the rock glaciers are variable, but southerly directions are most common.

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Intensive field surveys were carried out at three sites in Langtang Himal (Yala, Gangja La and Helambu) to examine therelationship between permafrost distribution and geomorphological arrangement. Altogether, 140 seismic surveys, 9 groundtemperature profile measurements, and 48 BTS (Bottom Temperature of Snow) surveys were conducted. The results obtainedfrom each method were then crosschecked to minimize potential errors. The combined results from the three methods showthat (1) the altitudes of the lower limit of the permafrost lie at 4,740 m at Yala site, at 4,820 m at Gangja La site, and at 4,670m at Helambu site; (2) permafrost occurs in areas adjacent to rockwalls and in moraine areas where the glaciers have beenretreating rapidly; and (3) the permafrost areas lie within the horizontal distance of about 300 m from the base of the rockwalls,whereas they lie within the distance of about 700 m from the glacier termini.

The foregoing results on the relationship between the permafrost area and debris-accumulated areas suggest a possibilitythat the permafrost development is strongly related to the debris supply, such as rockfall. Rockfall activities and exposedbedrock thermal regime were monitored and evaluated at altitudes between 4,600 m and 6,000 m in Kangchenjunga Himal.Effective freeze-thaw cycles were first calculated from measured rockwall temperatures at different altitudes, and then, theexposed rockwall area was analyzed by GIS. The results show that: (1) the south-facing rockwalls experience frequent diurnalfreeze-thaw cycles, while the north-facing rockwalls are characterized by seasonal freeze-thaw cycles; (2) the south-facingrockwalls have greater number and amount of rockfall than the north-facing rockwalls; and (3) the altitudinal belt responsiblefor the rockfall activities ranges from 5,400 m to 6,000 m on the south-facing rockwalls, and from 5,000 m to 5,600 m on thenorth-facing rockwalls.

Finally, factors responsible for deciding the size, altitude, and aspect of the rock glaciers in the Nepal Himalaya werediscussed focusing mainly on the debris supply regimes from adjacent rockwalls. Summer precipitation water experiencesfreezing and thawing to expand cracks of the rockwall surface, so that more rockfall debris is produced; therefore, theconcurrence of the effective freeze-thaw cycles and the large exposed rockwall area, especially of southerly directions, isconsidered as the major controlling factor for the development of the permafrost including rock glaciers.

Geochemical studies of sediments and water, and implications for mobilisation ofarsenic into groundwater in Nepal and Japan

Jaya Kumar Gurung

This study evaluates geochemistry of sediments and water relevant to arsenic in the Kathmandu Basin and Terai Plain ofNepal. The elements analyzed include major oxides (Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, and P2O5), total sulfur (TS), trace elements (As, Pb,Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, V, U, Th, Sc, Y, Nb, Sr, Zr, Br, and I), and rare earth elements (REE: La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, and Lu).Physical and chemical properties of water samples were determined using field kits and laboratory tests. Similar geochemicalstudy has been carried out in Yumigahama Peninsula (Tottori), and comparison is made with those results. In addition,selected core samples were treated with alkali, acid and deionized water to extract arsenic in different pH conditions. Carbon(14C) dating of shell and wood fragments was also made. Nitrogen isotope (ä15N) ratios of selected water samples were alsodetermined.

In the Kathmandu Basin the average bulk concentrations of the major oxides and trace elements of sediments are similarto modern unconsolidated sediments. However, variations in elemental abundances within the basin are strongly controlledby sediment facies, with higher concentrations in finer size grades. The marginal basin consists dominantly of coarser sediments(sand and gravel) and finer sediments such as silt and clay occurs towards the basin center. The grain size variation in thebasin influences underground redox conditions, with the deeper and central basin more reduced than the marginal basin. Thesediment chemistry of the Terai Basin is comparable to the Kathmandu.

The water chemistry results overall suggest that redox conditions and organic matter contents are likely to be moresignificant as a cause of elevated arsenic in both Kathmandu and Terai Basin groundwater than the bulk arsenic concentrationin the sediments. The characteristics of the water chemistry are neutral pH, positive correlation between arsenic and ironcontents, and negative correlation between oxidation reduction potential and arsenic. One contrast in groundwater chemistrybetween As-rich and As-poor areas is the level of nitrate (NO3

--N). Arsenic-poor groundwater is frequently contaminated withhigh nitrate (>45 mgNO3/l) in all three study areas. Nitrate isotope ratios are higher (ä15N >20%) than in common nitrogen

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sources in soils. Higher rate of volatilization, high organic matters activities, and faster rate of denitrification rate are thepotential reasons for such a high nitrogen isotope ratios. Extraction analyses demonstrated that As is significantly elutedunder acidic, neutral or alkaline pH conditions. This suggests that arsenic is most likely fixed in the sediments in severalforms, such as organic matter, carbonates, and iron oxides. However, it is difficult to explain which form is responsible toelucidate the behavior of arsenic in such diverse underground redox conditions.

Organic matter likely augments arsenic dissolution from sediments. Frequent change in spatial sedimentary facies isnoteworthy in all three study areas, and this may affect groundwater movement, which in turn may influence the spatialvariation of arsenic in groundwater. Low oxidation-reduction potential is a likely condition for arsenic release, and groundwater flow plays a role in As mobilization owing to flushing and attenuation effect.

Qualitative kinematic investigations related to the extrusion of the HigherHimalayan Crystallines and equivalent tectonometamorphic wedges in the

central Nepal Himalaya

Kamala Kant AcharyaCentral Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal

Located in the central Himalayan collisional wedge, the Kathmandu Nappe is a >100 km broad re-entrant in the regionaltectonostratigraphy. The tectonostratigraphic package includes the orogen-wide renowned Main Central Thrust (MCT), regardedby many as the main (i.e. crustal-scale) thrust-kinematics deformation zone in the Himalaya that, regionally, juxtaposes theLesser Himalaya (footwall) with the Higher Himalaya (hanging wall).The entire re-entrant feature has a syn-formal architecture(the Mahabharat Synclinorium) thereby the regional tectonostratigraphic foliation is S-dipping on the northern flank. Differinginterpretations question (1) whether the MCT (either the main deformation belt or some lithostratigraphic contact) continuesalong strike (and cuts across), or runs parallel with, the re-entrant and (2) whether the MCT is really the key crustal thrust inthe Himalaya (e.g. based upon detrital provenance geochronological arguments).

To address these questions, ten swath profiles across the nappe have been chosen to identify the timing and amount ofstrain associated with major lithospheric thrusting around the Kathmandu Nappe by using field mapping, structural surveyingand detailed microstructural kinematic and strain analyses in addition to geochemistry and U-Pb, Sm-Nd and Rb-Srgeochronology/geochronometry. The zone of contact between the Nawakot Complex (Lesser Himalaya) and KathmanduComplex (Higher Himalaya) is observed as a 100–400 m thick zone of thrust deformation. Visible intensity of strain graduallydecreases away from the core of this main thrust zone. Deformation-related microstructures vary with the local protolith. Thenorthern flank of the synclinorium is largely occupied by the Sheopuri Injection Gneiss, which forms stretched and flattenedsheets and fingers within quartzite and schist of the Kathmandu Complex. In all of the area, Kathmandu Complex rocks withinthe thrust zone, a range of monoclinic geometry asymmetry mica micro-domains, quartz micro-ribbon features, and syn-kinematic garnets all preserve dramatic rotation history and demonstrate consistent thrust kinematics. Within the NawakotComplex, although the intensity of strain is less spectacular than in the hangingwall, kinematic indicators again consistentlydemonstrate thrust sense. In both Areas, the main thrust zone also clearly marks change in metamorphic grade from thecoarsely crystalline, garnetiferous biotite schist of the Kathmandu Complex to the rocks of the Nawakot Complex (dominantlymetasedimentary quartzite, phyllite, slate, limestone, and dolomite that are devoid of garnet). Although the grade ofmetamorphism is different in these areas (In most of the area of the northern flank sillimanite grade while in the southern flankgarnet grade), the visible strain and characteristics of deformation in the vicinity of the thrust are consistent.

A public downloading software Scion Image is used to analyze grains of quartz and feldspar in rocks of the KathmanduComplex and Nawakot Complex which shows that rocks of the Nawakot Complex record monoclinic symmetry while rocksof the Kathmandu Complex record orthorhombic symmetry. In rock of the MCT zone, quartz grains show orthorhombic whilefeldspar grains show monoclinic symmetry. Rocks of the Kathmandu Complex and of thrust zone show higher rheologicalrole of quartz than in rocks of the Nawakot Complex. In these rocks, shear sense indicators show both pure shear flatteningfabrics and non-coaxial south-directed simple shear fabrics. Rocks of both the hanging wall and footwall show a significant

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pure shear component early in the deformation and simple shear component during exhumation. Therefore, the MCT can becharacterized as Stretched Fault Thrust.

The Sm-Nd whole rock analysis carried out in rocks of the Lesser Himalyan phyllite and amphibolite, Higher Himalyanschist and gneiss, and phyllite of the MCT zone shows a linear trend of 143Nd/144Nd vs 147Sm/144Nd plot with lowest values inthe Lesser Himalayan phyllite and highest value in the Higher Himalayan gneiss. ε (0) Nd value shows a marked difference inLesser Himalayan (>-20) and Higher Himalayan rocks (about -13 in schist and about -6 in gneiss). The Sm-Nd garnetgeochronology and Rb-Sr biotite geochronology carried out in one sample of Galchhi gneiss (western extension of theShivapure Injection Gneiss) shows young metamorphic evidence, probably during the Himalayan tectonometamorphicevolution. The rock obviously suffered intense metamorphism and subsequently cooled to below ca. 300°C at 13.5 Ma. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology was carried out on three gneisses in the vicinity of the thrust zone and one sample of granitefrom the core of the Kathmandu Nappe which show that, all samples were emplaced as granite around 450 Ma. Subsequentlythose samples which lie in the vicinity of the MCT are metamorphosed during the thrusting along the MCT. However thegranite sample which lies with in the core of the HHC wedges an essentially unaffected by the MCT deformation.

Bt-Grt thermometry carried out in eleven schist and gneiss samples of the Kathmandu Complex shows that, rocks of thesimilar lithology and similar structure lying in the southern part of the nappe shows relatively low temperature (about 400° C)then the rocks lying in the northern part of the nappe (>500° C).

Glaciers, climate, and topography in the Annapurna Range, Nepalese Himalaya

Beth Pratt-SitaulaGeological Sciences & Science Education, Central Washington University - Mail Stop 7418 400 E University Way

Ellensburg, WA 98926 509-963-2870

Snow and ice are key components of the globally-influential Himalayan-Tibetan climate system. They provide importantdry-season water sources for millions of people and are tied to weather systems such as ENSO. Past Himalayan glacialfluctuations give insight into high-altitude paleoclimates that help calibrate global climate models and thus allow betterpredictions of future climate change. Despite compelling issues surrounding Himalayan glaciation, we know relatively littleabout the controls of ice modulation. In order to better constrain the controls on glaciation we combine chronology, equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) analysis, modeling, and modern climatic data from the Annapurna region, Nepal. Cosmogenic radionuclide10Be dates provide the major age constraint. Tightly grouped ages on single moraines allow for unusually high confidence inthe results. Moraine sets date to the Early Holocene intensified summer monsoon (~8 ka) and the Bølling-Ållerød chronozone(~14 ka). During the Early Holocene, southern ELAs were ~800 m lower and northern ELAs 500 m lower than today. TheBølling-Ållerød had ELA depressions of e"1000 m and 600 m, respectively. Clearly, quite different climates induce glacialadvances of similar magnitude – greater than expected for post glacial maximum (<18-ka sites). Analysis of modern weatherdata shows that the majority of summer precipitation and winter snow falls at altitudes below the modern glaciers. Cooling ofonly 1-3ºC could convert significant portions of summer rain to snow and allow greater preservation of winter snow, permittingthe observed glacial advances. Local climate factors of this sort have not been previously considered in ELA interpretations.Modern climate data also demonstrate that about half the annual snow, on these purportedly "summer accumulation" glaciers,falls during the winter. Thus, both summer monsoon and winter westerly fluctuations must be considered in paleoglacialinterpretations. Topography can also play a key role in determining glacial behavior. Modeling and dating demonstrate that,due to hypsometric differences, climate change can cause one glacier to advance while its neighbor, experiencing the sameorientation and climate, retreats.

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Observations of multi-particle interactions in moderate to densegranular shear flows

Subodh DhakalTribhuvan University, Department of Geology, Tri-Chandra Campus

The transitional granular flow with normalized solid fraction in the range of 0.50 to 0.80 and shear rate of 14.8 s-1 to34.6 s-1 is studied in the experiment using a 2D shear flow apparatus and with the help of image processing technique. Inter-particle collisions are detected for each particle and at each time step by formulating the new collision detection method. Thismethod is found more promising compared to the existing methods and many of the lost collisions from the existing methodscould be truly detected. The multi particle interaction phenomena like the contact durations, multiple collisions and the groupsize are also studied and are described in terms of shear rate and the normalized solid fraction.

It is found that the average contact duration decreases on increasing the shear rate and increases on increasing the solidfraction. Contact durations much greater than binary collision times are obtained for higher solid fractions. The multiplecollision percentage in spatial terms is handled by the solid fraction, whereas its relation with the shear rate is not much clear.Occasional force chains are developed for the dense range of solid fractions studied in this study. The contact frequencyincreases on increasing the shear rate and the solid fraction, but the rate of increase diminishes for the higher solid fractionswhen a higher shear rate is applied. The shear stress also increases with shear rate and solid fraction, but the rate of increaseaccelerates when the normalized solid fraction is roughly greater than 0.75 and the shear rate is fairly high (γ& > 24 s-1). Insuch cases, shear stress varies with more than square of the shear rate. This is attributed to the increase in prolong contacts,and the development of occasional force chains in these flows because of increased interactions between more than twoparticles at a time. These observations therefore imply that the shear stress generation pattern differs from the existing modelslike that obtained from the kinetic theory of gases for transitional granular flows if the shear deformation rates are not sosmall.

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Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 26, April 2009Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society, 2008, Vol. 26, pp. 29–34

LOCATION

Mt. Bawakaraeng Caldera is located 90 km away fromMakassar, South Sulawesi, at an altitude of 2,830 m. Thevegetation of the mountainous area is composed of naturalforest and the forest plantation is dominated by Pinus merkusi.The catchment area of the Jeneberang River is 760 km2 andthe length of the river is about 75 km. The river flows downmainly through the Gowa district, touches few parts of theTakalar district, and finally reaches the estuary in theMakassar city. The river has dendritic drainage pattern withtwo branches: the Malino River in the north and the KausisiRiver in the south. It stretches and converges towards theBili-Bili Dam, at the west confluence of the Malino andKausisi Rivers (Fig. 1).

GEOLOGY

The Basement rocks around Mt. Bawakaraeng consist ofthe Tonasa Formation, Camba Formation, Baturape-Cindakovolcanic rocks, intrusive rocks and Lompobattang volcanicrocks formed during the Paleogene to Quaternary time. Theyare covered by the subsurface deposits of Holocene epoch.The geological map around Mt. Bawakaraeng is shown inFig. 2. The morphology of Mt. Bawakaraeng is characterised

INTRODUCTION

The disaster is the phenomenon that inflicts injuries uponour lives or properties (both individual and public) due tosome cause or others (Ikeya 1976). Sediment-related disasterssuch as landslides and debris flows have brought about lotsof damage to the nature in Indonesia in recent years. Since2004, in South Sulawesi Province, sediment-related disasterssuch as landslides and debris flows have been considered asimportant issues for mitigation (Hasnawir et al. 2006). A largelandslide with debris flow occurred in upper JeneberangWatershed on Mt. Bawakaraeng Caldera and producedroughly about 232 million m3 of sediments. The landslidewas caused by the collapse of the caldera’s wall. It triggereda large debris flow and eventually caused significant damages,including 32 deaths and destruction of property (Tsuchiya etal. 2004). However, 600 households are still living and doingtheir activities in surrounding areas. In total, from 1997 to2007, twenty cases of landslides or debris flows have beenreported in the region of Mt. Bawakaraeng Caldera. Mt.Bawakaraeng is the headwater of the Jeneberang River andthe Bili-Bili Multipurpose Dam is constructed about 35 kmdownstream of the river. This paper focuses on general causesand effects of sediment-related disasters in the river and thedam.

