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FCEV Development at GM:Status and Focus

George P. HansenDirector, CommunicationsGeneral Motors Japan

Innovation for Cool Earth ForumOctober 7&8 , 2015

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GM Advanced Propulsion Strategy• Role of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology

Update of Project Driveway Vehicles• Continued operation since 2007

GM Fuel Cell Technology• Where we came from, Where we are going

• Focus of Advanced Development

Collaboration• OEM & OEM

• OEM & Suppliers

Conclusions

OverviewOverview

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GM Advanced Propulsion Strategy• Role of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology

Update of Project Driveway Vehicles• Continued operation since 2007

GM Fuel Cell Technology• Where we came from, Where we are going

• Focus of Advanced Development

Collaboration• OEM & OEM

• OEM & Suppliers

Conclusions

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SustainableSupply

SustainableSupply

CO2CO2UrbanizationUrbanization

RegulationRegulation

GlobalizationGlobalization

PopulationGrowth

PopulationGrowth

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Light Load

Drive Cycle

Dut

yC

ycle

ContinuousStop-and-go

High Load

City HighwayIntra-urban Highway-cycle

Battery & Fuel Cell Technologies are both required within the portfolio

Application Map – Meeting Customer NeedsThere is no single silver bullet

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Chevrolet Bolt Concept Vehicle

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Chevrolet Volt – Gen 1à Gen 2

1st Generation (Since 2010)• 1.2B Total Miles Driven• 0.7B EV Miles Driven• Saved 35M Gallons of Gasoline• Averaged >900 mi between Fill-ups

2nd Generation (2016)• Announced Jan 2015 at NAIAS• 50 mi Pure EV Range• 400 mi Total Range• Expect 1,000 mi between Fill-ups

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Why Hydrogen and Fuel Cells?

• Better, more compelling vehicles§ Competitive driving range

§ Short refuel time

§ Enhanced Driving Dynamics (electric drive)

§ More freedom to create innovative designs

• Flexibility in the source of Hydrogen§ Natural Gas, Water, Organic Waste, Biomass, …

• Zero Petroleum Use, Zero Tailpipe & Greenhouse Gas Emissions

• Fuel Cells are Twice as Efficient as Typical Gasoline Engine

• Sustainability: A Future Built on Renewable Energy

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GM Advanced Propulsion Strategy• Role of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology

Update of Project Driveway Vehicles• Continued operation since 2007

GM Fuel Cell Technology• Where we came from, Where we are going

• Focus of Advanced Development

Collaboration• OEM & OEM

• OEM & Suppliers

Conclusions

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GM’s Hydrogen Fuel Cell Milestones1964 to 2020+GM’s Hydrogen Fuel Cell Milestones1964 to 2020+

2013

Cars with 125,000 milesFleet approaching 3 ¼ M miles

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GM’s Hydrogen Fuel Cell HistoryGM’s Hydrogen Fuel Cell History

Inceptionà Fully Functional Vehicle

CHEVROLET EQUINOX FUEL CELL

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GM Project Driveway Vehicle DeploymentReal World ExperienceGM Project Driveway Vehicle DeploymentReal World Experience

First dynamic load following FC vehicle (HydroGen 1 – 2000)Project Driveway – deployed in 2007, with intended 2-year life§ >80,000 applicants, over 6,500 drivers

Refueling challenges addressed, from technology perspective§ 3 minute refills achieved with 700 bar gaseous hydrogen

Cold operation demonstrated through 6 full winters (-25C)Deployed globally§ Cars deployed: U.S., Germany, China, Japan, Korea, & Canada

Substantial Durability / Reliability progress§ GM is operating World’s largest fuel cell vehicle fleet§ Almost 3 ¼ MILLION accumulated miles§ Individual vehicles exceeding 125,000 miles§ Performance proven in customer’s hands§ Durability capability being demonstrated in laboratory

Power density & overall powertrain size improved§ Satisfying automotive targets

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GM Advanced Propulsion Strategy• Role of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology

Update of Project Driveway Vehicles• Continued operation since 2007

GM Fuel Cell Technology• Where we came from, Where we are going

• Focus of Advanced Development

Collaboration• OEM & OEM

• OEM & Suppliers

Conclusions

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Fuel Cell TechnologyOpportunity & ChallengesFuel Cell TechnologyOpportunity & Challenges

§ Regulations

§ Efficiency

§ Energy Diversity

§ Development Costs

§ Vehicle Cost

§ Operating Cost

High FCEV Sales Needed to Impact Energy & Environment

Vehicle Sales

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Fuel Cell TechnologyOpportunity & ChallengesFuel Cell TechnologyOpportunity & Challenges

§ Regulations

§ Efficiency

§ Energy Diversity

§ Development Costs

§ Vehicle Cost

§ Operating Cost

High FCEV Sales Needed to Impact Energy & Environment

Vehicle Sales

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Regulatory RequirementsZero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Requirements 2018-25

Fuel cells are most effective ZEV credit generatorFuel cells also provide significant CAFE &CO2

benefits @ higher volumes

§ Zero Emissions Vehicles (ZEV) are mandatedfor California + 9 States (mostly in Northeast)

• Only two options exist for minimum ZEVrequirement: FCEVs and/or BEVs - (NotCNG, Not PHEV/EREV)

• Requirements increase each model year§ FCEVs, with travel provision, are most effective