Causes and effects of sediment-related disaster in upper Jeneberangwatershed, south Sulawesi, Indonesia

*Hasnawir1, Tetsuya Kubota2, and Suman Manandhar3

1Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University2Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University

3Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University( *Email: [email protected])

ABSTRACT

The Jeneberang Watershed located at South Sulawesi, Indonesia, is prone to sediment-related disaster. Relatively vulnerablerocks such as pyroclastic rocks and low degree of cemented sedimentary rocks have caused mountain body collapse,affecting the Jeneberang River and Bili-Bili Dam. Intense rainfalls have triggered sediment-related disaster and createdhuge amount of sediments. These sediments affect the sustainability of the Jeneberang River ecosystem and harm thefunction of Bili-Bili Dam.

Keywords: Sediment-related disaster, geology, intense rainfall, Jeneberang Watershed, Indonasia

Received: 23 October 2007; Revision accepted: 10 March 2009

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Fig. 1: Location of the Jeneberang Watershed in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 2: Geological map (2A) and cross-section (2B) of Mt. BawakaraengCaldera and its vicinity (modified fromSukamto and Supriatna 1982)

Fig. 2A

Fig. 2B

Hasnawir et al.

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by high relief, extreme slope, high degree of weathering aswell as erosion activities such as soil movement and landslides(Sukamto and Supriatna 1982). A short description ofbasement rocks around Mt. Bawakaraeng is given below.

The Tonasa Formation: It consists of limestone and marlof Eocene to Middle Miocene epochs. The limestone is gentlyfolded with dip of beds less than 25°.

The Camba Formation: It consists of tuffaceous sandstone,tuff, mudstone, and pyroclastic rocks of Late Miocene epoch.It is widely distributed from the Maros district to Jenepontodistrict, and forms mountainous and hilly areas in the middlereaches of the Jeneberang River.

The Baturape-Cindako Volcanic Rocks: They wereformed by volcanic activity in Pliocene epoch, containingtuff and lava accompanied by conglomerate and breccia. Theyare distributed in the vicinity of Mt. Maja in southern part ofGowa and in the vicinity of the right tributary of theJeneberang River.

Intrusive rocks: Basalts, andesites, and diorites of LateMiocene to Pliocene epochs are distributed as dikes, sillsand stocks. They are intruded as a small rock bodies intosedimentary and volcanic rocks and distributed from theMaros district to Jeneponto district.

Lompobattang Volcanics: They consist of andesiticvolcanic rocks of Pleistocene epoch with lava, pyroclastic

rocks, and secondary deposits. Vent comprises effusive rocksat the central portion of Porong Caldera. The volcanic rocksare distributed around eastern portion of the Gowa districtand form the mountain area in the headwaters of theJeneberang River.

GULLY EROSION ON DEPOSITEDSEDIMENT

In March 2004, a large landslide with debris flowdeposited a few hundred million cubic metres of sedimentsin Mt. Bawakaraeng Caldera. Subsequently rainfall developedgullies of about 25 m to 100 depth on these newly depositedsediments. Fig. 3 shows gully erosion on deposited sedimentsin Mt. Bawakaraeng Caldera. Profiles and an estimatedvolume of deposited sediments in the lower reaches close tosettlement area are shown in Fig. 4 and Table 1 respectively.The estimated volume of deposited sediments close to thesettlement area was about 15 million m3.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS

Pyroclastic rocks such as breccias and tuffs around thevent are soft with low strength and they are prone to erosion.Sedimentary rocks trapped in volcanic rocks have a lowdegree of cementation due to lava and pyroclastic flows andmay create chances of slip. This accounts for the body collapseof mountain walls and erosion after Lompobattang volcanic

Fig. 3: Gully erosion on deposited sediments close to settlement area (Hasnawir et al. 2006)

Sediment-related disaster in upper Jeneberang watershed, Indonesia

32

Fig. 4: Map (4A) and profiles (4B) of the deposited sediments. The estimated volume of deposited sediments close tosettlement area is about 15 million m3

Fig. 4A

Fig. 4B

Hasnawir et al.

58

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33


activity. As a result, a huge pile of sediments flowscontinuously downstream to disturb the natural environmentand ecosystem as well as the dam.

There are various factors affecting slope stability and someof them are closely related. The majority of landslides anddebris flows in Mt. Bawakaraeng Caldera have been triggeredby intense rainfall. Annual rainfall in the study area is about4000 mm. In the study area, the rainy season lasts fromNovember to March. The total rainfall from 1 to 26 March2004 was 782 mm with a maximum intensity of 70 mm/hr,triggering the landslide on 26 March 2004.

Since March 2004, the headwater of the Jeneberang Riverhas been covered by sediments due to landsliding. There istremendous suspended sediment load in the river water.During the dry season, the sediment does not disturb the river

flow a lot. However, during the rainy season, the sedimentsin the Jeneberang River reach the entrances of the Bili-BiliDam and the water treatment plant of Somba Opu. The SombaOpu company belongs to the local government (PDAM),which supplies water from the Jeneberang River to themunicipalities of Gowa and Makassar districts.It was theworst disaster ever happened in the history of the drinkingwater company in Makassar. In January 2005, the companystopped the water supply for 10 days and 350,000 peoplesuffered with the shortage of water. In addition, the fish habitatof the Jeneberang River was damaged (Ministry of PublicWorks 2005). In general, the river ecosystem was destroyedand the intense sedimentation reduced the lifetime andfunction of the Bili-Bili Dam (Fig. 5). The suspended loadand turbidity condition in the Bili-Bili Reservoir betweenSeptember 2004 and March 2005 is shown in Fig. 6.

Table 1: Estimated volume of deposited sediments close to settlement area

Fig. 5: Bili-Bili Multipurpose Dam (Source: Ministry of Public Works 2000)

Sediment-related disaster in upper Jeneberang watershed, Indonesia

34

Hasnawir et al.

On the other hand, the landslide occurred in Mt.Bawakaraeng has also brought some positive impacts suchas sand mining, which has increased the income of the localpeople. It can be noted that the local price of a cubic metre ofsand is US$ 9 and ten private companies are involved in sandmining (Fig. 7).

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

a. Mt. Bawakaraeng Caldera in the upper JeneberangWatershed constitutes weak and low-strength rockssuch as pyroclastic rocks and loosely cementedsedimentary rocks that lead to mountain bodycollapses. Due to this, it affects the mountainenvironment and ecosystem as well as the dam on theJeneberang River.

b. The majority of landslides and debris flows have beentriggered by intense rainfall.

c. Sediment-related disaster mitigation should beimplemented in integrated and comprehensive mannerwith the development of the region and always inharmony to balance with the natural environment fora better prosperity.

d. A regional management process is necessary toimplement sustainable sand mining practices, whichcan improve the economy of the residents.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like thank Kyushu University InterdisciplinaryProgrammes in Education and Projects in ResearchDevelopment (P & P) for financial support to carry out thefieldwork.

REFERENCES

Hasnawir, Omura, H. and Kubota, T., 2006, Landslide disaster atMt. Bawakareang Caldera, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. KyushuJournal of Forest Research, v. 59, pp. 269–272

Ikeya, H., 1976, Introduction to sabo works: the preservation ofland against sediment disaster. The Japan Sabo Association,Japan.

Ministry of Public Works, Indonesia, 2005, Report on urgentsurvey for consulting engineering services of Bawakaraeng,urgent sediment control project, the most urgent components.

Sukamto, R. and Supriatna, S., 1982, Geological map of the UjungPandang, Bantaeng and Sinjai Quadrangles, Sulawesi.Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung,Indonesia.

Tsuchiya, S., Koga, S., Sasahara, K., Matsui, M., Nakahiro, M.,Watanabe, F,. Shima, H., and Yoshida K., 2004,Reconnaissance of the gigantic landslide occurred on Mt.Bawakaraeng in the south Sulawesi state of Indonesia andunstable debris sedimentation (prompt report), Journal of theJapan Society of Erosion Control Engineering, v. 57(3),pp. 40–46.

Fig. 7: Volume of sediment mining from1995 to 2007(Source: Ministry of Public Works 2007)

Fig. 6: Suspended and turbidity condition of Bili-BiliDam Reservoir from September 2004 to March 2005

35

Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 26, April 2009Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society, 2009, Vol. 26, pp. 35–38

-v_ ufpFb]lv dfly sl/a &)) ld6/sf] pFrfOdf /x]sf] ljzfnr§fgnfO{ ljikmf]6s kbfy{ k|of]u u/L k'm6fPsf] v08df kg{;Sg] gsf/fTds c;/sf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ .

-u_ To; 7fpFdf klx/f] hfg'sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg] .

-3_ klx/f]sf] /f]syfd tyf v:g;Sg] r§fgsf 6'qmfx¿af6 ufpFa:tLarfpg ;Sg] ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ af/] cWoog u/L pko'Qm;'emfj k]z ug]{ .

jt{dfg l:yltjt{dfg l:yltjt{dfg l:yltjt{dfg l:yltjt{dfg l:ylt

DofUbL lhNnf lx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & / * df kg]{cf}n ufpFb]lv sl/a &)) ld6/sf] pFrfOdf Pp6f -#) ld= x @)ld= x !^ ld=_ cyf{t (,^)) 3g ld6/ cfsf/sf] ljzfn r§fgcfk\mgf] 7fpFaf6 5'l§P/ emg{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . pQm ljzfnr§fg;Fu} klZrdkl§ Pp6f klx/f] 5, h'g :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿sf]egfO{ cg';f/ @)^# ;fn efb| dxLgfsf] bf]>f] xKtfdf uPsf] lyof]. pQm klx/fn] ufpFnfO{ s'g} Iflt gk'¥ofP klg To;sf] s]xL lbgdf-efb| !% ut]_ @=() ld= x !=&% ld= x !=#) ld= cyf{t\ ^=^ 3gld6/sf] Pp6f r§fgsf] 6'qmf pQm ufpF glhs v;]sf] lyof] . efUojz,pQm r§fgn] klg ufpFnfO{ s'g} Iflt k'¥ofPg . xfn klg pQm:yfgdf klx/f]sf sf/0f ljsl;t ePsf c;+Vo lr/fx¿ tyf kfgLsf]

kl/rokl/rokl/rokl/rokl/ro

cf}n ufpF DofUbL lhNnfsf] lx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;= sf] j8f g+=& / * df kg]{ Pp6f ;'Gb/ a:tL xf] - lrq !_ . of] ufpF ;d'b|sf];txb]lv sl/a !%%) ld6/sf] pFrfOdf cjl:yt 5 . of] ufpFsf] k"j{lt/af6 k"j{—klZrd eO{ cf}nf vf]nf au]sf] 5 . o; ufpFsf rf/}lt/cUnfcUnf le/fOnf kxf8x¿ 5g\ . o; ufpFdf xfn sl/a !$# 3/w'/L 5g\ / sl/a *)) hgfsf] hg;+Vof 5 -;fef/ M sflGtk'/ b}lgs,ldlt @)^$ c;f/ $ ut]_ . :yfgLo AolQmx¿sf] egfO{ cg';f/lj=;+= !&(@ lt/ oxfFsf jfl;Gbfx¿ glhssf klx/f] ufpFaf6 a;fO{+;/L oxfF a;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsf x'g\ . oxfF k'g y/ ePsf du/hfltx¿sf] cTolws a;f]jf; 5 . o; If]qsf jfl;Gbfx¿sf] d'Vok]zf v]tL tyf kz'kfng g} xf] . oxfF ;dlztf]i0f k|sf/ (Temperatetype) sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . ufpFb]lv k"j{ / blIf0f efudf v]tLof]Uohldg /x]sf] 5, h;df wfg, ds}, sf]bf] tyf ljleGg k|sf/sft/sf/Lx¿ Dff};d cg';f/ pTkfbg ul/G5g\ .

p2]Zop2]Zop2]Zop2]Zop2]Zo

o; cWoogsf d'Vo p2]Zo lgDg adf]lhd lyP M

-s_ cf}n ufpF tyf ljzfn r§fg /x]sf] :yfg jl/kl/sf] ef}ule{scWoog ug]{ .

lx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf j8f g+= & / * df uPsf] klx/f]sf]lx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf j8f g+= & / * df uPsf] klx/f]sf]lx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf j8f g+= & / * df uPsf] klx/f]sf]lx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf j8f g+= & / * df uPsf] klx/f]sf]lx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf j8f g+= & / * df uPsf] klx/f]sf]cWoogcWoogcWoogcWoogcWoog

jL/]Gb| lkof tyf lbg]z g]kfnLjL/]Gb| lkof tyf lbg]z g]kfnLjL/]Gb| lkof tyf lbg]z g]kfnLjL/]Gb| lkof tyf lbg]z g]kfnLjL/]Gb| lkof tyf lbg]z g]kfnLvfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn

lrq ! M lx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf] b[Zolrq ! M lx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf] b[Zolrq ! M lx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf] b[Zolrq ! M lx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf] b[Zolrq ! M lx:tfg d08nL uf=lj=;=, cf}n ufpFsf] b[Zo

36

jL/]Gb| lkof tyf lbg]z g]kfnL

k|lqmofaf6 IfoLs/0f eO/x]sf r§fgsf 6'qmfx¿ s'g} klg a]nf 5'l§O{tn ufpFdf v:g;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . d'Votof ef/L jiff{ ePsf];dodf cyjf e"sDk uPsf] ;dodf pQm :yfgdf c:yL/ ?kdf/x]sf r§fgx¿ v;L ufpFdf wghgsf] Iflt x'g] ;Sg] a9L ;Defjgf/x]sf] 5 .

xfn klx/f]sf] b'j}lt/ bfofF tyf afofF ;fO8sf r§fgx¿dflr/fx¿ (Cracks and fissures) k/L c:yL/ cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .jiff{ofddf kfgLsf] en klx/f]sf] af6f] eO{ aUg] x'Fbf o;n] Debrisflow sf] ?k klg lng;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 . ljzfn r§fgsf] dflyNnf]txdf /x]sf] Quartzite sf] @ b]lv # ld6/ ;Ddsf df]6fO{ ePsfr§fgsf tLg lr/f eO{ pQm 7fpFdf cl8 a;]sf 5g\ . ljzfn r§fg/x]sf] leQfkl§ pQm r§fg tnlt/ vl:s/x]sf lrGxx¿ (Verticaldisplacement marks) b]Vg ;lsG5 . ufpFn]sf] cg';f/ ! jif{leqdf pQm r§fg sl/a %^ ;]=ld= hlt tn (Vertically) vl:s;s]sf]5 . To:t}u/L pQm r§fg Horizontally !% ;]=ld= hlt ;l/;s]sf] 5 . o;n] pQm :yfg ef}ule{s lx;fan] c:yL/ cj:yfdf/x]sf] b]vfpFb5 .

xfn pQm :yfgdf :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿n] v:g;Sg] r§fgx¿af6ufpFnfO{ arfpgsf nflu ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]udf $%ld6/ nfdf] tyf ! ld6/ rf}8f / @ ld6/ cUnf] kSsL Uoflaogkvf{n agfPsf 5g\ . To; Uoflaog kvf{nsf] r§fglt/ sl/a #)ld6/ b'/Ldf csf]{ c:yfO{ Uoflaog kvf{n (Gabion wall) klgagfPsf] 5 . o;/L agfPsf] Uoflaog kvf{nn] klg 6'qmL em/]sfr§fgx¿nfO{ /f]Sg d2t k'¥ofpFb5 . To:t}u/L, r§fgeGbf dflylt/sf] Slope df jiff{sf] kfgL klx/f]lt/ cfpgaf6 arfpg b'j} lbzflt/-b]a|] / bflxg]_ kfgL hfg] s'n];Fx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L

k|sf]kaf6 ufpFnfO{ wghgsf] Ifltx'gaf6 arfpg :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿n]cfFgf] k|of; hf/L /fv]sf 5g\ .

:yflgo jfl;Gbfx¿sf] rfxgf ;Dej eP;Dd pQm r§fgnfO{ljikmf]6g u/L k'm6fpg] /x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{sf] nflu DofUbL lhNnfl:yt g]kfnL ;]gfn] lhNnf k|zf;gsf] cg'/f]wdf, :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿tyf ;DjlGwt lj1x¿sf] ;d]t ;xdlt k|fKt ePdf pQm sfo{;DkGg ug]{ cfZjf;g lbPsf] :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿ atfpFb5g\ . xfn:yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿ KffgL k/]sf a]nf dflysf] pQm 7"nf] tyf cGor§fgx¿ v;L lhpwgsf] gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg;Sg] 8/n] ufpFb]lv s]xLk/ /x]sf v]taf/Lx¿df c:yfO{ ?kdf uf]7, 6x/f agfO{ a:g]u/]sf5g\ .

ef}ule{s cj:yfef}ule{s cj:yfef}ule{s cj:yfef}ule{s cj:yfef}ule{s cj:yf

cf}n ufpF ef}ule{s lx;fan] dxfef/t kj{t If]q (LesserHimalayan Zone) df kb{5 . vfgL tyf e"eu{ ljefuaf6 k|sflztef}ule{s gSzf Toposheet No. 2883 11 (62 P/11), 2002 cg';f/of] If]q Kuncha Formation df kb{5 . o; Formation sf r§fgx¿light greenish grey to dark grey sericitic, chloritic phyllite /yellowish green gritty phylite interbedded with severalquartzite n] ag]sf 5g\ .

;DjlGwt 7fpFdf u/]sf] ef}ule{s cWoog cg';f/ o; 7fpFsfr§fgx¿ (Phyllites) w]/} g} dlSsPsf (highly weathered) 5g\eg] quartzite r§fgx¿ df lr/f k/]sf (jointed) 5g\ .

lrq @ M cf}n If]qsf] ef}ule{s gSzf -vf=t=e"=lj= ;g\ @))@_lrq @ M cf}n If]qsf] ef}ule{s gSzf -vf=t=e"=lj= ;g\ @))@_lrq @ M cf}n If]qsf] ef}ule{s gSzf -vf=t=e"=lj= ;g\ @))@_lrq @ M cf}n If]qsf] ef}ule{s gSzf -vf=t=e"=lj= ;g\ @))@_lrq @ M cf}n If]qsf] ef}ule{s gSzf -vf=t=e"=lj= ;g\ @))@_

37

Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 26, April 2009cf}n ufpFdf uPsf] klx/f]

pQm :yfgsf ljleGg 7fpFdf u/]sf] ef}ule{s gfk pQm :yfgsf ljleGg 7fpFdf u/]sf] ef}ule{s gfk pQm :yfgsf ljleGg 7fpFdf u/]sf] ef}ule{s gfk pQm :yfgsf ljleGg 7fpFdf u/]sf] ef}ule{s gfk pQm :yfgsf ljleGg 7fpFdf u/]sf] ef}ule{s gfk (Geologicalmeasurement)

pQm :yfgsf r§fgx¿sf] attitude: strike N12oW, dipdirection 78oNE tyf dip amount 10o b]lv 15o (variation)/x]sf] 5 . vfgL tyf e"eu{ ljefuaf6 k|sflzt o; If]qsf]lhof]nf]lhsn gSzf cg';f/ of] 7fpF eP/ Pp6f Thrust uPsf] 5- lrFf @_ eg] pQm If]qdf ljzfn r§fgsf] s]xL k/ Pp6f Normalfault klg b]lvPsf] 5 -lrq #_ . oxL fault line eP/ pQm ljzfnr§fg cfk\mgf] 7fpFaf6 5'l§O{ dip direction ;Fu perpendiculareO{ slope direction lt/ ;l//x]sf] b]lvG5 / of] k|lqmof lg/Gt/rln/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] lsl;dsf] ef}ule{s k|lqmofsf sf/0fn] ubf{pQm :yfg :yL/ gePsf] b]lvG5 .

GPS af6 lnOPsf] klx/f] uPsf] :yfgsf] Location:

Northing -cIff+z_ - 28º25.17’Easting -b]zfGt/_ - 83º 37.028’Slope direction: Towards south

pQm If]qdf klx/f] hfg' tyf hldg cl:y/ /xg'sf sf/0fx¿pQm If]qdf klx/f] hfg' tyf hldg cl:y/ /xg'sf sf/0fx¿pQm If]qdf klx/f] hfg' tyf hldg cl:y/ /xg'sf sf/0fx¿pQm If]qdf klx/f] hfg' tyf hldg cl:y/ /xg'sf sf/0fx¿pQm If]qdf klx/f] hfg' tyf hldg cl:y/ /xg'sf sf/0fx¿

ef}ule{s l:ylt tyf le/fnf] hldg

ef}ule{s lx;fan] pQm :yfg lgs} le/fOnf] hldgdf cjl:yt 5. To; 7fpFsf] le/fOnf] ;txsf] slope em08} %)º b]lv lnP/ *%º;Ddsf] 5 . o:tf] le/fOnf] hldgdf 9'Ëf–df6f] cl8O/xg ;Sb}g /s'g} jfx\o jn ( h:t} e"sDk tyf jiff{sf] kfgL) sf] rfk a9\g uPdfklx/f] hfg] tyf Rock fall x'g] ;Defjgf al9/xG5 . k]ml/ pQm7fpFdf IfoLs/0f eO/x]sf sdhf]/ r§fgx¿ (Weathered Phyllite)

/x]sf 5g\ . To:t}u/L pQm :yfgdf /x]sf r§fgx¿df c;+Vo ?kdflr/fx¿ (Cracks or Fractures) ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{pQm :yfgdf klx/f] uPsf] xf] / kl5 klg hfg] ;Defjgf a9L b]lvG5. To:t}u/L pQm :yfgdf sdhf]/ ef}ule{s ;+/rgfx¿ ( Fault tyfJoint x¿ ) /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ klg pQm :yfgnfO{ a9Lcl:y/ agfPsf] 5 .

cTolws jiff{

g]kfndf w]/} kfgL kg]{ lhNnf dWo] DofUbL lhNnf klg Ps xf] .jiff{sf] kfgL le/fOnf] hldg eO{ aUg] xFbf o;n] klx/f] hfgnfO{d2t k'¥ofpFb5 . cTolws jiff{sf] sf/0f kfgL hldg leq k:guO{hldgsf] ef/ a9\g hfG5 / pQm ef/nfO{ hldgsf] ;txn] yfDg;Sb}g, To;}u/L kfgLsf] rfkn] ubf{ 9'Ëfdf6f] cfk\mgf] :yfgdf cl8g;Sb}g / tnlt/ vl:sguO{ klx/f]sf] ?k lnG5 . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{pQm :yfgdf klx/f] uPsf] xf] .

lgisif{lgisif{lgisif{lgisif{lgisif{

cf}n ufpF dfly sl/a &)) ld6/sf] pFrfO{df c:yL/ cj:yfdf/x]sf] ljzfn r§fgnfO{ ljikmf]6s kbfy{ k|of]uu/L tx nufpg] /ufpFnfO{ ;'/lIft kfg]{ :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿sf] dg;fo ePtf klgTo; 7fpFsf] ef}ule{s hl6ntfsf sf/0f 7"nf] vfnsf] ljikmf]6skbfy{ k|of]u u/L r§fg k'm6fpg pko'Qm gx'g] b]lvG5 . lsgeg]ljikmf]6ssf] k|of]uaf6 pTkGg x'g] sDkg tyf cTolws cfjfhn]klg jl/k/Lsf r§fgx¿nfO{ bvn lbg;Sg] / virgin condition df:yL/ eO{ /x]sf r§fgx¿nfO{ ;d]t sdhf]/ ug{ ;Sg] / ;fy} sdhf]]]/cj:yfdf /x]sf r§fgx¿nfO{ klx/f]df abNg ;Sg] x'g;S5 . t;y{ljikmf]6s kbf{ysf j}slNks pkfox¿ ckgfpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

lrq # M klx/f]b]lv tn ufpF;Ddsf] ljxËd b[Zolrq # M klx/f]b]lv tn ufpF;Ddsf] ljxËd b[Zolrq # M klx/f]b]lv tn ufpF;Ddsf] ljxËd b[Zolrq # M klx/f]b]lv tn ufpF;Ddsf] ljxËd b[Zolrq # M klx/f]b]lv tn ufpF;Ddsf] ljxËd b[Zo

38

jL/]Gb| lkof tyf lbg]z g]kfnL

cf}n ufpF dfly /x]sf] pQm r§fg tyf cGo jl/kl/ sdhf]/cj:yfdf /x]sf r§fgx¿af6 ufpF c;'/lIft /x]sf] b]lvG5 / To;nfO{hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿ cjnDjg u/L ufpFnfO{klx/f]af6 arfpg cfjZos b]lvG5 .

pQm :yfg ef}ule{s lx;fan] lgs} hl6n cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 .

o; :yfgsf] ef}ule{s hl6ntfn] ubf{ :yfO{ ?kdf of] ;d:ofnfO{;dfwfg ug{ g;lsPtf klg c:yfO{ ?kdf of] If]qsf] ;d:ofsf] xnug{;lsg] cj:yf b]lvG5 . o; sfo{sf nflu tn lbO{Pcg';f/sfGo"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿ cjnDjg ug{' h?/L 5 .

;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo

cf}n ufpFdf eljiodf hfg ;Sg] klx/f], v:g ;Sg] r§fg tyfr§fgdf b]vfk/]sf lr/fx¿nfO{ ljrf/ u/L :yfO{ ?kdf /f]syfd ug{ef}ule{s l:ylt tyf le/fOnf] hldg ePsf sf/0f sd ;Dej b]lvPtfklg o;sf] c;/af6 hg–wgsf] Iflt /f]Sg jf sd ug{ lgDg cg';f/sf /f]syfdsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg' cTofjZos b]lvG5 .

tTsfnLg pkfo tTsfnLg pkfo tTsfnLg pkfo tTsfnLg pkfo tTsfnLg pkfo (Immediate solution)

glhlsFb} uPsf] jiff{ofd (Monsoon season) nfO{ d2]gh/u/L ufpFnfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] Rock fall tyf Debris flow af6arfpg lgDg cg';f/sf pkfo tTsfnLg ?kdf cjnDjg ug{' plrtx'g] b]lvG5 .

! klx/f]sf] bfofF tyf afofF 5]plt/ c:yL/ cj:yfdf /x]sf r§fgx¿nfO{hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] ToxfFaf6 lgsfnL tn gv:g] u/L Aoj:yfkgug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

@ klx/f]b]lv dflysf] efudf klx/f];Dd jiff{sf] kfgL cfpgaf6 /f]SgagfO{Psf Drainage path nfO{ l;d]G6sf] k|of]u u/]/ gr'lxg] /g/;fpg] u/L Aojl:yt ug]{ tfls jiff{sf] kfgL ensf] ?kdfklx/f];Dd auL ghfcf];\ . ;fy} klx/f]af6 en eO{ emg]{ kfgLsf]klg cfjZos Aoj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .

# Gabion kvf{nx¿ agfpFbf To;df k|of]u ePsf 9'Ffx¿sf] tf}nn]ubf{ hldgdf ef/ ylkg hfg] ePsf] xF'bf alnof] hldg -hu_gePsf] 7fpFdf o;sf] abnfdf cGo ef/ sd x'g] vfnsf,h:t} M afF;sf af/x¿sf] k|of]u u/L Fence agfpg] . o:tf

afF;x¿af6 agfpg] Fence s]xL ld6/sf] b'/Ldf tx txut?kdf /fVbf cem /fd|f] x'g;S5 .

$ ufpF eGbf dfly slDtdf klg %) ld6/sf] b'/L;Dd tf/–hfnLsfaf/x¿ nufpg] .

% Unstable cj:yfdf /x]sf ljzfn 9'Ëfx¿ k'm6fpgsf] nflu 9'Ëfdfag]sf lr/fx¿ (Fractures) tyf Crack x¿df tfksf] k|of]uu/]/ Expansion and contraction k|lqmofaf6 9'Ëf k'm6fpg;lsG5 . ;fy} Jack hammering / Wedging af6 klg9'ËfnfO{ k'm6fpg ;lsG5 .

^ jiff{sf] kfgLsf] sf/0f pQm :yfgdf kg{ ;Sg] c;/ (Landslide,debris flow, rock fall) af/] clu|d hfgsf/L kfpgsf] nflupQm :yfgdf ljsl;t x'+b} u/]sf cj:yfx¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg(Monitoring) ug]{ Aoa:yf ldnfpg] .

bL3{sfnLg pkfo bL3{sfnLg pkfo bL3{sfnLg pkfo bL3{sfnLg pkfo bL3{sfnLg pkfo (Long-term solution)

! pQm :yfgdf b]vfk/]sf] hl6n ;d:ofnfO{ bL3{sfnLg ?kdf xnug{ ljleGg ljifo;Fu ;DjlGwt ljz]if1x¿sf] ;+o'Qm 6f]nL(Geologist, Geotechnical engineer, Civil engineer) af6lj:t[t cWoog (Detail study) u/fpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

@ c:yL/ cj:yfdf /x]sf r§fgx¿nfO{ k'm6fO{ cfjZostf cg';f/Retaining wall x¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{' kg]{ h;n]ubf{ dflyaf6 v:g]9'Ëf, df6f] tyf klx/f] /f]Sg ;lsof];\ .

# jiff{sf] kfgLsf] enaf6 pQm If]qnfO{ arfpg j}1flgs k|sf/sf]Drainage system agfO{ kfgLsf] Aoj:yfkg ug{'kg]{ .

$ Bio-engineering technique ckgfO{ cf}n ufpF dfly tyfklx/f] ePsf] 7fpF jl/kl/ Jofks ?kdf ;'xfpFbf] k|sf/sf]a[Iff/f]k0F ug{'kg]{ .

% lr/f (Fracture) k/]sf] 7fpFdf jiff{sf] kfgL k:gaf6 /f]Sg lr/fk/]sf] 7fpFdf Cement grouting ug]{ . Load sd ug]{ tyfslope stable u/fpg stepping cutting ug]{ .

^ Toxf+ /x]sf] ljzfn r§fg tyf jl/k/Lsf 9'ËfnfO{ k'm6fO{ lg:s]sf9'Ëfsf 6'qmfx¿nfO{ cGoq 7fpFdf Aoa:yfkg ug{'kg]{ .

& pQm :yfgdf c:yL/ cj:yfdf /x]sf r§fgsf] vertical / horizontalrfn (Movement) yfxf kfpgsf nflu lgoldt ?kdf cg'udg

(Monitoring) ug{'kg]{ .