ZEV credit generator• FCEVs (350-mile) earn 4 credits in 2018+

timeframe vs. 1.5 credits for 100-mile BEV• Travel provision helps address lack of H2

refueling infrastructure

Unadjusted City Miles * = No BEV travel after 2017

MY Travel Credit

BEV(100 mi)

‘15-’17 Yes 3

‘18-’25 No* 1.5

FCEV(350 mi)

‘15-’17 Yes 9

‘18-’25 Yes 4

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Efficiency: FCEV vs. ICE Vehicle

FCEV advantage is largest at moderate power & speed– where most real world driving occurs

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Vehicle Velocity [km/h]

Tank

toW

heel

Effi

cien

cy[%

]

Initial FCEV Equinox

Typical AWD Vehicle

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Energy Diversity – Blending Strategy

Nuclear

Renewables(Solar, Wind, Hydro) Battery Electric

Range-Extended EV:IC Engine/Fuel-Cell

Electricity

Plug-In Hybrid ICE

Coal

Regional Niche ICESyngasCO, H2

Synthetic fuels (XTL)

Natural Gas

Conventional ICE:Gasoline/Diesel

Biofuels

Petroleum Fuels

Biomass

Oil (Non-Conventional)

Regional NicheGaseous Fuels

(e.g. CNG)

Oil (Conventional) LiquidFuels

Fuel-Cell ElectricHydrogen

Energy Resource Conversion Energy Carrier Propulsion System

ICE Hybrid

Bat

tery

Elec

trifi

catio

n

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GM Advanced Propulsion Strategy• Role of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology

Update of Project Driveway Vehicles• Continued operation since 2007

GM Fuel Cell Technology• Where we came from, Where we are going

• Focus of Advanced Development

Collaboration• OEM & OEM

• OEM & Suppliers

Conclusions

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Fuel Cell TechnologyOpportunity & ChallengesFuel Cell TechnologyOpportunity & Challenges

§ Regulations

§ Efficiency

§ Energy Diversity

§ Development Costs

§ Vehicle Cost

§ Operating Cost

High FCEV Sales Needed to Impact Energy & Environment

Vehicle Sales

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The Fuel Cell ChallengeCrossing the “Valley of Death”The Fuel Cell ChallengeCrossing the “Valley of Death”

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Crossing the “Valley of Death”What does it take?

Development FocusàMinimize “depth of valley” via Collaborations

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Honda-GM CollaborationFuel Cell & Hydrogen StorageHonda-GM CollaborationFuel Cell & Hydrogen Storage

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Collaboration on Key SystemsFuel Cell System & Hydrogen Storage System

Fuel Cell System (FCS)• Fuel Cell Stack• Balance of Plant components

(Turbo Compressor / Humidifier , etc.)• Control Module (and algorithms)

H2 Storage• 700 bar pressure vessel• HSS components (Valves,

Regulator, Receptacle)

Focused on Research, AdvancedEngineering & Manufacturing Engineering

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Fuel Cell System Cost Perspective

Cost challenge shifted to other stack & system components -Primary system cost no longer Pt

Opportunity toachieve significant

cost reductionthrough use of

common balance ofplant components

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Pragmatic PerspectiveFrom the OEM PerspectivePragmatic PerspectiveFrom the OEM Perspective

OEM perspectiveà Cost, Learning Cycles, & Scale are Focus• Must develop efficientlyà avoid making valley of death deeper• Must drive material costs down• Must progress rapidly through multiple learning cycles• Must leverage scale economies as early as possible

Collaboration & Communization are Enablers

CommonComponent

orSubsystem

Multiple OEM FC Vehicles

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Honda-GM CollaborationàSingle Fuel Cell System Designed for Lowest Cost

§ Primary Focus is Cost Reduction• Exceed customer expectations

• Enable broader commercialization

§ Companies working as “One Team”• One single, integrated team

• Working across 3 countries –Japan, U.S. and Germany

• Building on the best ideas

• One Common System with jointly agreedcore and technical targets

• Focused technology developmentcapable of 2020 production

2020CapableFuel CellSystem +HydrogenStorageSystem

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Supplier Selection

§ Technology leaders with a focus oncost reduction

§ Cost & Technology transparencyenable system optimization for cost

§ Co-operation + Competition =“Co-opetition” phase of industry

• Higher volumes & faster commercialization

• Faster component/materialstandardization

§ Balance OEM requirements & driveto common component

OEM1 OEM2

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Supplier Role for Common ComponentsàMaximize total value through common requirements

§ Suppliers Play Critical Role inDriving Common Components

• Best position to identify commondesign & hardware opportunities

• Capable to quantify OEM-specific costof unique requirements

• Capable to work effectively withmultiple OEM’s

• Customization only for low-cost, OEM-specific requirements

Multiple OEM FC Vehicles

OEM…

OEM2OEM1

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GM Advanced Propulsion Strategy• Role of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology

Update of Project Driveway Vehicles• Continued operation since 2007

GM Fuel Cell Technology• Where we came from, Where we are going

• Focus of Advanced Development

Collaboration• OEM & OEM

• OEM & Suppliers

Conclusions

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Crossing the “Valley of Death”How does OEM collaboration help?

• OEM Collaboration• Innovation & Faster

Learning Cycles• Standardized Designs

• Combined Volume for Earlier Scale• Component Reuse• Common Suppliers• Non-automotive Applications

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Crossing the “Valley of Death”, with Partner(s)

OEM Collaborations & Supplier Partnerships Help Mitigate “Valley ofDeath”

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Thank You