39


kl/rokl/rokl/rokl/rokl/ro

k[YjLdf lbgx'F ;of}Fsf] ;+Vofdf e"sDkx¿ uO/fv]sf x'G5g\, h;dWo]w]/}h;f] ;fgf x'G5g\ . t/ tL dWo] ;fgf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf, s]xL e"sDklgs} zlQmzfnL x'G5g\ h:n] 7"nf] dfgjLo tyf ef}lts Iflt k'¥ofpF5g\/ pQm b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yfd} g/fd|f] c;/ kfg{ ;S5g\ . 7"nfe"sDksf] s]Gb|laGb" dfgja:tLsf] glhs k/]df tyf e"sDk /ftsf];dodf uPdf l:ylt sxfnLnfUbf] x'g;S5 . 7"nf e"sDkn] s]xL;]s]G8d} xhf/f}F]sf]] Hofg lnG5g, nfvf}FnfO{ 3fOt] / 3/af/ laxLgagfOlbG5g h:sf] kL8f hLjge/ dfg;k6ndf al;/xG5 . e"sDkaf6crfgs 7"nf] hg–wgsf] Iflt x'g] u/]sfn]] e"sDksf] eljiojfl0fsf]rf/}lt/af6 cfjfh pl7/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] hgck]Iff e"sDksf] If]qdfsfd ul//x]sf j}1flgsx¿sf] nflu Ps 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf ;fy} k|]/0ffklg ag]/ plePsf] 5 .

e"sDkx¿ ljZje/ t/ s]xL lglZrt :yfgx¿df b}lgs hfg]ub{5g\ . o:tf lglZrt :yfgx¿ 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6sf l;dfgfx¿dfkb{5g\ . lxdfno If]q o:t} Ps l;dfgfdf kb{5\ h:n] ef/tLo Kn]6/ o"/]lzog Kn]6nfO{ 5'6\ofpF5 . g]kfndf klg jt{dfgdf e"sDkx¿uO/fv]sf 5g\ t/ w]/}h;f] ;fgf 5g\ / oGqsf] dfWodaf6 dfq o:tfe"sDkx¿ yfxf kfOG5g\ . ;fwf/0f cj:yfdf, e"sDksf] DoflUgRo"8sl/a rf/ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf] ePdf dfq xfdLn] o;sf] cg'ejug{ ;Sb\5f}F -lrq !_ . lnlvt Oltxf;df, ljz]if u/]/ g]kfnsf] k"jL{efudf 7"nf e"sDkx¿ uP/ 7"nf] hg–wgsf] Iflt ePsf k|df0fx¿e]l6Psf 5g\ . lj= ;+= !(() df, ef]hk'/df s]Gb|laGb' ePsf]-DoflUgRo"8 *=@_, dxfe"sDk tyf lj= ;+= @)$% df pbok'/dfs]Gb|laGb' /x]sf] -DofUg]Ro"8 ^=%_ e"sDkx¿ g]kfndf uPsf 7"nfe"sDksf kl5Nnf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . g]kfn nufot o;sf ;Ldf

e"sDksf] eljiojfl0f tyf ;Defjgfe"sDksf] eljiojfl0f tyf ;Defjgfe"sDksf] eljiojfl0f tyf ;Defjgfe"sDksf] eljiojfl0f tyf ;Defjgfe"sDksf] eljiojfl0f tyf ;Defjgf;'wL/ /hf}/];'wL/ /hf}/];'wL/ /hf}/];'wL/ /hf}/];'wL/ /hf}/]

vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, sf7df8f}F, g]kfnOd]nM [email protected]

lrq !M ;g\ !((# b]lv @))& ;Dd g]kfn tyf o;sf cf;kf;df uPsf DoflUgRo"8 rf/ jf ;f] eGbf 7"nf e"sDkx¿ -j[Q_ tyf e"sDklrq !M ;g\ !((# b]lv @))& ;Dd g]kfn tyf o;sf cf;kf;df uPsf DoflUgRo"8 rf/ jf ;f] eGbf 7"nf e"sDkx¿ -j[Q_ tyf e"sDklrq !M ;g\ !((# b]lv @))& ;Dd g]kfn tyf o;sf cf;kf;df uPsf DoflUgRo"8 rf/ jf ;f] eGbf 7"nf e"sDkx¿ -j[Q_ tyf e"sDklrq !M ;g\ !((# b]lv @))& ;Dd g]kfn tyf o;sf cf;kf;df uPsf DoflUgRo"8 rf/ jf ;f] eGbf 7"nf e"sDkx¿ -j[Q_ tyf e"sDklrq !M ;g\ !((# b]lv @))& ;Dd g]kfn tyf o;sf cf;kf;df uPsf DoflUgRo"8 rf/ jf ;f] eGbf 7"nf e"sDkx¿ -j[Q_ tyf e"sDk

;Dj]bg s]Gb|x¿ -lqe'h_ . ;|f]t M vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, /fli6«o e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|;Dj]bg s]Gb|x¿ -lqe'h_ . ;|f]t M vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, /fli6«o e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|;Dj]bg s]Gb|x¿ -lqe'h_ . ;|f]t M vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, /fli6«o e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|;Dj]bg s]Gb|x¿ -lqe'h_ . ;|f]t M vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, /fli6«o e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|;Dj]bg s]Gb|x¿ -lqe'h_ . ;|f]t M vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, /fli6«o e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|

Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 26, April 2009, pp. 39–44

40

If]qdf lg/Gt/ ?kdf a9\bf] hg;+Vof, clgolGqt Pj+ cAojl:yt?kdf a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f / sdhf]/ lgdf{0f sfo{x¿sf sf/0fn] lj= ;+=!(() sf] hqf] e"sDk clxn] uPdf lgs} 7"nf] ;+Vofdf dflg;xtfxt x'g] cg'dfg ;xh} ug{ ;lsG5 . e"sDkaf6 x'g] Ifltdf :yfgljz]ifsf] ef}ule{s agfj6sf] klg e"ldsf x'G5 . sdnf] ef}ule{sagfj6 ePsf :yfgx¿df e"sDksf t/Ëx¿sf] PlDKnRo"8 a9\g]ePsfn] sf7df8fF} pkTosf / t/fO{h:tf :yfgx¿df e"sDkn] a9LIflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 . ef}ule{s agfj6 afx]s dflg;sf] afSnf] a:tL,e"sDksf] ;|f]t If]qaf6 dfgja:tL aLrsf] b"/L, e"sDksf] DofLUgRo"8,e"sDksf] sDkg cjlw, e"sDk uPsf] ;do -lsgeg] /ftsf] ;dodfe"sDk uPdf al9 Iflt x'g ;S5_ / dfgjlgld{t sdhf]/ ;+/rgf -3/_ n] klg e"sDksf] c;/ Jofks kfg{ ;xof]u ub{5g\ .

e"sDksf] eljiojfl0fe"sDksf] eljiojfl0fe"sDksf] eljiojfl0fe"sDksf] eljiojfl0fe"sDksf] eljiojfl0f

e"sDksf] eljiojfl0fsf nflu ljZjdf lgs} k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\/ eO/x]sf 5g\ t/ clxn];Dd e/kbf]{ k|ljlw xftnfu]sf] 5}g . 7"nfP]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] /fd|f] cWoog ePsf If]qx¿df eljiodf 7"nf]e"sDk hfg] ;Defjgf ePsf] :yfgsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;Dej 5 t/e"sDk hfg] ;dosf] af/]df eg] s]xL klg cg'dfg ug{ ;lsFb}g .e"sDksf] eljiojfl0f u/]/ hg–wgsf] Iflt sd ug{ e"sDkaf6 a9Lk|efljt x'g] hfkfg, cd]l/sf, rLg tyf tTsfnLg ;f]leot ;+3n]o; If]qdf lgs} 7"nf k|of;x¿ u/]sf 5g\ / ul//x]sf 5g\ . 7"nfe"sDk uPsf If ]qx¿df e"sDk hfg' cl3 geophysical,geochemical tyf geodetic u'0fx¿df kl/jt{gx¿ cfpg] u/]sfljleGg l/kf]6{x¿ ;Ílnt 5g\ . ljleGg b]zdf ul/Psf cWoogx¿af6,e"sDk hfg] If]qdf sl/a $)) k|sf/sf e"sDksf ;DefJo k"j{;"rsx¿xfn;Dd kfOPsf 5g\\ . o:tf ;"rsx¿df hgfj/sf] c:jfefljsJojxf/ klg kb{5g\ . o:tf s]xL k"j{;"rsx¿sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro tnlbOPsf] 5\ .

hldgsf] ;txdf cfpg] kl/jt{g hldgsf] ;txdf cfpg] kl/jt{g hldgsf] ;txdf cfpg] kl/jt{g hldgsf] ;txdf cfpg] kl/jt{g hldgsf] ;txdf cfpg] kl/jt{g (Land deformation)

7"nf e"sDk hfg] s]xL dlxgf jf lbg cufl8 e"sDk hfg] If]qdfc;fdfGo lsl;dsf kl/jt{gx¿ cfpg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tfkl/jt{gx¿df ;e]{ KjfOG6x¿ aLrsf] b"/L, pFrfO, ;txdf ag]sf]sf]0f tyf em'sfj (slope) df cfpg] kl/jt{g kb{5g\ .

hldgd'lgsf] hn;txdf kl/jt{ghldgd'lgsf] hn;txdf kl/jt{ghldgd'lgsf] hn;txdf kl/jt{ghldgd'lgsf] hn;txdf kl/jt{ghldgd'lgsf] hn;txdf kl/jt{g

e"sDk hfg'k"j{ k[YjLsf] ;txdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] k[YjLsf] dflyNnf]efu v'lDrg hfG5 h:sf] sf/0fn] e"leut hne08f/sf] ;tx a9]/klxn] eGbf dfyL cfpg ;S5 . jiff{t\sf] ;dodf o:tf] k|lqmof lrGgg;lsPklg v8]/Lsf] ;dodf cgfof; e"leut kfgLsf] ;tx a9\g]tyf kfgLsf] d'xfgdf lagfsf/0f kfgLsf] dfqf a9\g] jf 36\g] x'g;S5

. :jfefljs jflif{s ?kdf x'g] e"lj:yfkg eGbf, e"sDk hfg' s]xL;do cl3, km/s lsl;dn] l56f]–l56f] e"lj:yfkg x'Fbf e"leuthne08f/ lylrgfn] e"leut kfgLsf] ;tx a9b\5 .

e"sDksf t/Ësf] ultdf cfpg] kl/jt{ge"sDksf t/Ësf] ultdf cfpg] kl/jt{ge"sDksf t/Ësf] ultdf cfpg] kl/jt{ge"sDksf t/Ësf] ultdf cfpg] kl/jt{ge"sDksf t/Ësf] ultdf cfpg] kl/jt{g

e"sDkaf6 d'Vo b'O{ lsl;dsf t/Ëx¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ . s'g}klg:yfgdf k|fOd/L j]e klxnf cfOk'U5 / To;kl5 ;]s]G8/L j]e cfOk'U5. k|fOd/L j]esf] ult tyf ;]s]G8/L j]esf] ultsf] cg'kft sl/a!=&# 5 eg] k|fOd/L j]esf] ult, k[YjLsf] -dflyNnf] @# lsnf]ld6/df]6f] efudf_ sl/a %=^ lsnf]ld6/ k|lt ;]s]G8 5 . 7"nf e"sDkx¿Hffg'k"j{ pQm b'O{ lsl;dsf t/Ësf] ultsf] cg'kft 36\g] u/]sf]kfOPsf] 5 . e"sDk hfg'eGbf s]xL ;do cl3 e"sDksf] ;|f]t If]qdfhldgd'lg lr/fx¿kg]{ (dilatation) sf/0fn] o:tf] kl/jt{gcfpg;S5 .

e"ljB'tLo u'0fdf kl/jt{ge"ljB'tLo u'0fdf kl/jt{ge"ljB'tLo u'0fdf kl/jt{ge"ljB'tLo u'0fdf kl/jt{ge"ljB'tLo u'0fdf kl/jt{g

k|s[ltdf k|To]s j:t'sf] cfˆg} ljB'tLo u'0f x'G5 . 7"nf e"sDkhfg'cl3 e"sDksf] ;|f]t ePsf If]qdf /x]sf r6\6fgx¿sf] ljB'tLou'0fdf klg kl/jt{g cfpg] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . e"sDk hfg'cl3hldgd'lg cTolws bafjsf sf/0fn] lr/fx¿ tGsg (dilatation)x'g yfNb\5g\ . o;/L ag]sf lr/fx¿df kfgL jf cGo t/n kbfy{sf]k|j]z x'Fbf e"ljB'tLo cj/f]w 36\g] ub{5 / of] u'0f e"sDk uO;s]kl5k'/fg} cj:yfdf kms{g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

k"j{sDk k"j{sDk k"j{sDk k"j{sDk k"j{sDk (Foreshock) ultljlw ultljlw ultljlw ultljlw ultljlw

7"nf e"sDkx¿ hfg'eGbf klxn] s]xL ;fgf jf demf}nf lsl;dsfe"sDkx¿ hfg] ub{5g\ / o:tf e"sDknfO{ k"j{sDk eGb5g\ . oLk"j{sDkx¿ dflg;n] yfxf kfpg] jf pks/0fx¿n] dfq yfxf kfpg]x'g ;Sb5g\ . k"j{sDkx¿ ;fgf]ltgf] Iflt k'/fpg]vfnsf x'g;S5g\h;n] xfdLnfO{ cln ;ts{ klg agfpF5g\ . ;g\ !(&% df rLgsf]xfOr]+udf uPsf] e"sDksf] -DoflUgRo"8 &=#_ eljiojfl0f o:t} k|sf/sf s]xL zlQmzfnL k"j{sDkdf klg cfwfl/t lyof] h:sf] nuQ}k|zf;gn] zx/ vfnL u/fpg] cfb]z lbPsf] lyof] . ;g !(&^ dftfg;f+udf uPsf] e"sDk -DoflUgRo"8 &=*_ cl3 eg] o:tf k"j{sDkuPsf lyPgg\ / e"sDksf] eljiojfl0f klg ePsf] lyPg . ;g !*##df sf7df8fF}sf] pQ/df s]Gb|laGb' /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] sl/a &=&DoflUgRo"8sf] e"sDksf] s]xL If0f cufl8 klg b'O{ zlQmzfnL k"j{sDkuPsf] kfOPsf] 5, h;sf] sf/0fn] dflg;x¿ 3/aflx/ a;]sf lyP /7"nf] dfgjLo Iflt ePsf] lyPg .

b-value df kl/jt{gdf kl/jt{gdf kl/jt{gdf kl/jt{gdf kl/jt{g

;fgf e"sDkx¿ tyf 7"nf e"sDklar /x]sf] ;DjGwnfO{ e"sDkj}1flgsx¿ u'6]gau{ / l/S6/n] log10 N = a - bM ;dLs/0f dfkm{t

;'wL/ /hf}/]

41


:yflkt u/]sf x'g\ . lbOPsf] ;DjGwdf N eg]sf] e"sDksf] ;+Vof xf]h:sf] DoflUgRo'8 M eGbf a9L x'G5 . a / b sG:6fG6 x'g\ h;df beg] b-value xf] . of] b-value ;fdfGotM sl/a ! x'G5 . 7"nf] e"sDkhfg'k"j{ e"sDkLo ultljlw 36\g] ePsfn] o:sf] dfg klg 36\5\ t/7"nf] e"sDk uO;s]kl5 eg] of] k'/fg} cj:yfdf kms{G5 . ;fdfGocj:yfdf ;fgf] b-value -;fgf e"sDksf] ;+Vof sd /x]sf] cj:yf_n] e"sDksf] ;|f]tIf]q s8f r6\6fgn] ag]sf] 5 eGg] hgfpF5 eg] 7"nf]b-value -;fgf e"sDksf] ;+Vof w]/} /x]sf] cj:yf_ n] eg] sdhf]/r6\6fgx¿ /x]sf] ;Í]t ub{5 .

k[YjLsf] leqL efuaf6 x'g] Uof;sf] lgisfzgdf kl/jt{gk[YjLsf] leqL efuaf6 x'g] Uof;sf] lgisfzgdf kl/jt{gk[YjLsf] leqL efuaf6 x'g] Uof;sf] lgisfzgdf kl/jt{gk[YjLsf] leqL efuaf6 x'g] Uof;sf] lgisfzgdf kl/jt{gk[YjLsf] leqL efuaf6 x'g] Uof;sf] lgisfzgdf kl/jt{g

k[YjLsf] ;txdf /x]sf ef}ule{s e|+z (Geological faults) sf]dfWodaf6 k[YjLsf] leqL effuaf6 lg/Gt/ ljleGg vfnsf Uof;sf]lgisfzg eO/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf Uof;df /]l8of]wdL{ /]8f]gUof;, sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 Uof; tyf xfO8«f]hg ;NkmfO8 Uof; cflbkb{5g\ . o:tf Uof;sf] lgisfzg b/ 7"nf e"sDkx¿ hfg'eGbf cl3lgs} a9]/ uPsf] ljleGg cWoogx¿df kfOPsf] 5 . g]kfndf klgxfn} cfP/ o:tf] cWoog sfo{ ;'? ePsf] 5 . vfgL tyf e"ue{ljefu / k|mfG;sf] Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGS)sf] ;+o'Qm ;xeflutfdf /;'jf lhNnfsf] :ofk|'ma];L If]qdf o:tf]cWoog ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . e"sDk hfg'k"j{ k[YjLsf] ue{df lr/fx¿aGg] sf/0fn] lgisfzg b/df kl/jt{g cfpg] j}1flgs ljZn]if0f 5 .

hgfj/sf] c:jfefljs Jojxf/hgfj/sf] c:jfefljs Jojxf/hgfj/sf] c:jfefljs Jojxf/hgfj/sf] c:jfefljs Jojxf/hgfj/sf] c:jfefljs Jojxf/

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf e"sDksf k"j{;"rsx¿ afx]s ;k{, d';f,s's'/, r/f tyf 3f]8fx¿ h:tf hgfj/x¿n] klg ljleGg 7"nfe"sDkx¿ hfg'eGbf s]xL lbg cufl8, ;fdfGo cj:yfdf klg,c:jfefljs Jojxf/ k|bz{g u/]sf] ;'lgPsf] 5 . hgfj/x¿n] w]/}s'/fdf cfk\mgf] k|ltlqmof b]vfpg] ub{5g\ h:df ef]s, of}gOR5f,cfk\mgf] k|efjIf]qsf] ;'/Iff / zq'x¿sf] pkl:ylt cflb kb{5g\ .o:tf cj:yfdf b]vfpg] Jojxf/ / 7"nf e"sDkx¿ hfg' cufl8, lagfs'g} :ki6 sf/0f, b]vfpg] Aojxf/df km/s x'G5 hf] xfdLn] lrGg;S5f}F . t/ ljZjdf uPsf ;a} 7"nf e"sDkdf o:tf] Aojxf/ eg]b]lvPsf] 5}g . rLgdf ul/Psf] Ps cg';Gwfgdf o:tf k|ltlqmofx¿7"nf] e"sDk hfg' s]xL 306f b]lv b'O{–tLg lbg cufl8 b]lvPsf]kfOPsf] 5 . xfn;Dd hgfj/x¿df lagf :ki6 sf/0f b]lvPsf o:tfcgf}7f tyf c:jfefljs Aojxf/x¿sf] ;ª\If]kdf tn pNn]vul/Psf] 5 . ;g\ !(&% df rLgsf] xfOr]+udf uPsf] e"sDkdf lgDg;Í]t b]lvP .

!= afv|fx¿ cfk\mgf] vf]/df hfg gdfGg' . @= la/fnfx¿, s's'/x¿ cfk\mgf aRrfx¿ lnP/ 3/aflx/ hfg' . #= ;'+u'/x¿ cgf}7f]u/L s/fpg' . $= s'v'/fx¿ vf]/af6 /ftsf] ;dodf klg efUg' .

%= r/fx¿n] /ftsf] ;dodf klg vf]/ 5f8\g' . ^= lrl8ofvfgfsfhgfj/x¿ /flt cfk\mgf] vf]/df hfg gdfGg' . &= rL;f]sf] ;dodfklg ;k{ tyf d';fx¿ b'nf]aflx/ hldgdf cfpg' . *= ufO{, e}+;Lx¿cUnf] :yfgdf hfg vf]Hg' . (= 3/kfn'jf hgfj/x¿ 56\kl6g' /czfGt x'g' . !)= h+unL hgfj/x¿ cfk\mgf :jfefljs jf;:yfgx¿5f8\g', cflb .

;g !(&%, km/a/L sf] Ps tfl/vdf rLgsf] xfOr]+u zx/dfDofUg]Ro'8 &=# sf] e"sDk uPsf] lyof] t/ efUojz o;sf] eljiojfl0fu/L zx/ vfnL ug{ k|zf;gn] cfb]z lbPsf] lyof] . zx/ vfnL ul/Psf] sf/0fn] ubf{ 7"nf] DoflUgRo"8 ePklg lgs} sd dflg;sf] d[To'ePsf] lyof] . e"sDdsf] sf/0fn] zx/sf cTolws 3/x¿ gi6 ePsflyP . e"sDk hfg] sl/a Ps dlxgf cl3 7"nf] dfqfdf hgfj/x¿sfcgf}7f Aojxf/x¿sf ;dfrf/x¿ cfPsf lyP . e"sDk hfg' s]xLlbgk"j{ hf8f]sf] df};d / hldgdf lxpF hd]sf] ;do ePtfklghldgd'lg a:g] ;k{x¿ hibernation 5f8]/ / d';fx¿ b'nf] 5f]8]/hldgdf cfP, hf] s7f]/ hf8f]sf sf/0fn] dfl/Psf lyP . o;}aLrs]xL s8f k"j{sDkx¿ klg cfPsf] x'Fbf zx/ vfnL ug]{ cfb]z-eljiojfl0f_ hf/L ePsf] lyof] .

o;}u/L !(&^ df rLgsf] tfg;f+u If]qdf Ps zlQmzfnL e"sDk-DoflUgRo"8 &=*_ uPsf] lyof] h:sf] sf/0fn] sl/a b'O{ nfv krf;xhf/ dflg;n] Hofg u'dfPsf lyP . o; e"sDksf] eljiojfl0f ug{;lsPsf] lyPg . e"sDk hfg'k"j{ pQm If]qsf] glhs} Ps s[ifsn]cfk\mgf vRr/ / 3f]8fx¿n] cfxf/f vfg gdfg]sf] b]v]sf lyP . tLhgfj/x¿ nfQLn] xfGb} tyf pk|mFb} cfk"mnfO{ afFw]sf] 8f]/L km':sfP/efu]sf lyP .

;g @))$ df OG8f]g]lzofdf uPsf] e"sDk tyf pQm e"sDkn]pTkGg u/]sf] r'gfdLn] 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf] lyof] . ef/tsf]blIf0f tyf >Ln+sfaf6 k|fKt l/kf]6{ cg';f/ r'gfdL t6Lo If]qdfcfOk'Ug' cufl8 pQm If]qsf hgfj/x¿ ToxfFaf6 efu]/ ;'/lIftIf]qtkm{ uO;s]sf lyP .

Gf]kfndf la= ;+= !(() sf] e"sDk kl5 Ps nf]sslj ->L nf]sgfykf]v/]n, nf]sd~h/L k|sfzgdf_ n] /r]sf] sljtfdf ;k{ nufotcGo hgfj/x¿sf] d[To' ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pQm e"sDk df3@ ut] hf8f]] dlxgfdf uPsf] sf/0fn] hgfj/x¿ hldg aflx/ cfpFbfd[To' ePsf] x'g;S5 / ltlgx¿n] e"sDksf] k"j{;Í]t u/]sf x'g;S5g\ .

7"nf e"sDk hfg' k"j{ hgfj/x¿df b]lvg] c:jfefljs k|ltlqmofjf:tjdf c:jfefljs gx'g klg ;S5g\ / cfpg] e"sDksf] ;Í]t ul//fv]sf x'g ;S5g\ . 7"nf e"sDk hfg' cl3 hgfj/x¿n] lsgc:jfefljs Jojxf/ k|bz{g ub{5g\ o; ljifodf klg ljZjdf y'k|}cg';Gwfgsfo{x¿ ePsf 5g\ / eO/x]sf 5g\ . 7"nf] e"sDk cfpFbf

e"sDksf] eljiojfl0f tyf ;Defjgf

42

klxn] k|fOd/L j]e cfOk'U5 / b"/L cg';f/ s]xL ;dokl5 ;]s]G8/Lj]e cfpFb5\, hf] xfldn] klg cg'ej ug{ ;Sb5f}F . o:tf] cj:yfdfk|fOd/L j]esf] sDkgn] g} hgfj/x¿ efUg;Sg] ePsfn] a9L Ifltu/fpg ;Sg] ;]s]G8/L, ne / l/n] j]esf] sDkgaf6 ar]sf x'g;S5g\ .e"sDk hfg'k"j{ e"sDk pTkGg ug]{ If]qdf x'g] ef}lts tyf /f;folgskl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] e"ljB'tLo tyf e"r'DasLo cj:yfdf kl/jt{gcfpF5g\ . o:tf kl/jt{gk|lt hLjsf]ifx¿ lgs} ;Dj]bgzLn x'g]u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 h;sf] sf/0fn] pgLx¿n] sDkg ;'? x'g' s]xL;do cl3 g} ;Defljt vt/fsf]] ;"rgf kfpg] x'g;S5 . 7"nf e"sDkx¿s]xL zo jif{sf] cGt/fndf dfq hfg] ePsf] x'Fbf, pQm ;do eGbf;fgf] hLjg ePsf hgfj/x¿n] vt/f eg]/ lrGg] s'/f eg] cgf}7f]5 . o;sf] pQ/ hfGg eGbf klxn] xfdLn] hLj ljsf; qmd a'‰geg] h?/L 5 . hLj ljsf;qmddf jftfj/0f cg';f/ kl/jt{g cfTd;ftug{;Sg] dfq afFRg ;S5g / e"sDksf] jf o:t} cGo vt/f lrGg]zlQm hgfj/x¿df k|fs[lts ?kd} cfˆgf afa'cfdfaf6 j+zfg'uttyf k|fs[lts ?kdf k|fKt ePsf] x'g;S5 .

g]kfnsf] klZrdL efudf dxfe"sDk hfg] ;Defjgfg]kfnsf] klZrdL efudf dxfe"sDk hfg] ;Defjgfg]kfnsf] klZrdL efudf dxfe"sDk hfg] ;Defjgfg]kfnsf] klZrdL efudf dxfe"sDk hfg] ;Defjgfg]kfnsf] klZrdL efudf dxfe"sDk hfg] ;Defjgf

lsg <lsg <lsg <lsg <lsg <

g]kfn lxdfno If]qdf pTkGg x'g] e"sDkx¿sf] k|d'v sf/0fef/tLo 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6 lg/Gt/ ?kdf pQ/tkm{ lj:yfkg x'g] qmddf,lxdfnodf ;l~rt x'g] bjfj / To;sf] lj;h{g xf] . lrq @ dflhlkP; e]nf]l;6Ln] - tL/x¿_ b]vfP h:t} sl/a #=% ;]lG6ld6/sfb/n] k|To]s jif{ OlG8og Kn]6 pQ/tkm{ ;l//x]sf] 5 / o;qmddflxdfno If]qdf bafj a9b} hfG5 . ;of}F jif{b]lv ;+lrt eP/ /x]sf]bafj 7"nf e"sDksf] dfWodaf6 If0fe/df lj;h{g x'g] ub{5\ .uf]/vfb]lv klZrdsf] If]qdf xfn;Dd ul/Psf cWoogx¿af6 ;g\!%)% -lrq @ x]/f}F_ otf dxfe"sDkx¿ uPsf] kfOPsf] 5}g . dxfe"sDks]xL zo jif{b]lv guPsf] cj:yf g} g]kfnsf] klZrd If]qdf dxfe"sDkhfg] cg'dfgsf] cfwf/ xf] . pQm If]qdf clxn] cf7 DoflUgRo"8 eGbf7"nf] e"sDksf] nflu kof{Kt pmhf{ hDdf eO;s]sf] cg'dfg 5 .

lgZsif{lgZsif{lgZsif{lgZsif{lgZsif{

e"sDk g]kfn nufot lxdfno tyf 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6sf l;dfgfx¿sfnflu Ps lgoldt k|lqmof xf] . ;fgf e"sDkx¿ b}lgs cfO/x]sf

lrq @M lxdfno If]qdf 7"nf e"sDkn] c;/ kf/]sf cg'dflgt If]q lrq @M lxdfno If]qdf 7"nf e"sDkn] c;/ kf/]sf cg'dflgt If]q lrq @M lxdfno If]qdf 7"nf e"sDkn] c;/ kf/]sf cg'dflgt If]q lrq @M lxdfno If]qdf 7"nf e"sDkn] c;/ kf/]sf cg'dflgt If]q lrq @M lxdfno If]qdf 7"nf e"sDkn] c;/ kf/]sf cg'dflgt If]q (rupture area) . tL/x¿ lhlkP; e]nf]l;l6 x'g\, OlnK;x¿ . tL/x¿ lhlkP; e]nf]l;l6 x'g\, OlnK;x¿ . tL/x¿ lhlkP; e]nf]l;l6 x'g\, OlnK;x¿ . tL/x¿ lhlkP; e]nf]l;l6 x'g\, OlnK;x¿ . tL/x¿ lhlkP; e]nf]l;l6 x'g\, OlnK;x¿rupture area x'g\ / OlnK;leq pNn]v ul/Psf ldltn] e"sDk uPsf] ;fn O{:jL ;Djt\df hgfpF5g\ . -;|f]tM a]l6g]nL cflb @))%_ x'g\ / OlnK;leq pNn]v ul/Psf ldltn] e"sDk uPsf] ;fn O{:jL ;Djt\df hgfpF5g\ . -;|f]tM a]l6g]nL cflb @))%_ x'g\ / OlnK;leq pNn]v ul/Psf ldltn] e"sDk uPsf] ;fn O{:jL ;Djt\df hgfpF5g\ . -;|f]tM a]l6g]nL cflb @))%_ x'g\ / OlnK;leq pNn]v ul/Psf ldltn] e"sDk uPsf] ;fn O{:jL ;Djt\df hgfpF5g\ . -;|f]tM a]l6g]nL cflb @))%_ x'g\ / OlnK;leq pNn]v ul/Psf ldltn] e"sDk uPsf] ;fn O{:jL ;Djt\df hgfpF5g\ . -;|f]tM a]l6g]nL cflb @))%_

;'wL/ /hf}/]

43


x'G5g\ eg] 7"nf e"sDkx¿ s]xL bzs tyf s]xL ztflAb kl5 cfpg]ub{5g\ . e"sDkx¿ bf]xf]l/P/ cfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ e"sDk rqm eGb5g\ .7"nf e"sDkx¿sf] /fd|f] cWoog ePsf If]qx¿df ca kfnf] s'gIf]qsf] eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg'sf ;fy} ;f]xL If]qdf klxn] dxfe"sDkuPsf] jif{ tyf pQm e"sDksf] DoflUgRo"8sf] cfwf/df pQm If]qdfslt jif{sf] cGt/fndf sqf] e"sDk cfpg;S5 elg cg'dfg ug{;lsG5 .

7"nf] e"sDk s'g} If]qdf uO;s]kl5 pQm If]qdf e"sDksf] ljifodflgs} ;ts{tf hg:t/df tyf ;/sf/L :t/df a9\g] u/]sf] kfOPsf]5, hf] :jfefljs klg xf] . dxfe"sDk uO;s]sf If]qx¿df l56} -zojif{ leq}_ To:t} e"sDk cfpg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 eg] pQm If]qsf]cf;kf;df eg] o;sf] ;Defjgf a9]/ hfG5 . g]kfndf ;g\ !!))b]lv otf 7"nf e"sDk uPsf k|df0fx¿ kfOPsf 5g\ h;dWo] s]xLn]hgwgsf] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] Oltxf;df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 s]k|i6 x'G5 eg] Oltxf;df dxfe"sDk uP/ hg–wgsf] Iflt k'¥ofPh:t} eljiodf klg o:tf dxfk|nosf/L e"sDk hfg ;S5g\ lsgeg]lxhf]sf e"sDk pTkGg ug]{ sf/0f cfh klg ljBdfg 5g\ .

;g\ !()% df ef/tsf] sf+u/fdf tyf ;g\ !(#$ -lj= ;+=!(()_ df g]kfnsf] k"lj{efudf o:tf 7"nf k|s[ltsf e"sDkx¿uO;s]sf] / pQm If]qsf] lardf kg]{ efudf ;g\ !%)% otf o:tfe"sDk uPsf] gkfOPsf] x'Fbf ca dxfe"sDk hfg] ;Defljt If]qeg]sf] g]kfnsf] uf]/vfb]lv klZrd tyf ef/tsf] sf+u/fb]lv k"j{sf]If]q xf] lsgeg] pQm b'O{ zlQmzfnL e"sDk uPsf If]qdf ca k'gMe"sDk bf]xf]l/g s]xL zo jif{ nfUg]5 / lgs6 eljiod} -zo jif{leq}_ To:t} e"sDk cfpg] ;Defjgf sd ePsf] 5 t/ DoflUgRo"8cf7 eGbf ;fgf e"sDksf] ;Defjgf eg] pQm b'O{ If]qdf -g]kfnsf]k"jL{ If]q / ef/tsf] sf+u/f If]q_ gsfg{ ;lsFb}g -lrq @_ . olbdxfe"sDkx¿ g]kfnsf] klZrdL If]qsf] Oltxf;df n]lvg g5'6]sfeP, pQm If]qdf Indian Plate e"sDkx¿ pTkGg gul/sg TibetanPlate d'lg 3'l;/x]sf] (aseismic creep) geP / ;l~rt pmhf{ ;':te"sDkx¿ (slow earthquake) sf] dfWodaf6 lj;h{g gePsf] ePdxfe"sDk guPsf] sl/a kfFr zo jif{ eO;s]sf] 5 . o;/L nfdf];dob]lv dxfe"sDk ghfg'sf] cy{ pQm If]qdf dxfe"sDk hfg];Defjgf cGo If]qeGbf cTolws a9L 5, t/ e"sDk hfg] ;dosf]cg'dfg ug{ eg] ;Dej 5}g . eljiodf, l56}, o:tf] k|Zgsf] e/kbf]{hjfkm cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf klg clxn];Dd b]lvPsf] 5}g .

a]nfa]nfdf u}/ j}1flgs If]qaf6 ul/g] e"sDksf] eljiojfl0fdfs'g} j}1flgs cfwf/ x'Fb}g / To:tf] eljiojfl0fsf] kl5 nfu]/ ;do/ ;|f]tsf] klg jjf{b gu/f}F . xfdLn] dx;"; ug{ ;Sg] e"sDksfem6sf 5f]6f] ;dodf af/Daf/ cfPdf cln ;ts{ eP/ a;f}F lsglsoL 7"nf] e"sDksf k"j{;"rs klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . cfh}b]lv e"sDk

uOxfn]sf] v08df aRg ckgfpg'kg]{ ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿sf] af/]df/fd|f] hfgsf/L /fvf}F / tof/L klg u/f}F .

e"sDk lj1fg Ps gofF lj1fg xf], hf] clxn] klg ljsf;sf]qmddf 5 . e"sDksf] eljiojfl0fsf] nflu xfn;Dd ePsf sfo{x¿ck"/f 5g lsgeg] 7"nf e"sDkx¿ la/n} hfG5g\ / Ps JolQmsf];qmLo hLjgsfndf Pp6} 7fpFdf bf]xl/P/ 7"nf] e"sDk cfpg] ;Defjgflgs} sd x'G5, h;n] ubf{ cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] o;nfO{ cfk\mgf]hLjgdf k"0f{tf lbg ;Sb}gg\ . clxn];Dd e"sDk lagf ;"rgf cfpF5eGg] ;f]rfO ljBdfg 5 t/ e"sDk cfpg'k"j{ o:n] lbg] ;"rgfx¿xfdLx¿n] glrg]sf] klg x'g ;S5 lsgeg] of] lj1fgsf] gjLgcg';Gwfg If]q xf] hf] cem} k"0f{ 5}g .

xfn;Dd tTsfn hfg] e"sDksf] eljiojfl0fsf] nflu ckgfOPsfk|ljlwx¿ kl/If0fs} qmddf 5g\ . e"sDksf] eljiojfl0fsf] nflueO/x]sf k|of;x¿nfO{ lj>fd lbg' x'Fb}g, a? yk k|of; cfjZos 5. e"sDk hfg'cl3 ljleGg lsl;dsf ;Í]tx¿ klg b]lvPsf] kfOPsf]5, t/ Ps 7fpFdf b]lvPsf ;Í]tx¿ csf]{ 7fpFdf gb]lvg] u/]sf 5g\eg] b]lvPsf 7fpFx¿df klg e"sDk cfPsf 5}gg\ . ljleGg b]zdfb]lvPsf e"sDksf k"j{;"rsx¿sf] cGo If]qsf ;fy} ToxL If]qdf;d]t cGo 7"nf e"sDkx¿sf] ;Gbe{df ;DjGw k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g,lsgeg] 7"nf e"sDk tL If]qdf bf]xf]l/P/ uPsf 5}gg\ . e"sDKfsf]eljiojfl0fsf] nflu ljZjn] sfd ug{ yfn]sf] clxn] em08} rfln;jif{ ePsf] 5, t}klg cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] ev{/ dfq}xf] . rfln; jif{sf] ;do, e"sDk bf]xf]l/P/ s'g} Ps If]qdf cfpg];do eGbf lgs} sd ePsf] xF'bf klg -7"nf_ e"sDksf] eljiojfl0fdf;kmntf kfpg g;lsPsf] xf] lsg eg] pQm If]qdf slDtdf klg Psk6s bf]xf]l/P/ cfPsf -b'O{_ e"sDkx¿sf] cWoog sfo{ k"/f ePsf]5}g h;n] ubf{ e"sDksf] rqm (earthquake cycle) sf] 1fgxfdL;Fu 5}g . e"sDk rqmsf] /fd|f] 1fg ePsf cj:yfdf tYofÍ s}cfwf/df ePklg e"sDk bf]xf]l/P/ cfpg] ;do cg'dfg ug{ s]xL;xof]u k'UYof] .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ e"sDk hfg] ;dosf]e/kbf]{ eljiojfl0fsf] clxn] tyf tTsfn eljiodf ;Defjgf 5}g .e"sDk hfg] ;dosf] eljiojfl0f ug{ g;lsPtf klg e"sDksfpbfx/0fx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/, :yfgljz]ifsf] ef}ule{s agfj6sfcfwf/df pQm :yfgdf e"sDksf] tLa| sDkgsf]] eljiojfl0f ug{yflnPsf] 5 / ;ts{tf ckgfpg yflnPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{dfeGg'kbf{ sf7df8fF} nufot t/fO{ h:tf sdhf]/ ef}ule{s agfj6ePsf :yfgx¿df e"sDksf] c;/af6 hg–wgsf] Iflt sd ug{ tLIf]qx¿sf] e"sDkLo z'Id ljefhg (seismic microzoning) u/Lk|fKt kl/0ffd cg';f/ bL3{sfnLg gLlt th'{df ug{ clt cfjZos5 .

e"sDksf] eljiojfl0f tyf ;Defjgf

44

;'wL/ /hf}/]

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L;Gbe{ ;fdu|L;Gbe{ ;fdu|L;Gbe{ ;fdu|L;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

Earthquake Forecasting and Warning, Tsuneji Rikitake, center ofAcademic Publications, Tokyo, Japan

Joseph L. Kirschvink, April 2000, Earthquake Prediction byAnimals: Evolution and Sensory Perception. Bulletin ofSeismological Society of America

Roger Bilham, Vinod K. Gaur and Peter Molnar, HimalayanSeismic Hazard, Science, v. 293

Bilham, R. and Hough, S. 2006, Future Earthquakes on the IndianSubcontinent: Inevitable Hazard, Preventable Risk. SouthAsian Journal, v. 12

Roger Bilham, Niccholas Ambraseys, 2004, Apparent HimalayanSlip Deficit from the Summation of Seismic Moments forHimalayan Earthquakes, 1500-2000, Current Science

kof{j/0f dfl;s, c+s *, df3, @)^#, k"0ff{+s &!, Osf] g]kfn, sf7df08f}

45


The Editors,Indian Journal of GeologyGeological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of IndiaGeology DepartmentUniversity of Calcutta35, Ballygunj Circular RoadKolkata- 700019

FromDr. Sangita ChowdhuryDST Women ScientistDepartment of GeologyUniversity of Calcutta35 Ballygunj Circular RoadKolkata- 700019Dated: 18th March, 2009

Sub. Charge of PlagiarismDear Sirs,

Kindly refer to the paper “Lead dominant sulfide mineralization in the Sargipalli lead deposit in the Proterozoic fold belt ofGangpur Group: its geology, control of mineralisation and metallogeny” by S. P. Ghosh, M. M. Mukherjee and P. K. Jena(Indian Journal of Geology, Vol. 78, Nos. 1-4, 2006, p. 215-228) published in your reputed journal in January, 2009. I amshocked to point out that the authors copied line by line most of the portion of their paper from my paper “The Sargipalisulphide deposit of Orissa, India: its atypical lead-high character and genesis”. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 2002,Vol. 27 (Special Issue), which was not cited in their paper, and few portions of our paper “Lead and sulphur isotopegeochemistry of galena from Sargipali sulfide deposit, Sundargardh, Orissa - Implications for ore genesis”, S. Ghosh, R. I.Thorpe and A. K. Ghosh (Corresponding author), Indian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 26, Nos. 1-4, p. 1-12, 1999(cited in their paper).

In this paper, they have no contribution, only summed up the contents of papers- Ghosh et al. 1999, Vishwakarma andUlabhaje, 1991. Vishwakarma, 1996, and Chowdhury, 2002. They even did not give their own interpretation. In the ‘Summaryand Conclusion’ part among the four points, the points 2, 3, and 4 were totally copied from my paper (Given below). In thesum-up of their work (page 225, last para) they cited the references of Franklin et al. 1981, Franklin, 1986. But in fact J. M.Franklin personally communicated those opinions to me which were cited in my paper with his other references (page 22- 8th

paragraph of caption ‘Discussion’).

In support of their work on mineralization, they didn’t give and photograph. Their “Lead and Sulphur isotope study” isbased on sulphur isotope analyses of only two galena samples. Their lead isotope study was based only on our data (Ghoshet al. 1999) and data of Vishwakarma and Ulabhaje (1991). They gave no suggestion or interpretation about the result oflead isotope, only repeated our conclusion.

The author suggest ‘SEDEX’ mode of origin of the deposit without citing any evidence. It may be suggested that only twosulphur isotope analyses are not enough to conclude about the genesis of a deposit.

I am giving comparison of my paper and copied paper below in the tabular form. The slight differences between two write-ups are marked bold.

This is a clear case of plagiarism. Therefore, I would request you to kindly publish my letter as a 'Discussion' in the nextissue of your esteemed Journal. I would also like to request you to take necessary action regarding this issue so that suchincident does not occur in future.

Thanking you,Yours faithfully,

Sangita Chowdhury

LETTER TO THE EDITOR FROM DR SANGITA CHOWDHURYREPORTING A CASE OF PLAGIARISM

46

Comparison of the contents of paper by S. P. Ghosh, M. M. Mukherjee and P. K. Jena, 2009 with thepaper of Sangita Chowdhury, 2002, and that of S. Ghosh, R. I. Thorpe and A. K. Ghosh, 1999

Indian Journal of Geology, Vol. 78, Nos. 1-4, 2006, p.215-228 by S. P. Ghosh, M. M. Mukherjee and P. K. Jena

Under head 2. ‘Geology of Sargipalli Lead Deposit’

Page 217, 2nd column from previous line of the last line topage 218-end of that paragraph.

“The contacts of all the rock types are gradational exceptthe granitoid rock, which has a sharp contact with the otherrock”.

“Endoskarn has developed at the contact of dolomite andgranitoid. The conspicuous feature of this area is the presenceof tourmaline- quartz schist (tourmalinite) in whichtourmaline and sulfide layers alternate with the quartz layers,cherty laminations and actinolite bearing quartzites”.

Page 218, 1st column, 3rd to 10th lines of 1st paragraph

“Mica schist in the mineralized zone is garnetiferous, butgarnet is totally absent in the mica schist south of themineralized zone. Mineralogically, the rock is divisible intoseveral sub-units, which are not mappable in the field. Thesesub-units vary form muscovite-biotite schist to biotite-muscovite schist with presence or absence of variousminerals (viz. garnet, kyanite, sillimanite, chlorite, potashfeldspar and plagioclase feldspar)”.

Page 218, 1st paragraph, 13th to 18th line of 2nd column

“The schistose rock is the metamorphosed product of thepolitic and semi-pelitic rock, ranging in composition fromquartz-wacke to quartzose clay, and aluminium rich clayshales to feldspathic clay”

From last line, 2nd column of page 218 to 5th line, 1st columnof page 219.

“Presence of cherty laminations, actinolite (with epidote andchlorite) and albitic plagioclase in quartzite and quartz schistindicate the derivation of these rock from greywacke thatinitially had a significant component of volcanic rockfragments”

4th line, 2nd column of page 220 to 10th line, 1st column ofpage 221.

Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 2002, Vol. 27(Special Issue), pp. 11-24 by Sangita Chowdhury

Under head ‘Geological Setting’

Page 13, 2nd paragraph, 6th to 8th line

“The contacts of all the rock types are gradational exceptthe granitoid rock, which has a sharp contact with the otherrock”.

11th to 16th lines

“Endoskarn has been developed at athe contact of dolomiteand granitoid rocks. The conspicuous feature of this area isthe presence of tourmaline-quartz schist (Tourmalinite) inwhich tourmaline- sulfide layers alternate with the quartzlayers, cherty laminations and rich proportions of actinoliteminerals in quartzites”.

Under sub heading ‘Mica schist’ page 13, 2nd line to 9th line.

“Mica schist in the mineralized zone is garnetiferous, whilesouth of the mineralized zone, garnet is totally absent in themica schist. Mineralogically, the rock is divisible into eightsub-units vary form muscovite-biotite schist to biotite-muscovite schist with presence or absence of variousminerals like garnet, kyanite, sillimanite, chlorite, potashfeldspar and plagioclase”.

Page 14, 4th to 8th line of 1st column

“The schistose rock is the metamorphosed product of thepolitic and semi-pelitic rock, ranging in composition fromquartzwacke to quartzose clay, and aluminium rich clayshales to feldspathic clay (Ghosh, 1998)”

Under sub heading ‘Quartzite and quartz schist’ page 14, 3rd

line to 8th line of 2nd column.

“Presence of cherty laminations, actinolite (with epidote andchlorite) and albitic plagioclase in quartzite and quartz schistindicate the derivation of these rock from greywacke thatinitially had a significant component of volcanic rockfragments (William et al. 1985)”.

Page 15, 1st column, 3rd paragraph, 4th line to last line of thesame paragraph.

47


“Krishnan (1937) is of opinion that the rocks of the Ganguebasin are folded into an ENE-WSW trending anticlinoriumplunging towards East. Banerjee (1968) suggested that thearea represents an easterly plunging regional reclined fold,later refolded into an antiform. Later workers (Kanungo andMahalik, 1967: Sarkar, 1974: Chaudhuri and pal, 1983)proposed an opposite view suggesting that the Gangue rocksare folded into a synclinorium (Fig. 3) plunging westward.The synclinal nature of the main fold is suggested in thepresent study by the northerly younging direction of thesouthern limb. Direction of the truncated top of the currentbedding is opposite to the dip directions of the southernlimb”.

Under head 3, “ Mineralisation”

Page 221-222 from 27th line of 1st paragraph to last line of2nd paragraph, 2nd column of page 222.

“The ore lenses are conformable with the host schists. Themineralization is mainly banded, with an alternate dispositionof sulphide and silicate layers, even in micro-scales reflectinga straitform nature. Locally, however, ore veins occurdiscordant to the schistosity, filing fractures of host rock”.

“Minor disseminations of sulphide are present in the vicinityof the ore lenses in mica schist as well as in the adjacentdolomite and calc-silicate skarn”.

“Stratabound and stratified sulphide showing evidence ofsoft sediment deformation (primary sedimentary contortionof the ore and host rock layers) appear to reflect the primary,sedimentary and diagenetic process. Superimposed on theseare the structure and textures mainly due to recrystallisationand annealing in response to subsequent metamorphism.Plastic deformation of galena and chalcopyrite are evidenceby fracture filling of these minerals inside silicates.Mechanical deformation feature in coarse galena grains isidentified by serrated boundaries and bent cleavages whichpossibly developed under low temperature (below 200o Cand pressure conditions (McClay, 1980)”.

“The effects of metamorphism are clearly recognized in theSargipali basemetal sulphide. Recrystallisation and annealingare shown by the polygonal fabric and triple point junctionsof galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite.

“However, Krishnan (1937) suggested that that the rocks ofthe Gangue basin are folded into an ENE-WSW trendinganticlinorium plunging towards East. Banerjee (1968) is ofopinion that an easterly plunging regional reclined fold, laterrefolded into an antiform. While Later workers (Kanungoand Mahalik, 1967: Sarkar, 1968: Chaudhuri and pal, 1983)proposed an opposite view suggesting that the Gangue rocksare folded into a synclinorium plunging westward. Thesynclinal nature of the main fold is suggested in the presentstudy by the northerly younging direction of the southernlimb (direction of the truncated top of the current bedding isopposite to the dip directions of the southern limb)”.

Under head “ ORE BODIES”

Page 15, 2nd paragraph- 1st to 5th lines

“The ore lenses are conformable with the host schists (Fig.5a, b). The mineralization is mainly banded, which ischaracterized by an alternate disposition of sulphide andsilicate layers, even in micro-scales (Fig. 6a, b) reflecting astraitform nature. Locally, however, ore veins occurdiscordant to the schistosity, filing fractures of host rock”.

Last line of page 15 to 2nd line of 1st column of page 16.

“Besides, minor disseminations of sulphide are present inthe vicinity of the ore lenses in mica schist as well as in theadjacent dolomite and calc-silicate skarn”.

Page 16. 2nd and 3rd para of 1st column.

“Stratabound and stratified sulphide showing evidence ofsoft sediment deformation (primary sedimentary contortionof both ore and host rock layers) appear to reflect the primary,sedimentary and diagenetic process (Fig. 6a). Superimposedon these are the structure and textures mainly due torecrystallisation and annealing in response to subsequentmetamorphism.Plastic deformation of galena and chalcopyrite are evidenceby the fracture filling of silicates by these minerals (Fig.7a). Mechanical deformation feature in coarse galena grainsis identified by serrated boundaries and bent cleavages whichpossibly developed under low temperature (below 200o Cand pressure conditions (McClay, 1980)”.

Page 16. 2nd column, 1st to 5th line.

“The effects of metamorphism are clearly recognized in theSargipali sulphides. Recrystallisation and annealing are shownby the polygonal fabric and triple point junctions of galena,sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and Pyrrhotite (Fig. 8a, 9b, c, d).

48

“There is also no visible wall-rock alteration in the host rockwhich is indicative of the epigenetic mineralization, whereore –fluid reacts with the host rock. The granitioid rock ofthe area as source of mineralisation can be outright rejectedbecause of its intrusive nature much younger age ( ~ 850Ma) in comparison to the host rock (~ 1700 Ma) and thecontained ore (range between 1682 Ma and 1695 Ma). Theskarn rocks, which are formed by metasomatic alteration ofdolomite at the contact of granitoid, are barren of anymineralisation”.

“The characteristic feature of the sediment-hosted depositis the presence of anomalous, apparently syngenetic metalvalues in the footwall sediments. Manganese appears fist,followed by zinc ± lead, iron and exhalative chert higherup in the footwall sequence. The footwall sediment ofSargipalli is enriched in lead at deeper mine level (120 mRL).The sulfide rich footwall is characterized by pyrrhotite-richbands and laminations, similar to the sediments-hostedsulphide deposit of Sullivan, Canada (Ransom, 1977).Locally bedded chert and tourmalinite of exhalative originare closely associated with the ore zone. The verticaldistribution of copper in the sediment hosted deposit contrastwith that in volcanic hosted deposits. Relatively late copperenrichment is observed in many exhalative deposits. InSargipali hanging wall rocks are rich in chalcopyrite.

Page 222. 2nd column, 5th line 10th line of last paragraph

The ore reserve, in the deposit is of the order of 2.06 milliontones, having an average grade of 6.73% Pb. 0.33% Cu andabout 50 ppm of Ag. The Zn content in the ore is insignificant(the average grade being 0.4%) and is below recovery limit.

Under hear 5. “Metallogeny”

Page 225, last paragraph

“Considering all the facts mentioned above, it appearsthat the lead-dominant mineralization at Sargipalli containswell homogenized lead, derived possibly from upper crustal

Under head “DISCUSSION”

From 5th line to 13th line of 3rd paragraph

“There is also no visible wall-rock alteration in the host rockwhich is indicative of the epigenetic mineralization, whereore –fluid reacts with the host rock. The granitioid rock ofthe area can be outright rejected to be a source ofmineralization because of its intrusive nature much youngerage ( ~ 850 Ma) in comparison to the host rock (~ 1700 Ma)and the contained ore (range between 1682 Ma and 1695Ma). The skarn rocks, which are formed by metasomaticalteration of dolomite at the contact of granitoid, are barren”.

Page 21 &22. 4th and 5th paragraph

“A feature of the sediment- hosted deposit is the presenceof anomalous, apparently syngenetic metal values in footwallsediments. Manganese appears fist, followed higher in thefootwall sequence by zinc ± lead, iron and exhalative chert.The footwall sediment of Sargipalli is enriched in lead, butat deeper mine level (120 mRL) the sulfide footwall ischaracterized by pyrrhotite-rich bands and laminations likethe sediments-hosted sulphide deposit of Sullivan, Canada(Ransom, 1977). Locally bedded chert (Vishwakarma1996) and tourmalinite of exhalative origin (Williner 1992)are closely associated with the ore zone.The vertical distribution of copper in the sediment hosteddeposit contrast with that in volcanic-hosted deposits.Relatively late copper enrichment is observed in manyexhalative deposits (Maithias et al. 1973: Whitcher 1975).In Sargipali hanging wall rocks are richer in chalcopyrite.

Under head “INTRODUCTION”

Page 11. 1st column, 8th line of 2nd paragraph to 2nd line ofsecond column.

The ore reserve, based on the total drilling coverage of14,087 m in 100 boreholes is of the order of 2.06 milliontones, having an average grade of 6.73% Pb. 0.33% Cu andabout 50 ppm Ag (Unpublished report of HZL; Pattnaikand Raju 1990). The Zn content in the ore is insignificant(the average grade being 0.4%, Sarkar, 1974), belowrecoverable limit.

Under head “DISCUSSION”

Page 22, last paragraph of 1st column, continued to 12th lineof 2nd column

“From the above discussion, it appears that the lead-dominant Sargipali mineralization contains wellhomogenized lead, derived possibly from upper crustal felsic

49


terrains below or adjacent to (?) the basin, and the metalwas discharged through hydrothermal vents to the basin floor.Franklin et al. 1981; Franklin, 1986, (personalcommunication) suggested that the metal content of thehydrothermal fluids, as envisaged here, is established by thebuffering capacity of the source rocks, as well as possiblyby the actual metal content of these rocks. During cooling,provided that the fluid is always reduced and the pH isacidic, copper, then zinc will precipitate leaving the residualliquid relatively enriched in lead. In Sargipali lead isconsidered to have been derived from uranium enriched,felsic upper crustal source (Ghosh et al. 1999; Vishwakarmaand Ulabhaje, 1991). Franklin (1986, personalcommunication) suggested that phase separation of a fluidcan change its metal ratios, as well as its complexingcharacteristics. Hydrothermal fluids in felsic rocks orsediments are buffered by mica to a low pH at relatively lowtemperature (Ca. 300oC). Deposits in such terrains will be,therefore, more lead rich (relative to copper and zinc) as inthe case at Sargipali”.

Page 22, 18th to last line of the 1st paragraph of 2nd column.

“Some remobilization of pre-existing minerals, mostly theductile phases took place during regional metamorphism.But this mobilization involved limited transport distance ofthe order of millimeters to meters”.

Page 21, 1st paragraph of 2nd column

“Geological features observed above indicate that thesediment-hosted lead-dominant sulphide deposit ofSargipali is strictly stratabound and stratiform in nature.The ore lenses are parallel to the compositional layering ofthe associated metasedimentary rocks. The ore laminaealternate with the layers of the host schist. Textural studiesdid not give any evidence to suggest that the ore layersselectively replaced the silicate layers anywhere. On theother hand, the silicate layering is primary, supported bythe presence of rounded tourmaline grains. Frequentcontortions of both the ore and the silicate layers (Fig. 6a)are strongly indicative of the effects of diagenesis, and theseabove mentioned features indicating their exhalativeorigin (Murry, 1975; Taylor and Andrew, 1978)”.

Page 22, 2nd paragraph of the 1st column

The extremely homogeneous lead-isotopic composition andhigh metal value of lead of Sargipali galena (Ghosh et al.1999) indicate the derivation of lead from uranium- enrichedfelsic upper crustal source. The sulphur-isotope values ofgalena show a moderate spread indication inorganic orbiogenic sediment source of sulphur (Ghosh et al. 1999).

felsic terrains below or adjacent (?) to the basin, and themetal was discharged through hydrothermal vents to the basinfloor. The metal content of the hydrothermal fluids, asenvisaged here was established by the buffering capacity ofthe host rocks, as well as by the actual metal content of theserocks (Franklin et al. 1981; Franklin, 1986). During coolingif the fluid is reduced and the pH is acidic, copper followedby zinc precipitate leaving the residual liquid to be relativelyenriched in lead. In Sargipalli lead is considered to havebeen derived from the uranium enriched, felsic upper crustalsource (Ghosh et al. 1999; Vishwakarma and Ulabhaje,1991). Franklin (1986) suggested that the phase separationof a fluid can change its metal ratios, as well as its complexcharacteristics. Hydrothermal fluids in felsic rocks orsediments are buffered by mica to a low pH at relatively lowtemperature (300oC). Deposits in such terrains are thereforemore lead rich (relative to copper and zinc) as in the case ofSargipalli”.

“Some remobilization of pre-existing minerals, mostly theductile phases took place during regional metamorphism.But this mobilization involved limited transport distance ofthe order of millimeters to meters”.

Under head 5. “ Summary and conclusions” page 226

2. Geological features of the Sargipalli lead deposit indicatethat the sediment hosted lead dominant sluphide deposit ofthe area is strictly stratabound and stratiform in nature. Theore lenses are parallel to the compositional layering of theassociated metasedimentary rocks. The ore laminae alternatewith the layers of the host schist. Textural studies did notgive any evidence to suggest that the ore layers selectivelyreplaced the silicate layers anywhere. The silicate layeringis primary, supported by the presence of rounded tourmalinegrains. Frequent contortions of both the ore and the silicatelayers are strongly indicative of the effects of diagenesis.

3. The extremely homogeneous lead isotopic compositionand high metal value of lead indicate derivation of lead fromuranium-enriched felsic upper crustal source. The sulphurisotope analysis of galena samples from the Sargipallideposit shows a range of d34S values from -4.4 to +5.3 %.The widely separated d34S values in the given range are

50

in general characteristic of deviation of sulphur due tosulphate reduction within a limited reservoir in asedimentary domain and bears no mantle signature(Neilson, 1979). According to Vishwakarma (1996) theremay be the possibility of a sulphur source mainly forminorganic reduction of seawater sulphate at a temperature of~300o C. Presence of pyrrhotite-rich bands and laminationsin the deeper mine levels also indicate the reducingenvironment of ore deposition. The absence of oxidizedzones around the ore body supports the view.

4. Based on the above, it appears that the lead dominantmineralization at Sargipalli contain well homogenized lead,derived possibly from upper crustal felsic terrains below oradjacent (?) to the basin.

The metal content of the hydrothermal fluids, was bufferedby the host rocks as well as by the actual metal content ofthese rocks,

The lead-dominant sulfide mineralization at Sargipallirepresents sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) mode of origin,which later remobilized and reconcentrated due to high grademetamorphism. According to Vishwakarma and Ulabhaje(1991), Vishwakarma (1996), lead was derived from theupper continental crust, possibly the 2.20Ga old Soda Graniteof Singhbhum which was rich in U-Th-Pb.

According to Vishwakarma (1996) there may be thepossibility of a sulphur source mainly form inorganicreduction of seawater sulphate at a temperature of ~300o C.Presence of pyrrhotite-rich bands and laminations in thedeeper mine levels also indicate the reducing environmentof ore deposition. The absence of oxidized zones aroundthe ore body supports the view.

Page 22, 1st column, last para 1st line to 4th line

From the above discussion, it appears that the leaddominant Sargipali mineralization contain wellhomogenized lead, derived possibly from upper crustal felsicterrains below or adjacent to (?) the basin.

6th line to 10th line

Franklin et al. 1981; Franklin, 1986, (personalcommunication) suggested that the metal content of thehydrothermal fluids, as envisaged here, is established bythe buffering capacity of the source rocks, as well as by theactual metal content of these rocks,

2nd column 2nd, para

In summary, therefore, the lead-dominant sulfidemineralization of Sargipalli represents sedimentaryexhalative (SEDEX) mode of origin, which later remobilizedand reconcentrated due to high grade metamorphism.According to Vishwakarma (1996), lead was derived fromthe “upper continental crust”, the source rock possibly beingthe 2.20-Ga-old Singhbhum Soda Granite which wasinitially rich in U-Th-Pb.

Indian Journal of Geology, Vol. 78, Nos. 1-4, 2006, p.215-228 by S. P. Ghosh, M. M. Mukherjee and P. K. Jena

Under head 5. “ Metallogeny”

Page 224, second paragraph

“According to Sangster (1976), the average fractionation ofdifference in d34S values between seawater sulphate andsulfide ores hosted in marine sedimentary rocks is 14%.Though Strauss (1997) emphasized that the sulphur isotopiccomposition of sea water sulphate and its evolution throughtime is yet not fairly known, Mesoproterozoic sea water

Indian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 26, Nos. 1-4, p. 1-12, 1999 by S. Ghosh, R. I. Thorpe and A. K. Ghosh

Under head “GENETIC IMPLICATION”

Page 9, 14th line of 1st paragraph, 2nd column to page 10, 1st

column, 1st 12 lines.

“According to Sangster (1976), the average fractionationor difference in d34S values between seawater sulphate andsulfide ores hosted in marine sedimentary rocks is 14%.Though Strauss (1997) emphasized that the sulphur isotopiccomposition of sea water sulphate and its evolution throughtime is yet not fairly known, assuming that Middle

51


sulphate had an average d34S of 18% (Claypool et al. 1980).The Sargipali data (14.4%, according to Vishwakarma,1996) are consistent with a sedimentary (sea water sulphate)source. Although the present data are too meager to makeany generalization; the d34S values give indication of isotopicvariation from 120.00 mRL to 210.00 mRL in the Sargipalimine (Table 2). Whether such a variation will support anoverall enrichment of isotopic ratios towards higherstratigraphic horizons (i.e. from 120 mRL to 210 MRL) assuggested by Vishwakarma (1996) is indeed difficult toestimate. However, the isotopic variation between the twolevels of Sargipali lead mines (viz. between 120.00 mRLand 210.00 mRL with 120 m and 30 m depths below thesurface shows a range of values form -1.7 to + 0.8%).This indicates that the amphibolite-facies metamorphismhave not homogenized the primary distribution of d34S values(Von Gehlem et al. 1983; Parr, 1992; and Vishwakarma,1996). The variation of d34S values might result from thereduction of seawater sulphate by inorganic processes or bybacterial action (Deb, 1986; Spry, 1987)”.

Page 225, 1st column, from 26th line to last line of the 1st

para.

“The metal-rich hydrothermal fluid, as envisaged, acquiredreduced sulphur in the basin. As a result, sulphideprecipitated at suitable sites conformably with the sediments,giving rise to synsedimentary ore formation. This modelseems to be in close agreement with the ideas expressedearlier by Rai et al. (1988), Vishwakarma and Ulabhaje(1991) and Vishwakarma (1996)”.

Proterozoic sea water sulphate had an average d34S of 18%(Claypool et al. 1980), the Sargipali data (14.4%, accordingto Vishwakarma, 1996) are consistent with a sedimentary(sea water sulphate) source.

Although the present data are too meager to makeany generalization; the d34S values give indication of isotopicvariation from 120.00 mRL to 210.00 mRL in the Sargipalimine (Table 2). Whether such a variation will support anoverall enrichment of isotopic ratios towards higherstratigraphic horizons (i.e. from 120 mRL to 210 MRL, Table2) as voiced by Vishwakarma (1996) is indeed difficult toestimate. However, the isotopic variation between two levelsof Sargipali mine would certainly indicate that theamphibolite-facies metamorphism have not homogenized theprimary distribution of d34S values (Von Gehlem et al. 1983;Parr, 1992; and Vishwakarma, 1996). The variation of d34Svalues might result from the reduction of seawater sulphateby inorganic processes or by bacterial action (Deb, 1986;Spry, 1987)”.

Page 10, 2nd column, 11th line to last line.

“The metal-rich hydrothermal fluid, as envisaged, acquiredreduced sulphur in the basin and as a result, sulphidesprecipitated at suitable sites conformably with the sediments,representing synsedimentary ore formation. This modelseems to be in close agreement with the ideas expressedearlier by Rai et al. (1988), Vishwakarma and Ulabhaje(1991) and Vishwakarma (1996)”.

References:

Chowdhury, S. 2002. The Sargipali sulfide deposit of Orissa, India: its atypical lead-high character and genesis. Journal ofNepal Geological Society 27 (Special Issue), 11-24.

Ghosh, S., Thorpe, R. I., Ghosh, A. K. 1999. Lead and sulphur isotope geochemistry of galena from Sargipali sulfidedeposit, Sundergarh, Orissa- Implication for ore genesis. Indian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, 1-12.

Vishwakarma, R. K., 1996. 1.66-Ga-old metamorphosed Pb-Cu deposit in Sargipali (eastern India): manifestations of tidalflat environment and sedex type genesis. Mineralium Deposita 77, 117-130.

Vushwakarma, R. K., and Ulabhaje, A. V. 1991. Sargipali galenas: unusual lead isotopes data from eastern India. MineraliumDeposita 26, 26-29.

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Copy to

1. Dr. Dilip Saha, Indian Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B. T. Road, Kolkata-700108

2. Dr. Chitta Bhattacharyya, Geology Department, Calcutta University, 35 Ballygunj Circular Road, Kolkata-700

019

3. Dr. S. Mohanty and Dr. P. P. Chakraborty, Guest Editors, Department of applied Geology, Indian school of Mines,

Dhanbad 826004

4. The president, Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, Geology Department, Calcutta University,

35 Ballygunj Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019

5. The Vice president, Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, Geology Department, Calcutta University,

35 Ballygunj Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019

6. The Editor, Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Kathmandu, Nepal.

7. The Editor, Indian Journal of Earth sciences, Geology Department, Presidency College

8. Dr. Pradip Kr. Sikdar, Secretary, Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, Geology Department,

Calcutta University, 35 Ballygunj Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019

9. The Director General, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata

Note: The Nepal Geological Society strongly condemns this case of blatant plagiarism and demandsthat the culprits are punished severely.

- Editors

53


CONGRATULATIONS

The Nepal Geological Society expresses its hearty congratulations to Dr Suresh Das Shrestha, Mr Surendra Raj Pant, MrRajendra Pradhan, Mr Madan Ratna Manadhar, Dr Santa Man Rai, Dr Tara Nidhi Bhattarai, Dr Lalu Prasad Paudel, Dr NareshKazi Tamrakar, Dr Dinesh Pathak, Dr Danda Pani Adhikari, Dr Prakash Das Ulak, Dr Khum Narayan Paudayal, and MrMukunda Raj Paudel on their promotion to the post of Associate Professor at Tribhuvan University.

The Nepal Geological Society expresses its hearty congratulations toDr. Dinesh Chandra Devkota, NGS Life Member (LM 558) for hisnomination by the Government of Nepal as an Honorable NationalPlanning Commission Member in January 2009.

Dr Dinesh Chandra Devkota

The Nepal Geological Society congratulates Dr DeepakChamlagain, Life Member (LM-465) of the Nepal GeologicalSociety, for receiving the Nepal Vidya Bhusan-Ka medalfrom the first President of Nepal, Dr. Ram Baran Yadav, forhis Ph D Degree. The Society also congratulates him forreceiveing the Youth Science and Technology Award-2008from Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST).

Dr Deepak Chamlagain

Dr Tara NidhiBhattarai

The Nepal Geological Society expresses its sincere congratulations to Dr PrakashChandra Adhikary, Dr Vishnu Dangol, Dr Megh Raj Dhital, and Dr Ram Bahadur Sahon their promotion to the post of Professor at Tribhuvan University.

Professor Dr Vishnu Dangol

Dr Santa ManRai

Mr Madan RatnaManadhar

Dr Danda PaniAdhikari

Dr Prakash DasUlak

Mr MukundaRaj Paudel

The Nepal Geological Society expresses its heartycongratulations to Dr Subodh Dhakal for otaining a Ph D degreefrom the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Saitama University, Japan. The topic of his dissertation wasEvolution of Multiple Collisions and Micro-structures inModerately Dense to Dense Granular Shear Flow.

Dr Subodh Dhakal

The Nepal Geological Society expresses its heartycongratulations to Dr Ranjan Kumar Dahal for otaining aPh D degree from the Faculty of Engineering, KagawaUniversity, Takamatsu, Japan. The topic of his dissertationwas Evaluation of rainfall-induced landslides from theperspectives of stability analysis, rainfall threshold and hazardin the Nepal Himalaya and Shikoku, Japan.

Dr Ranjan Kumar Dahal

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INFORMATION ON SOME RECENT PUBLISHED BOOKS ON GEOSCIENCE

Earth & Environmental Science Books from AcademicPress/Elsevier ([email protected])

Estuarine Ecohydrology by Eric Wolanski, PubDate:Oct 2007, List Price: $89.95 USD / •74.95 EUR / £51.99GBP

Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy by O. CatuneanuPubDate: May 2006, List Price: $86.95 USD / •80.00 EUR/ £55.00 GBP

Climate Environment and Society in the PacificDuring the Last Millennium by Patrick D. Nunn, PubDate:Oct 2007 List Price: $145.00 USD / •120.00 EUR / £83.00GBP

The Geological Time Table, 6th Edition by Bilal Haq,PubDate: Jan 2007, List Price: $35.00 USD / •29.95 EUR /£20.99 GBP

Concepts and Applications in EnvironmentalGeochemistry edited by: D. Sarkar, R. Datta and R.Hannigan, PubDate: Sept 2007, List Price: $120.00 USD /•99.95 EUR / £68.99 GBP

Generalisation of Geographic Information:Cartographic Modelling and Applications, edited by:William A. Mackaness, Anne Ruas, and L. Tiina Sarjakoski,PubDate: May 2007, List Price: $165.00 USD / •135.00 EUR/ £95.00 GBP

Global Warming and Global Cooling: Evolution ofClimate on Earth, edited by: O.G. Sorokhtin, G.V. Chilingar,and L.F. Khilyuk, PubDate: Aug 2007, List Price: $160.00USD / •130.00 EUR / £90.00 GBP

Grave Secrets of Dinosaurs : Soft tissues and HardScience by Phillip Manning, Publication Info. : Washington,D.C. : National Geographic, c2008, ISBN: 9781426202193(hardcover : alk. paper), 1426202199 (hardcover : alk. paper)

Worlds before Adam: the Reconstruction ofGeohistory in the Age of Reform by Martin J.S. Rudwick,Publication Info. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2008,ISBN: 9780226731285 (cloth : alk. paper), 0226731286(cloth : alk. Paper

The Boundaries of the West African Craton, edited byNasser Ennih and Jean-Paul Liégeois, Publication Info. :London ; Williston, VT : Geological Society, 2008

Controls on Carbonate Platform and ReefDevelopment, edited by: Jeff Lukasik, J.A. (Toni) Simo. ,Publication Info. : Tulsa, Okla. : SEPM Society forSedimentary Geology, 2008.

Deformation of Earth Materials: An Introduction tothe Rheology of Solid Earth by Shun-ichiro Karato, CallNumber: QE604 .K37 2008, Publication Info: Cambridge ;New York : Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN:9780521844048 (hbk.), 0521844045 (hbk.)

Evolution in Action: Natural History ThroughSpectacular Skeletons, text by Jean-Baptiste de Panafieu ;photographs by Patrick Gries. Call Number: QE721.2.E85P3613 2007, Publication Info: London : Thames & Hudson,2007.

Engineering Geology, by David George Price, Springer’sPublication, 2007

Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, by Kyriazis D.Pitilakis, Springer’s Publication, 2007

Strength Analysis in Geomechanics, by Serguey A.Elsoufiev, Springer’s Publication, 2007

HDPE - Geomembranes in Geotechnics, by Werner W.Müller, Springer’s Publication, 2007

Recent Journals of NGS

1) Journal of Nepal Geological Society (Proceedings of International Workshop on Seismology,Seismotectonics, and Seismic Hazard in Nepal Himalaya, 28–29 November 2006 and Fifth NepalGeological Congress on Geology, Environment, and Natural Hazards Mitigation: Key to NationalDevelopment, 26–27 November 2007), Vol. 38 (Special Issue), December 2008

2) Journal of Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 37, June 2008

55


Nationality: Swiss, Residence of SwitzerlandBirth: 1921, Switzerland; Death: 15 April 2008, SwitzerlandQualification: Ph. D. Federal Insttute of Technology, ZurichLanguages: German, French, English with some knowledge of Russian, Itallian, and Spanish

Professional Experience:

1979–2008 Petroconsultants, Geneva. Petroleum Geology Consultant. Participant in Studies ofpetroleum potential of basins in Madagascar, Guinea and Yeman.

1977–1979 Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (UNO Mission), Head of the Geological regionalDepartment.

1975–1977 UNDP Nepal, Photogeologist for the mineral exploration project

1962–1975 Geological Survey of Iran, Chief Geologist and Head of Department (UNDP Project).In charge of all field and laboratory activity. Also co-ordinator of bilateral Swiss/ IranProject for creation of a mapping department.

1950 – 1961 Iran Oil Co., And National Iranian Oil Co, field Geologist.

1949–1950 Geological Consultant

Career Hilights

Intimate familiarity with the geology of Nepal, including the publication in 1980 of thearticle "Geology of Nepal and its Regional Frame" in the Journal of Geological Society ofLondon. Also produced several detail geological maps of parts of Nepal. Extensive knowledgeof the geology of Iran which has some similarities with that of Nepal.

OBITUARY

Late Dr Johann Stöcklin1921-2008

56

NEW MEMBERS OF THE NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LM 563 Miss Yojana Neupane Home Add: 220/29, Bhagwati Marg, Maligaon, Kathmandu Nepal Tel:4415444 Email: [email protected]

LM 597 Mr. Kumar K.C. Home Add: Basundhara Dhapasi-9, Kathmandu, Nepal Mobile:97714383748 Email: [email protected]

LM 598 Mr. Mitra Bahadur Khadka Home Add: Dumraha-5, Sunsari, Koshi Mobile: 9841532754 Email: [email protected]

LM 599 Mr. Pradeep Paudyal Home Add.: Manpur8, Dang Mobile: 9841828068 Email: [email protected] Off Add.: Mineral Exploration and Georesearch (P) Ltd. Tel: 4491993

LM 600 Dr. Pratt-Sitaula Beth Off. Add.: 400E University Way Ms 7418 Ellens Berg, WA 98926 USA Email: [email protected] Tel: 509 963 2780

M 601 Mr. Suraj Kumar Bajgain Home Add.: Hoske 6, Kavre Tel: 012320768 Email; [email protected]

M 602 Mr. Sunil Raj Paudel Home Add.: Ghulkauli-5, Sarlahi Mobile: 9841563724 Email: [email protected] Off.Add.: 3D Consultancy Pvt.Ltd. Kalimati, Kathmandu Tel: 4273022

LM 603 Mr. Ajit Joshi Home Add.: Kolati-4, Kavre, Nepal Mobile: 9841423320 Email: [email protected]

LM 604 Mr. Ganesh Kumar Jimee Home Add.: Chanuwa-8, Dhankuta, Koshi, Nepal Mobile: 9841510243 Off.Add: NSET, GPO Box 13775, Devkotasadak, Kathmandu Tel: 4490943

M 605 Mr. Sanjeev Regmi Home Add.: Handigaon, Kathmandu Tel: 4445476 Email: [email protected]

LM 46

Mr. Binod Singh Chhetri Home Add: Kupandole Ward No 6, Lalitpur Tel: 5522763 Email: [email protected]

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ANNOUNCEMENT

All the Members of Nepal Geological Society,Fellow Geoscientists,Friends, andAll other Professionals Interested in Geoscience

We are pleased to inform you that Nepal Geological Society (NGS) is going to organise the Sixth Nepal GeologicalCongress (NGC-VI) on the second week of November 2010 in Kathmandu, Nepal.

The Theme of the Congress is: “Geology, Natural Resources, Energy, and Infrastructures with Emphasis on Environmentand Natural Disaster”. We would like to take this opportunity to request you all to participate in this Congress and presentyour research papers and findings. We assure you that all papers presented in the Congress will be published after criticalreview in the Special Volume of the Journal of Nepal Geologic Society, which is widely circulated in almost all the continents.Please do not miss this opportunity to take part in the Congress, present your papers, meet with fellow scientists, exchangeknowledge, and share experiences. We are sure that you will adjust your schedule accordingly to participate in the Congress.

Details about the Congress will be given in the First Circular of the Congress soon. We also request you to visit ourwebsite http://www.ngs.org.np/ngcvi.htm for more information. Your response and comments in this regard are welcome.

Thank you.

Mr Krishna P. KaphleConvenerSixth Nepal Geological Congress (NGC-VI)E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

[email protected]

Mr. Shyam KCCo-ConvenerE-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Santa Man RaiCo-ConvenerE-mail: [email protected]

Published by: Nepal Geological Society,PO Box 231, Kathmandu, NepalEmail: [email protected]: http://www.ngs.org.np

Documents

:fdfrf/ klqsf:fdfrf/ klqsf:fdfrf/ klqsf g]kfn efule}{s ;dfh{...Editorial The Editorial Board of Nepal Geological Society is delighted to bring out this Volume 26 of Bulletin as its